THE WAR AND PEACE STUDIES

OF THE

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS^

1939-1945

THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

FIFTY-EIGHT EAST SIXTY-EIGHTH STREET

3{jew Tork

1946

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THE WAR AND PEACE STUDIES

OF 'THe

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS-J ~

1939 - 1945

THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

FIFTY-EIGHT EAST SIXTY-EIGHTH STREET

:N:..ew rork

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS

•TX

^ 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

R. C. LEFFINGWELL

ISAIAH BOWMAN ALLBN W. DULLES

Vice-President V ice-President

FRANK ALTSCHUL CLARENCE E. HUNTER

Secretary Treasurer

WALTER H. MALLORY

Executive Director

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG GEORGE O. MAY

WILLIAM A. M. BURDEN PHILIP D. REED

JOHN W. DAVIS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER

LEWIS W. DOUGLAS WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON

STEPHEN DUGGAN MYRON C. TAYLOR

THOMAS K. FINLETTER JOHN H. WILLIAMS

HENRY M. WRISTON

Copyright. 1946, by Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.

Printed in the United Statei of America

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COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS JX :-. ., "-7

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

I (~ ~~ :.

ISAIAH BOWMAN

rice-President

FRANK ALTSCHUL

Secretary

R. C. LEFFINGWELL

President

ALLEN W. DULLES

I· ice-President

CLARENCE E. HUNTER

Treasurer

WALTER H. MALLORY

Ex~cutif)e Director

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG GEORGE O. MAY

WILLIAM A. M. BURDEN PHILIP D. REED

JOHN W. DAVIS WIXFIELD W. RIEFLER

L·E'VIS W. DOUGLAS \VHIT~EY H. SHEPARDSON

STEPHEN DUGGAN :\!YRON C. TAYLOR

THOMAS K. FINLETTER JOHS H. 'VILLIA1\IS

HENRY 1\1. WRISTON

Co"n,"t, 1916, hy Council on For~i," Rl'latio1ls, 11Ic.

Pri"ttd i" tI,t r.Yn;ll'd Sta/~s of ~4 mtrica

A3 THE foreign responsibilities of the United

States increase, the participation of its citizens

in influencing its foreign policies should increase also.

Without such participation there are bound to be vio-

lent fluctuations in public opinion (as happened, for

example, in the years 1918-1920), with consequent

abrupt reversals of foreign policy. The channels of

communication between people and government

should be open in both directions and they should be

used as fully and frequently as practicable.

Recognizing this, alert policy-making officials of

government will always be on the lookout for analyses

and judgments of private citizens and agencies known

to have special competence and believed to be acting

from disinterested motives. This will be true particu-

larly in times of crisis, when they are overwhelmed

with the work of day-by-day decision and action. But

while independent private agencies should be free to

undertake studies and to report their findings without

fear or favor, government officials must remain free

to accept or disregard them; for it is they who are

charged with responsibility for action and are held

accountable to the public for mistakes. Thus the link-

age between government and outside agencies should

be informal and loose, each retaining full inde-

pendence.

The wartime activities of the Council on Foreign

Relations offer an unusual instance of collaboration

between government agencies and a private institu-

tion. Since it is difficult, even in a democracy, for

CO

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A S THE foreign responsibilities of the United ~ States increase, the participation of its citizens

in influencing its foreign policies should increase also. Without such participation there are bound to be vio­lent fluctuations in public opinion (as happened, for example, in the years 1918-1920), with consequent abrupt reversals of foreign policy. The channels of communication between people and government should be open in both directions and they should be used as fully and frequently as practicable.

Recognizing this, alert policy-making officials of government will always be on the lookout for analyses and judgments of private citizens and agencies known to have special competence and believed to be acting from disinterested motives. This will be true particu­larly in times of crisis, when they are overwhelmed with the work of day-by-day decision and action. But while independent private agencies should be free to undertake studies and to report their findings without fear or favor, government officials must remain free to accept or disregard them; for it is they who are charged with responsibility for action and are held accountable to the public for mistakes. Thus the link­age between government and outside agencies should be informal and loose, each retaining full inde-pendence.

The wartime activities of the Council on Foreign Relations offer an unusual instance of collaboration between government agencies and a private institu­tion. Since it is difficult, even in a democracy, for

[I]

private citizens to participate in the formulation of

foreign policy, the Council's experience may be con-

sidered of interest not merely to Council members but

of general interest in relationship to a broad problem

of government.

