Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Chapter 3

3 - 1©2003 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Cost Accounting 11/e, Horngren/Datar/Foster

Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

Chapter 3


Learning Objective 1

Understand the assumptions underlying cost-volume-profit

(CVP) analysis.


Cost-Volume-Profit Assumptionsand Terminology

1. Changes in the level of revenues and costs arise only because of changes in the number of product (or service) units produced and sold.2. Total costs can be divided into a fixed component and a component that is variable with respect to the level of output.



3. When graphed, the behavior of total revenues and total costs is linear (straight-line) in relation to output units within the relevant range (and time period).4. The unit selling price, unit variable costs, and fixed costs are known and constant.



5. The analysis either covers a single product or assumes that the sales mix when multiple products are sold will remain constant as the level of total units sold changes.6. All revenues and costs can be added and compared without taking into account the time value of money.



Operating income= Total revenues from operations– Cost of goods sold and operating costs (excluding income taxes)Net income = Operating income – Income taxes



Explain the featuresof CVP analysis.


Essentials of Cost-Volume-Profit(CVP) Analysis Example

Assume that the Pants Shop can purchase pantsfor $32 from a local factory; other variable costs

amount to $10 per unit.The local factory allows the Pants Shop to

return all unsold pants and receive a full $32refund per pair of pants within one year.

The average selling price per pair of pants is $70and total fixed costs amount to $84,000.



How much revenue will the business receive if2,500 units are sold?

2,500 × $70 = $175,000How much variable costs will the business incur?

2,500 × $42 = $105,000$175,000 – 105,000 – 84,000 = ($14,000)



What is the contribution margin per unit?$70 – $42 = $28 contribution margin per unitWhat is the total contribution margin when

2,500 pairs of pants are sold?2,500 × $28 = $70,000



Contribution margin percentage (contributionmargin ratio) is the contribution margin per

unit divided by the selling price.What is the contribution margin percentage?

$28 ÷ $70 = 40%



If the business sells 3,000 pairs of pants,revenues will be $210,000 and contribution

margin would equal 40% × $210,000 = $84,000.

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Determine the breakeven pointand output level needed to achievea target operating income using

the equation, contribution margin, and graph methods.


Breakeven Point

Sales Variableexpenses

Fixedexpenses– =

Total revenues = Total costs


Abbreviations

SP = Selling priceVCU = Variable cost per unit

CMU = Contribution margin per unitCM% = Contribution margin percentage

FC = Fixed costs


Abbreviations

Q = Quantity of output units sold(and manufactured)

OI = Operating incomeTOI = Target operating income

TNI = Target net income


Equation Method

$70Q – $42Q – $84,000 = 0$28Q = $84,000

Q = $84,000 ÷ $28 = 3,000 units

Let Q = number of units to be sold to break even

(Selling price × Quantity sold) – (Variable unit cost× Quantity sold) – Fixed costs = Operating income


Contribution Margin Method

$84,000 ÷ $28 = 3,000 units

$84,000 ÷ 40% = $210,000


Graph Method

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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Units

$(00

0) Revenue

Total costs

Breakeven

Fixed costs


Target Operating Income

(Fixed costs + Target operating income)divided either by Contribution margin

percentage or Contribution margin per unit


Target Operating Income

Assume that management wants to have anoperating income of $14,000.

How many pairs of pants must be sold?($84,000 + $14,000) ÷ $28 = 3,500

What dollar sales are needed to achieve this income?($84,000 + $14,000) ÷ 40% = $245,000



Understand how incometaxes affect CVP analysis.


Target Net Incomeand Income Taxes Example

Management would like to earnan after tax income of $35,711.

The tax rate is 30%.What is the target operating income?

Target operating income= Target net income ÷ (1 – tax rate)

TOI = $35,711 ÷ (1 – 0.30) = $51,016



How many units must be sold?Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs

= Target net income ÷ (1 – tax rate) $70Q – $42Q – $84,000 = $35,711 ÷ 0.70

$28Q = $51,016 + $84,000Q = $135,016 ÷ $28 = 4,822 pairs of pants



Proof:Revenues: 4,822 × $70 $337,540Variable costs: 4,822 × $42 202,524Contribution margin $135,016Fixed costs 84,000Operating income 51,016Income taxes: $51,016 × 30% 15,305Net income $ 35,711



Explain CVP analysisin decision making and

how sensitivity analysis helpsmanagers cope with uncertainty.


Using CVP Analysis Example

Suppose the management anticipatesselling 3,200 pairs of pants.

Management is considering an advertisingcampaign that would cost $10,000.

It is anticipated that the advertising willincrease sales to 4,000 units.

Should the business advertise?



3,200 pairs of pants sold with no advertising:Contribution margin $89,600Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 5,600

4,000 pairs of pants sold with advertising:Contribution margin $112,000Fixed costs 94,000Operating income $ 18,000



Instead of advertising, management isconsidering reducing the selling price

to $61 per pair of pants.It is anticipated that this will increase

sales to 4,500 units.Should management decrease the selling

price per pair of pants to $61?



3,200 pairs of pants sold with no changein the selling price:

Operating income = $5,6004,500 pairs of pants sold at a reduced selling price:Contribution margin: (4,500 × $19) $85,500Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 1,500


Sensitivity Analysis andUncertainty Example

Assume that the Pants Shop can sell4,000 pairs of pants.

