Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry?
Norman Borlaug Institute
October 27th 2010
Dr Vincent Pétiard [email protected]
Could Plant Science contribute to a Sustainable Growth of Specialty Coffee Industry?
Outline
Introduction
The Agro Food Chain
Challenges for the future of Tropical Commodities
Will Agro Seed Industry take up these challenges?
Intellectual Property Rights?
How Could Plant Science help?
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
Conclusions
Nestlé Research Center2005-04-11 NRC/QS -2
Technology Providers
Seeds, Crop Protection Growers Primary
ProcessingSecondary Processing Retail Consumer
Ingredients
Up-stream innovation can be valuated without vertical integration (Virtual Vertical Integration)
Seeds
The Agro – Food Chain
Down-Stream Stakeholders were currently not Interestedin Up-Stream Stages of the Agro-Food Chain
but today:
They are increasingly concerned by sustainability for:
Securing the supply of safe and affordable raw materials, Corporate Social Responsability, Image and PR issues
The Agro – Food Chain
SAI Platform member companiesCampina
Consortio Int.
Ortofruticoli
Danisco
Dole
Ecom
Efico
Findus
Fonterra
Friesland Foods
Groupe Danone
Kraft
McCain Europe
McDonald’s
Nestlé
Neumann Kaffee
Gruppe
Sara Lee
Tchibo
Unilever
Volcafe
Source: Syngenta based on FAO statistics, World Bank
1960 1980 1995 2025E
World populationArable land per capita
0.45 ha
0.32 ha 0.27 ha
0.21 ha Arable land constant
Improved yield required to meet demand
Long-term growth
Global calorie consumption to double by 2025
– Population increase
– Calorie intake increase
Food requirement
Challenge of Meeting the World Food Demand
What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?
Market demand is increasing especially for premium specialtyproducts
Production is increasingly competing with food and nonfoodcommodities (e.g. biofuel)
Public institutions are increasingly less devoting to the R&D of perennial tropical cash crops
No significant private sector devoted to the genetic of perennial,tropical cash crops
What Challenges For Tropical Commodities?
Without continuous genetic improvement, farmers will be lessinclined to continue planting traditional tropical cash crops
Without significant investment in new genetic resources, it will beimpossible to respond rapidly to new production pressures (e.g.new diseases/insects)
HOWEVER
Improving yield of tropical crops would decrease pressure on landand water resources permitting society to meet other demands
Highest value in leveraging with crop protection in tropicalcountries might bring seed industry in tropical business
Coffee profitability is strongly challenged by other crops
Coffee Palm oil Rubber
Yield (kg/ha) 750 17100 1770
Cost of production/kg (Bath) 32.9 1.5 20.4
Cost of production/ha (Bath) 24700 26500 36150
Price/kg (Bath) 47.0 2.8 53.6
Income/ha (Bath) 35250 47280 94750
Profit/ha (Bath) 10550 20730 58600
Farmers motivation is affected by the erosion of coffee profitability
The field yield and the National production are rapidly decreasing
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Prof
it (U
SD/H
a)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Profitability comparison among para rubber, oil palm, coffee and improved varieties of coffee in Thailand
RubberOil PalmCoffeeImproved var coffee
(An Innovation Driven Business)
Turn Over Worldwide = $ 42 000 M (2010)
- Field Crops = 90 %- Vegetables = 10%
R&D expenses = 12% of Turn Over = $ 5 000 M (2010)
Look for Added Value Downstream (De-Commoditization)
Three Key Questions:
- Would Seed Industry diversify to tropical crops?- When? On what Crops?- Looking for what IP and Added Value?
Will Agro Seed Industry Take Up these Challenges?
IP for New Varietiesof Tropical Crops:
Plant Breeder Rights
Knowledge building about quality and processing drivingfactors for guiding purchasing and processing,
Securing a Sustainable Supply (better profitability due to betteryield),
Development of new varieties for new products (new quality fornew products),
Rapid Distribution of new Varieties at an affordable Price
Trace‐ability of raw materials
Corporate Social Responsibility, PR, Image
…….
How Could Plant Science help?
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
To assess Genetics / Environment / Post Harvest / Processing Interactions
One Example: Coffee Cup Quality
Is the variety a key element for cup quality?
Are there markers CORRELATED to cup quality characteristics?
What are the main chemicals DETERMINING cup quality?
Can we distribute optimal/improved varieties?
Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?
29/10/2010 NRC/PS ‐ 16
COFFEE CATALOGUE COLLECTION
Producing countries
Growing in a non producing country
Identification via DNA fingerprinting
Selection ofArabica & Robusta
accessions
Growers Large scale propagation
Recommendationof
best varieties
Agronomic and quality evaluation
CATALOGUE
In vitropropagation
Comparativefield trials
Updating: Introductionof new varieties
Cryostorage
Is the variety a key element for cup quality?