The wartime work of the Council necessarily was

confidential; and the management is glad now to be

able to report on it to the Council membership. It

originated in a visit which Hamilton Fish Armstrong,

Editor of Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory,

Executive Director of the Council on Foreign Rela-

tions, paid to the Department of State on September

12, 1939, to offer such aid on the part of the Council

as might be useful and appropriate in view of the out-

break of the war in Europe. There was no doubt that

even if the United States avoided being drawn into

the war, its interests would become profoundly en-

gaged as the conflict progressed; and certainly they

would be directly affected by the eventual peace set-

tlements. The Department already was greatly over-

worked as a result of the crisis, and adequate govern-

ment funds for increased staff were not immediately

available. The Council representatives suggested that,

particularly pending the time when the Department

itself was able to assemble a staff and begin research

and analysis on the proper scale, the Council might

undertake work in certain specific fields, without, of

course, any formal assignment of responsibility on the

one side or restriction of independent action on the

other. Specifically, they proposed that the Council

form groups of experts to proceed with research un-

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private citizens to participate in the formulation of foreign policy, the Council's experience may be con­sidered of interest not merely to Council members but of general interest in relationshi p to a broad problem of government.

The wartime work of the Council necessarily was confidential; and the management is glad now to be able to report on it to the Council membership. It originated in a visit which Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Editor of Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory, Executive Director of the Council on Foreign Rela­tions, paid to the Department of State on September 12, 1939, to offer such aid on the part of the Council as might be useful and appropriate in view of the out­break of the ,var in Europe. There ,vas no doubt that even if the United States avoided being drawn into the war, its interests \vould become profoundly en­gaged as the conflict progressed; and certainly they would be directly affected by the eventual peace set­tlements. The Department already \vas greatly over­worked as a result of the crisis, and adequate govern­ment funds for increased staff \vere not immediately available. The Council representatives suggested that, particularly pending the time when the Department itself was able to assemble a staff and begin research and analysis on the proper scale, the Council might undertake work in certain specific fields, ,vithout, of course, any formal assignment of responsibility on the one side or restriction of independent action on the other. Specifically, they proposed that the Council form groups of experts to proceed ,vith research un-

[2]

der four general heads—Security and Armaments

Problems, Economic and Financial Problems, Politi-

cal Problems, and Territorial Problems. In this way

the Council's long experience in assembling and con-

ducting such groups would be put to use and the De-

partment would be provided with a cross-section of

expert opinion to supplement its own official informa-

tion and opinion.

The Department officers welcomed the Council's

suggestion and encouraged the Council management

to proceed with the formulation of a more detailed

plan. This was done in consultation with Department

officials. The Rockefeller Foundation was then ap-

proached for a grant of funds to put the plan into

operation. When assurances had been received that

the funds were available, the personnel of the groups

was selected and on December 8, 1939, an organiza-

tion meeting was held in Washington, at the home of

Assistant Secretary of State George S. Messersmith.

General responsibility for the War and Peace

Studies rested with the Council's Committee on

Studies, but actual direction was in the hands of a

Steering Committee, composed at the start as follows:

NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice Chairman

WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary

PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary

ISAIAH BOWMAN

ALLEN W. DULLES

ALVIN H. HANSEN

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON

JACOB VINER

[3]

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der four general heads-Security and Armaments Problems, Economic and Financial Problems, Politi­cal Problems, and Territorial Problems. In this way the Council's long experience in assembling and con­ducting such groups would be put to use and the De­partment would be provided with a cross-section of expert opinion to supplement its own official informa­tion and opinion.

The Department officers welcomed the Council's suggestion and encouraged the Council management to proceed with the formulation of a more detailed plan. This was done in consultation with Department officials. The Rockefeller Foundation was then ap­proached for a grant of funds to put the plan into operation. When assurances had heen received that the funds were available, the personnel of the groups was selected and on December 8, 1939, an organiza­tion meeting was held in Washington, at the horne of Assistant Secretary of State George S. Messersmith.

General responsi hili ty for the War and Peace Studies rested with the Council's Committee on Studies, but actual direction was in the hands of a Steering Committee, composed at the start as follows:

NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, rice Chairman WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary ISAIAH BOWMAN

ALLEN W. DULLES

ALVIN H. HANSEN

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON

JACOB VINER

Individual group members were chosen because of

special experience and competence to deal with par-

ticular subjects. Each group was headed by a Rappor-

teur and had the assistance of a Research Secretary.