Fixed costs are $84,000.Contribution margin ratio is 40%.

At the present time the business cannothandle more than 3,500 pairs of pants.



To satisfy a demand for 4,000 pairs, managementmust acquire additional space for $6,000. Should the additional space be acquired?

Revenues at breakeven with existing space are$84,000 ÷ .40 = $210,000.

Revenues at breakeven with additional space are$90,000 ÷ .40 = $225,000



Operating income at $245,000 revenues withexisting space = ($245,000 × .40)

– $84,000 = $14,000.(3,500 pairs of pants × $28) – $84,000 = $14,000



Operating income at $280,000 revenues withadditional space = ($280,000 × .40) – $90,000

= $22,000.(4,000 pairs of pants × $28 contribution margin)

– $90,000 = $22,000



Use CVP analysis to plan fixed and variable costs.


Alternative Fixed/Variable CostStructures Example

What is the new contribution margin?

Decrease the price they charge from $32 to $25 andcharge an annual administrative fee of $30,000.

Suppose that the factory the Pants Shop is using toobtain the merchandise offers the following:


Alternative Fixed/Variable Cost Structures Example

$70 – ($25 + $10) = $35Contribution margin increases from $28 to $35.

What is the contribution margin percentage?$35 ÷ $70 = 50%

What are the new fixed costs?$84,000 + $30,000 = $114,000



Management questions what sales volumewould yield an identical operating income

regardless of the arrangement.28x – 84,000 = 35x – 114,000114,000 – 84,000 = 35x – 28x

7x = 30,000x = 4,286 pairs of pants



Cost with existing arrangement= Cost with new arrangement

.60x + 84,000 = .50x + 114,000

.10x = $30,000 x = $300,000($300,000 × .40) – $ 84,000 = $36,000($300,000 × .50) – $114,000 = $36,000


Operating Leverage

Operating leverage describes the effects thatfixed costs have on changes in operatingincome as changes occur in units sold.

Organizations with a high proportion of fixedcosts have high operating leverage.


Operating Leverage Example

Degree of operating leverage= Contribution margin ÷ Operating income

What is the degree of operating leverageof the Pants Shop at the 3,500 sales level

under both arrangements?Existing arrangement:

3,500 × $28 = $98,000 contribution margin



$98,000 contribution margin – $84,000 fixed costs= $14,000 operating income

$98,000 ÷ $14,000 = 7.0New arrangement:

3,500 × $35 = $122,500 contribution margin



$122,500 contribution margin– $114,000 fixed costs = $8,500

$122,500 ÷ $8,500 = 14.4The degree of operating leverage at a given level

of sales helps managers calculate the effect offluctuations in sales on operating income.



Apply CVP analysis to a companyproducing different products.


Effects of Sales Mix on Income

Pants Shop Example Management expects to sell 2 shirts at $20 each

for every pair of pants it sells.This will not require any additional fixed costs.



What is the contribution margin of the mix?Contribution margin per shirt: $20 – $9 = $11

$28 + (2 × $11) = $28 + $22 = $50



$84,000 fixed costs ÷ $50 = 1,680 packages1,680 × 2 = 3,360 shirts1,680 × 1 = 1,680 pairs of pantsTotal units = 5,040



What is the breakeven in dollars?3,360 shirts × $20 = $ 67,2001,680 pairs of pants × $70 = 117,600

$184,800



What is the weighted-average budgeted contribution margin?

Pants: 1 × $28 + Shirts: 2 × $11= $50 ÷ 3 = $16.667



The breakeven point for the two products is:$84,000 ÷ $16.667 = 5,040 units

5,040 × 1/3 = 1,680 pairs of pants 5,040 × 2/3 = 3,360 shirts



Sales mix can be stated in sales dollars: Pants Shirts

Sales price $70 $40Variable costs 42 18Contribution margin $28 $22Contribution margin ratio 40% 55%



Assume the sales mix in dollarsis 63.6% pants and 36.4% shirts.Weighted contribution would be:

40% × 63.6% = 25.44% pants55% × 36.4% = 20.02% shirts

45.46%



Breakeven sales dollars is $84,000÷ 45.46% = $184,778 (rounding).

$184,778 × 63.6% = $117,519 pants sales$184,778 × 36.4% = $ 67,259 shirt sales



Adapt CVP analysis to situations in which a product has more

than one cost driver.


Multiple Cost Drivers Example

Suppose that the business will incur an additionalcost of $10 for preparing documents associated

with the sale of pants to various customers.Assume that the business sells 3,500

pants to 100 different customers.What is the operating income from this sale?


Multiple Cost Drivers Example

Revenues: 3,500 × $70 $245,000Variable costs:

Pants: 3,500 × $42 147,000Documents: 100 × $10 1,000Total 148,000

Contribution margin 97,000Fixed costs 84,000Operating income $ 13,000


Multiple Cost Drivers

Would the operating income of the Pants Shopbe lower or higher if the business sells pants

to more customers?The cost structure depends on two cost drivers:

1. Number of units2. Number of customers



Distinguish betweencontribution margin

and gross margin.


Contribution Margin versusGross Margin

Contribution income statement emphasizescontribution margin.

Financial accounting income statementemphasizes gross margin.


End of Chapter 3

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