High source of diversity still not assessed in Ethiopian varieties
3 of the top 5 quality varieties
are original Ethiopian varieties
Cultivated varieties
Ethiopian accessions
Axes 1 & 2 : 48.8
: CCC varieties
-2.3
-1.3
-0.3
0.7
1.7
-1.8 -1.3 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 0.7 1.2 1.7
FAO-Ethio Illababor-Ethio Jimma-Ethio Keffa-Ethio unknown-Ethio Sidamo-EthioWellega-Ethio Bourbon BourbonxTypica Catui CatimorxCatui CatimorIntrogressed Sarchimor Typica Typica/Bourbon Hybride de timor
28.7%
8.2 %
Ethiopian arabica
Cultivated group
29/10/2010 19
R2 = 0,87
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Observed value
Cal
cula
ted
valu
e
R2 = 0,88
2
3
4
5
6
2 3 4 5 6Observed value
Cal
cula
ted
valu
e
Robusta ArabicaOutstanding
Varieties
A ratio of Biochemicals is well correlated to cup quality but:no cause to effect relationship;
Are there markers correlated to cup quality ?
2002‐06‐03 NRC/PS/Vp2002‐19 20
What are the main biochemicals determining cup quality?
Two possible approaches
Biochemicals(Metabolomics)
Genetic background(Genomics)
Sensory(Processing)performances
1. The genetic approach2. The biochemistry approach
2
1
3
1
3
2
21
Discovery of Cup Quality Determinants
Biochemical QTLs are matching with sensory QTL’son linkage group B.
M3720.01202911.7R1034.0
C2_At1g0538511969913.312583517.0
R26424.512673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9
C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.412266587.4124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8
A
1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.512498619.5AJ87189519.9
12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5C2_At2g2129084.3M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1
AY2455133.4M509133.9
R14142.0
AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5
CMA233169.2
M449177.5
124754186.3124612188.7
CMA222193.6120227197.1
AY2453202.5123557205.8
M362210.6CMA174B212.8
Sensory
B
M3720.01202911.7R1034.0
C2_At1g0538511969913.312583517.0
R26424.512673030.9M35436.1AY22027138.8CMA10839.7R16841.4CMA27642.8M49745.1A883447.7CMA06148.9
C2_At5g2089055.6M46458.613035361.2C2_At5g2262063.412943166.4CMA06875.0R24077.8M42885.412266587.4124158B88.712416089.3CMA27190.212108694.7CFGA05497.7R21699.7123888102.1126661104.8AY2462106.0123238107.4A8792109.0120037111.5R336112.2M364116.1CMA010116.3121491116.9R26119.6123332120.4122764121.5C2_At4g01880122.6A8793131.8
A
1218760.0CMA2593.3M4814.4CMA0575.712994312.1AY242913.512498619.5AJ87189519.9
12368228.9C2_At3g1067030.212339135.612051738.6CMA29339.112226142.112390942.713061245.313180646.7M32948.2BAC_DK46CO2_3750.312366956.6CMA14764.8M37165.612625070.012997271.1CMA23973.012020680.5C2_At2g2129084.3M43184.812007488.0CMA00289.4CMA27091.512390395.212082396.5CMA26598.8122680104.5131684106.3C2_At5g49820107.1M327108.3M472108.9122056113.8AY2464114.8124278116.0CMA298119.1M508122.1
AY2455133.4M509133.9
R14142.0
AY2462151.0CMA267152.0A8783153.2CMA031153.3R34156.7C2_At4g21800160.5
CMA233169.2
M449177.5
124754186.3124612188.7
CMA222193.6120227197.1
AY2453202.5123557205.8
M362210.6CMA174B212.8
B
Comparative mapping of sensory quality andcandidate biochemicals lead to the identification of
compounds determining bitterness
The Benefit of Vegetative versus Seed Propagation for most Cross Pollinated Perennials
Seed derived plantation Clonal plantation
Can we distribute optimal / improved varieties?
29/10/2010 23
Robusta Propagation in Thailand
“Under the Nescafé Plan, Nestlé will distribute 220 million high-yield, disease-resistant coffee plantlets to farmers by 2020. Thishelps farmers to rejuvenate their plantations, thus multiplyingthe yield on existing land and increasing farmers’ income.
Through partnerships with public and private institutions in anumber of countries, including Mexico, Thailand, the Philippinesand Indonesia, Nestlé has already distributed over 16 millioncoffee plantlets over the past ten years.”
Interview of Paul Bulcke, Nestlé CEOAugust 27th 2010
25
Ristretto
Dulsão do Brasil
A rabica SSR Database
Can we trace coffee variety/origin up to the shelf?
26
D E V E L OPM E N T O F A N E W M E T H O DControl Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollination
Control Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollinationControl Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollination
Control Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollination
Control Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollination
Control Boubon Variety
Adulteration
A llo-pollination
Bourbon reference
Allo-pollination
Adulteration
Batches
accepted
Batches
re jected
High resolution melting
Conclusions
As it has been the case for other crops, Plant Science could take up the challenges faced
by tropical commodities from Orphan Crops such as Coffee:
BUT
Who will take them up? For the profit of whom?