Subjects were assigned for special investigation to

individual group members, and occasionally to out-

side experts. After a draft statement had been pre-

pared, it was brought before the group, discussed

thoroughly, sometimes at several successive meetings,

and then put into final form for transmission to Wash-

ington for use by the appropriate officials in the De-

partment. Accompanying it was a digest of the dis-

cussion.

The Rapporteurs received a nominal honorarium

and the Research Secretaries were compensated for

the time they spent on this work according to usual

academic schedules of pay. The members of the

groups served without remuneration. All of them, it

should be added, understood that the nature of their

work precluded them from receiving any public

recognition or reward.

A complete list of the persons who participated in

the work of the groups appears in Appendix A. The

original Rapporteurs and Research Secretaries were

as follows: Security and Armaments Group, Rappor-

teur Allen W. Dulles, Research Secretary William

M. Franklin; Economic and Financial Group, Rap-

porteurs Alvin H. Hansen and Jacob Viner, Research

Secretaries Arthur R. Upgren and William Diebold,

Jr.; Political Group, Rapporteur Whitney H. Shep-

ardson, Research Secretary Walter Langsam; Terri-

[4]

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Individual group members were chosen because of special experience and competence to deal with par­ticular subjects. Each group was headed by a Rappor­teur and had the assistance of a Research Secretary. Subjects were assigned for special investigation to individual group members, and occasionally to out­side experts. After a draft statement had been pre­pared, it was brought before the group, discussed thoroughly, sometimes at several successive meetings, and then put into final form for transmission to Wash­ington for use by the appropriate officials in the De­partment. Accompanying it was a digest of the dis-. CUSSlon.

The Rapporteurs received a nominal honorarium and the Research Secretaries were compensated for the time they spent on this work according to usual academic schedules of pay. The members of the groups served without remuneration. All of them, it should be added, understood that the nature of their work precluded them from receiving any public recognition or reward.

A complete list of the persons who participated in the work of the groups appears in Appendix A. The original Rapporteurs and Research Secretaries were as follows: Security and Armaments Group, Rappor­teur Allen W. Dulles, Research Secretary William M. Franklin; Economic and Financial Group, Rap­porteurs Alvin H. Hansen and Jacob Viner, Research Secretaries Arthur R. U pgren and William Diebold, Jr.; Political Group, Rapporteur Whitney H. Shep­ardson, Research Secretary Walter Langsam; T erri-

[4]

torial Group, Rapporteur Isaiah Bowman, Research

Secretary Philip E. Mosely.

As the work progressed, the original structure of

the project was changed in only one major respect.

In 1941, it appeared desirable to investigate the claims

of different European nations, the relationship be-

tween the individual national claims, and their bear-

ing both on the current foreign policy of the United

States and on the eventual postwar settlement. Ac-

cordingly, in May of that year the Council organized

a fifth group, independently of the other groups, aided

by a special grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.

The procedure of this group was different from that

of the others. At each meeting competent political and

economic representatives of a particular nation or

group of nations presented their aims and aspirations.

The Rapporteur and Research Secretary had worked

out a careful agenda with them beforehand. Full

records were kept of the discussion, and these were

sent to the State Department, together with written

memoranda submitted by dissident spokesmen on the

same or related topics. The work of this group was

particularly commended by the State Department,

and in 1942 it therefore was integrated into the War

and Peace Studies project as the Peace Aims Group.

A full list of all members of this group appears in

Appendix A. The Rapporteur was Hamilton Fish

Armstrong, and Philip E. Mosely was the first Re-

search Secretary.

In February of 1941 the relationship between the

Council and the Department of State was modified.

[5]

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torial Group, Rapporteur Isaiah Bowman, Research Secretary Philip E. Mosely.

As the work progressed, the original structure of the project was changed in only one major respect. In 1941, it appeared desirable to investigate the claims of different European nations, the relationshi p be­tween the individual national claims, and their bear­ing both on the current foreign policy of the United States and on the eventual postwar settlement. Ac­cordingly, in May of that year the Council organized a fifth group, independently of the other groups, aided by a special grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. The procedure of this group was different from that of the others. At each meeting competent political and economic representatives of a particular nation or group of nations presented their aims and aspirations. The Rapporteur and Research Secretary had worked out a careful agenda with them beforehand. Full records were kept of the discussion, and these were sent to the State Department, together with written memoranda submitted by dissident spokesmen on the same or related topics. The work of this group was particularly commended by the State Department, and in 1942 it therefore was integrated into the War and Peace Studies project as the Peace Aims Group. A full list of all members of this group appears in Appendix A. The Rapporteur was Hamilton Fish Armstrong, and Philip E. Mosely was the first Re­search Secretary.

In February of 1941 the relationship between the Council and the Department of State was modified.

[5]

The Department, as had been foreseen, established a

Division of Special Research, which organized its

work along lines similar to that of the Council, i.e. it

was divided into Economic, Political, Territorial and

Security sections. Leo Pasvolsky was appointed Di-

rector of Research. All of the Research Secretaries

serving with the Council groups were subsequently

engaged by the Department to participate in its new

Division. The Council was glad to release them for

this purpose, on the proviso that they be permitted to

continue serving part-time as Research Secretaries of

their respective Council groups. The arrangement

made it easier for the Council to select the problems

particularly in need of study and to fix a timetable for

dealing with them to the best advantage.

The cooperative relationship between the Depart-

ment and the Council was further strengthened in

1942, when the Department organized an Advisory

Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies, with Secre-

tary Cordell Hull as Chairman and Under Secretary

Sumner Welles as Vice-Chairman.* Dr. Pasvolsky

was appointed its Executive Officer. Several experts

from outside the Department were brought in as

members of this Committee, among them Hamilton

Fish Armstrong, Isaiah Bowman, Benjamin V.

Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shot-

well, all of whom had been participating in the Coun-

cil's work for the Department. The Advisory Com-

mittee was divided into several subcommittees. Mr.

*Cf. "Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Con-

ference," Introduction, pp. 20-31 (Department of State, Publication 2345,

June 26, 1945).

[6]

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The Department, as had been foreseen~ established a Division of Special Research, which organized its work along lines similar to that of the Council, i.e. it was divided into Economic, Political, Territorial and Security sections. Leo Pasvolsk)~ was appointed Di­rector of Research. All of the Research Secretaries serving with the Council groups were subsequently engaged by the Department to participate in its new Division. The Council was glad to release them for this purpose, on the proviso that they be permitted to continue serving part-time as Research Secretaries of their respective Council groups. The arrangement made it easier for the Council to select the problems particularly in need of stud)T and to fix a timetable for dealing with them to the best advantage.

The cooperative relationship between the Depart­ment and the Council was further strengthened in 1942, when the Department organized an Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies, with Secre­tary Cordell Hull as Chairman and Under Secretary Sumner Welles as Vice-Chairman.· Dr. Pasvolsky was appointed its Executive Officer. Several experts from outside the Department were brought in as members of this Committee, among them Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah Bowman, Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shot­well, all of whom had been participating in the Coun­cil's work for the Department. The Advisory Com­mittee was divided into several subcommittees. Mr. ·el. "Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Con­ference," Introduction, pp. 20-31 (Department of State, Publication 2345. June 26, 1945).

[6]

Davis, who served as chairman of the Steering Com-

mittee of the Council project from its inauguration

in 1940 till his death on July 2,1944, presided over the

Subcommittee on Security Problems. Mr. Cohen, of

the Council's Economic and Financial Group, was a

member of the Subcommittee on Economic Problems,

of which Myron C. Taylor was chairman. Dr.

Bowman, Rapporteur of the Council's Territorial

Group, presided over the Subcommittee on Terri-

torial Problems. Mr. Armstrong, Vice-Chairman of

the Council's Steering Committee, was a member of

the Subcommittee on Political Problems and of the

Subcommittee on Territorial Problems.

Parenthetically, it might be mentioned that the par-

ticipation of Council members in the work for the

Department described above led in many cases to

other work related to the organization of peace and

the settlement of postwar problems. For example:

Among the Research Secretaries, Philip E. Mosely, Re-

search Secretary of the Territorial Group, was taken by

Secretary Hull to Moscow in 1943, when the representa-

tives of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union

and China issued the Moscow Declaration, the text of

which had been elaborated previously in the Department's

Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies. Later

Mr. Mosely was released from the Research Secretary-

ship of the Council's Territorial Group to become political

adviser to the American member of the European Ad-

visory Commission in London. Walter R. Sharp, Research

Secretary of the Political Group, served as Secretary-

General of the United Nations Food Conference at

Quebec in 1945. Grayson Kirk, Research Secretary of the

[7]

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Davis, who served as chairman of the Steering Com­mittee of the Council project from its inauguration in 1940 till his death on July 2, 1944, presided over the Subcommittee on Security Problems. Mr. Cohen, of the Council's Economic and Financial Group, was a member of the Subcommittee on Economic Problems, of which Myron C. Taylor was chairman. Dr. Bowman, Rapporteur of the Council's Territorial Group, presided over the Subcommittee on Terri­torial Problems. Mr. Armstrong, Vice-Chairman of the Council's Steering Committee, was a member of the Subcommittee on Political Problems and of the Subcommittee on Territorial Problems.

Parenthetically, it might be mentioned that the par­ticipation of Council members in the work for the Department described above led in many cases to other work related to the organization of peace and the settlement of postwar problems. For example:

Among the Research Secretaries, Philip E. Mosely, Re­search Secretary of the Territorial Group, was taken by Secretary Hull to Moscow in 1943, when the representa­tives of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China issued the Moscow Declaration, the text of which had been elaborated previously in the Department's Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies. Later Mr. Mosely was released from the Research Secretary­ship of the Council's Territorial Group to become political adviser to the American member of the European Ad­visory Commission in London. Walter R. Sharp, Research Secretary of the Political Group, served as Secretary­General of the United Nations Food Conference at Quebec in 1945. Grayson Kirk, Research Secretary of the

[7J

Security Group, was an expert at the Dumbarton Oaks

Conference and was Executive Officer of Commission III

at San Francisco. Dwight E. Lee, Research Secretary of

the Council's group on Peace Aims, was Assistant Secre-

tary of Committee 1, Commission III, at San Francisco.

Of the Rapporteurs, Dr. Bowman was a member of the

U. S. Delegation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, was

named Special Adviser to the Secretary of State, became a

member of the Department's Policy Committee and served

as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San Fran-

cisco Conference. Mr. Armstrong served as Adviser to the

American Ambassador in London in 1944, with the rank

of Minister, as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State

and as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San

Francisco Conference.

Of the Group Members, Eugene Staley, of the Eco-

nomic and Financial Group, was Secretary of Committee

2, Commission II, at San Francisco. David N. Rowe, a

member of the Political Group, was Assistant Secretary

of Committee 4, Commission III at San Francisco. Arthur

Sweetser, Deputy Director of the Office of War Informa-

tion, a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser to

the Preparatory Commission of UNO in London in 1945.

Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Economic and Financial

Group, became Counsellor of the State Department and

accompanied Secretary Byrnes to Potsdam, London, Mos-

cow and Paris. John Foster Dulles, who served for a short

time as a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser

to the U. S. Delegation at San Francisco and at the Con-

ference of Foreign Ministers in London in 1945. Winfield

W. Riefler, a member of the Economic and Financial

Group, served as Adviser on Economic Affairs to the

American Ambassador in London, with the rank of Min-

[8]

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Security Group, was an expert at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and was Executive Officer of Commission III at San Francisco. Dwight E. Lee, Research Secretary of the Council's group on Peace Aims, was Assistant Secre­tary of Committee I, Commission III, at San Francisco.

Of the Rapporteurs, Dr. Bowman was a member of the U. S. Delegation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, was named Special Adviser to the Secretary of State, became a member of the Department's Policy Committee and served as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San Fran­cisco Conference. Mr. Armstrong served as Adviser to the American Ambassador in London in 1944, with the rank of Minister, as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State and as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San Francisco Conference.

Of the Group Members, Eugene Staley, of the Eco­nomic and Financial Group, was Secretary of Committee 2, Commission II, at San Francisco. David N. Rowe, a member of the Political Group, was Assistant Secretary of Committee 4, Commission III at San Francisco. Arthur Sweetser, Deputy Director of the Office of War Informa­tion, a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser to the Preparatory Commission of UNO in London in 1945. Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Economic and Financial Group, became Counsellor of the ,State Department and accompanied Secretary Byrnes to Potsdam, London, Mos­cow and Paris. John Foster Dulles, who served for a short time as a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser to the U. S. Delegation at San Francisco and at the Con­ference of Foreign Ministers in London in 1945. Winfield W. RieHer, a member of the Economic and Financial Group, served as Adviser on Economic Affairs to the American Ambassador in London, ~ith the rank of Min-

[8]

ister. Carter Goodrich and Lindsay Rogers, members of

the Political Group, became Chairman of the Governing

Body of the ILO and Assistant Director of the ILO, re-

spectively, and represented the ILO at San Francisco.

Calvin B. Hoover, a member of the Economic and Finan-

cial Group, was Chairman of the Economic Advisers to

the Allied Control Commission in Germany. Owen Latti-

more, a member of the Political Group, served on the

Commission on Japanese Reparations in 1945. George N.

Shuster, a member of the Peace Aims Group, was a dele-

gate to the International Education Conference of UNO

at London. Major-General Frank R. McCoy, retired, a

member of the Security Group, served as United States

member and Chairman of the Far Eastern Advisory Com-

mission.

This list does not pretend to be complete, nor does

it, of course, include the names of the many Council

members who served in the armed forces or in other

wartime capacities not connected with the formula-

tion of postwar policies. There is no implication, fur-

ther, that they received official assignments as a re-

sult of their Council work; but it may be presumed

that they were better prepared to carry out their offi-

cial duties as a result of having already given long

and specialized study to the special problems of the

postwar settlement.

The program was financed by annual renewals of

the initial grant of funds made by the Rockefeller

Foundation late in 1939. These generous grants con-

tinued until the end of 1945. In addition, the Carnegie

Corporation of New York made the Council an annu-

al grant which contributed to the success of the work.

[9]

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ister. Carter Goodrich and Lindsay Rogers, members of the Political Group, became Chairman of the Governing Body of the ILO and Assistant Director of the ILO, re­spectively, and represented the ILO at San Francisco. Calvin B. Hoover, a member of the Economic and Finan­cial Group, was Chairman of the Economic Advisers to the Allied Control Commission in Germany. Owen Latti­more, a member of the Political Group, served on the Commission on Japanese Reparations in 1945. George N. Shuster, a member of the Peace Aims Group, was a dele­gate to the International Education Conference of UNO at London. Major-General Frank R. McCoy, retired, a member of the Security Group, served as United States member and Chairman of the Far Eastern Advisory Com­mIssIon.

This list does not pretend to be complete, nor does it, of course, include the names of the many Council members who served in the armed forces or in other wartime capacities not connected with the formula­tion of postwar policies. There is no implication, fur­ther, that they received official assignments as a re­sult of their Council work; but it may be presumed that they were better prepared to carry out their offi­cial duties as a result of having already given long and specialized study to the special problems of the postwar settlement.

The program was financed by annual renewals of the initial grant of funds made by the Rockefeller Foundation late in 1939. These generous grants con­tinued until the end of 1945. In addition, the Carnegie Corporation of N ew York made the Council an annu­al grant which contributed to the success of the work.

[9]

Quantitative statistics do not establish the impor-

tance of an enterprise, but they help to indicate its

scope. In all, a total of 362 meetings were held during

the operation of the War and Peace Studies, divided

as follows:

Organization meeting, December 8, 1939.... 1

Group meetings:

Security and Armaments Group.... 51

Economic and Financial Group 64

Political Group 52

Territorial Group 48

Peace Aims Group 34

Joint group meetings 4

— 253

Steering Committee meetings 10

Plenary Sessions 2

Staff meetings 96

Total 362

As a rule, the groups assembled at the Council

House in New York at 4:3O or 5:30 P.M.; there was

an adjournment of an hour for dinner; the discussion

was thereupon resumed and continued until 10:30 or

n :oo o'clock. Occasionally the Steering Committee

met with representatives of the State Department at

either the Department or at the Cosmos Club in

Washington. At most of the group meetings in New

York one or more officers of the State Department

were present. In the case of the Security and Arma-

ments Group, Secretaries Stimson and Knox ap-

pointed regular representatives of the War and Navy

Departments to attend the group meetings.

[10]

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Quantitative statistics do not establish the impor­tance of an enterprise, but they help to indicate its scope. In all, a total of 362 meetings were held during the operation of the War and Peace Studies, divided as follows:

Organization meeting, December 8, 1939. . . . I

Group meetings: Security and Armaments Group. · · · 51 Economic and Financial Group. . . .. 64 Political Group ................. 52 Territorial Group ............... 48 Peace Aims Group .............. 34

Joint group meetings · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4 253

Steering Committee meetings ............ 10

Plenary Sessions ....................... 2

Staff meetings ......................... 96

Total. . . . .. 362

As a rule, the groups assembled at the Council House in New York at 4 :30 or 5 :30 P.M.; there was an adjournment of an hour for dinner; the discussion was thereupon resumed and continued until 10 :30 or I I :00 o'clock. Occasionally the Steering Committee met with representatives of the State Department at either the Department or at the Cosmos Club in Washington. At most of the group meetings in New York one or more officers of the State Department were present. In the case of the Security and Arma­ments Group, Secretaries Stimson and Knox ap­pointed regular representatives of the War and Navy Departments to attend the group meetings.

[10]

In all, 682 documents were prepared and sent to the

State Department. Each document was supplied in

sufficient quantity so that it could be distributed to all

the appropriate officers and desks. In addition, the

documents reached other Departments and agencies

of the Government informally, through the group

membership of representatives of these Departments

or agencies. The total number of documents, divided

by groups, was:

Security and Armaments Group 172

Economic and Financial Group 161

Political Group 148

Territorial Group 128

Peace Aims Group 65

Steering Committee 8

Total 682

The Studies staff also prepared certain other mate-

rial which became increasingly useful as the United

States passed from a state of neutrality to a state of

limited and then active participation in the war. For

example, a compilation of Selected Documents and

Official Statements of United States Policy was under-

taken after one member had pointed out the difficul-

ties which he had encountered as a member of the

American Commission at Paris in 1919 in finding

the necessary texts for consultation. The Council's

collection of selected documents was kept up to date,

and copies were made available to all group mem-

bers as well as to the Department of State.

Despite other demands on their time, including in

[11]

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In all, 682 documents were prepared and sent to the State Department. Each document was supplied in sufficient quantity so that it could be distributed to all the appropriate officers and desks. In addition, the documents reached other Departments and agencies of the Government informally, through the group membership of representatives of these Departments or agencies. The total number of documents, divided by grou ps, was:

Security and Armaments Group .......... 172 Economic and Financial Group ........... 161 Political Group ........................ 148 Territorial Group ....................... 128 Peace Aims Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65 Steering Committee ..................... 8

Total ...... 682

The Studies staff also prepared certain other mate­rial which became increasingly useful as the United States passed from a state of neutrality to a state of limited and then active participation in the war. For example, a compilation of Selected Documents and Official Statements of United States Policy was under­taken after one member had pointed out the difficul­ties which he had encountered as a member of the American Commission at Paris in 1919 in finding the necessary texts for consultation. The Council's collection of selected documents was kept up to date, and copies were made available to all group mem­bers as well as to the Department of State.

-Despite other demands on their time, including in

[II]

many cases missions abroad for the Government, the

hundred or more men who took part in the work of

the various groups attended the meetings with extraor-

dinary faithfulness. It has been estimated that, assum-

ing an average attendance of 15 members at each

meeting, individual members attended a total of

5,415 meetings, representing more than 21,000 man-

hours of individual study and discussion. This figure

of course does not include the time spent by members

in preparing memoranda, reading documents, cor-

recting minutes, etc., nor the time of out-of-town

members in journeying to and from the meetings in

New York. Most of the participants were members of

the Council. With the exception of the officially-ap-

pointed representatives of the War and Navy Depart-

ments, they attended as private citizens. Many of

them, however, were actively associated with the

Government. The Government agencies, bureaus and

offices with which group members had special con-

nections included:

Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System

Civil Aeronautics Board

Division of Statistical and Historical Research, Department

of Agriculture

Economic Defense Board

Economic Stabilization Board

Federal Loan Administration

Federal Reserve Bank

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Joint Economic Committee of the United States and Canada

National Power Policy Committee

Office of Production Management

[12]

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many cases missions abroad for the Government, the hundred or more men who took part in the ,york of the various grou ps attended the meetings with extraor­dinary faithfulness. It has been estimated that, assum­ing an average attendance of 15 members at each meeting, individual members attended a total of 5,415 meetings, representing more than 21,000 man­hours of individual study and discussion. This figure of course does not include the time spent by members in preparing memoranda, reading documents, cor­recting minutes, etc., nor the time of out-of-town members in journeying to and from the meetings in New York. Most of the partici pants were members of the Council. With the exception of the officially-ap­pointed representati yes of the War and Navy Depart­ments, they attended as private citizens. Many of them, however, were actively associated with the Government. The Government agencies, bureaus and offices with which group members had special con­nections included:

Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System Civil Aeronautics Board Division of Statistical and Historical Research, Department

of Agriculture

Economic Defense Board Economic Stabilization Board Federal Loan Administration Federal Reserve Bank Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Economic Committee of the United States and Canada National Power Policy Committee Office of Production Management

Office of Strategic Services

Office of War Information

War Production Board

Altogether, the personnel brought to their work at

the Council House a remarkably wide variety of

training, experience and current information as the

basis for forming mature judgment.

In proposing to undertake the assignment which

has been here described, the Council was fully aware

that the proper fulfillment of it would call for all the

energy and attainments at the disposal of its members

and staff. As the late Norman H. Davis observed in a

letter to Raymond Fosdick of the Rockefeller Foun-

dation : "Never in its history has the Council had the

opportunity for service to the country which it enjoys

today. Never has its obligation to do its work thor-

oughly and well been greater."

Any appraisal of the manner in which this obliga-

tion was discharged must necessarily go beyond an

enumeration of the meetings held, the memoranda

prepared, and the personnel called in for service, im-

pressive as that record may be considered to be. The

real touchstone is the usefulness of the studies to the

Government. This was the criterion which the Steer-

ing Committee and the Rapporteurs of the groups

had to keep in mind at all times, and especially in

reviewing work done and in planning new work for

the future.

It was recognized as important, for example, that

the groups avoid rigidity of outlook, in order that

their work might be of the maximum use in a world

[13]

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Office of Strategic Services Office of War Information War Production Board

Altogether, the personnel brought to their work at the Council House a remarkably wide variety of training, experience and current information as the basis for forming mature judgment.

In proposing to undertake the assignment which has been here described, the Council was fully aware that the proper fulfillment of it would call for all the energy and attainments at the disposal of its members and staff. As the late Norman H. Davis observed in a letter to Raymond Fosdick of the Rockefeller Foun­dation: "N ever in its history has the Council had the opportunity for service to the country which it enjoys today. N ever has its obligation to do its work thor­oughly and well been greater."

Any appraisal of the manner in which this obliga­tion was discllarged must necessarily go beyond an enumeration of the meetings held, the memoranda prepared, and the personnel called in for service, im­pressive as that record filay be considered to be. The real toucllstone is the usefulness of the studies to the Government. This was the criterion which the Steer­ing Committee and the Rapporteurs of the groups had to keep in mind at all times, and especially in reviewing work done and in planning new work for the future.

I t was recognized as important, for example, that the groups avoid rigidity of outlook, in order that their work might be of the maximum use in a world

[13]

situation which was changing constantly. When the

studies were first undertaken, Germany appeared as

the besieged fortress. Then the swift German victories

brought most of the Continent under German domi-

nation and necessitated a re-orientation of the pro-

gram in view of a possible imminent defeat of Great

Britain. The abrupt entrance of the United States

into the conflict was followed by other swift military

and political turnings. Flexibility was imperative if

new situations were to be evaluated rapidly and if

future developments were to be foreseen as far as

possible. The records disclose that on several occasions

and in a number of important respects the groups did

foresee the eventual appearance of critical problems

and questions.

It was also felt that in order for the groups to be

as useful as possible to the Government, they must

maintain an entirely independent outlook, in keeping

with the Council's character as a non-partisan and

private organization. This was achieved without prej-

udice to cordial relations with the Department of

State and without violating the arrangement under

which the Council had undertaken the assignment.

Indeed, the Department encouraged the Council

groups to exercise independent judgment and to make

appraisals of situations regardless of previous official

positions.

A list of the memoranda prepared by the groups is

given in Appendix B to this report. With the excep-

tion of a few which for one reason or another must

still remain secret, a full set of them has been placed

[14]

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situation which was changing constantly. \Vhen the studies \vere first undertaken, Germany appeared as the besieged fortress. Then the s,,"ift German victories brought most of the Continent under German domi­nation and necessitated a re-orientation of the pro­gram in view of a possible imminent defeat of Great Britain. The abrupt entrance of the L~ nited States into the conflict was followed by other s,,'Pift military and political turnings. Flexibilit) .. \,~as imperative if new situations were to be evaluated rapidly and if future developments were to be foreseen as far as possible. The records disclose that on se\"eral occasions and in a number of important respects the groups did foresee the eventual appearance of critical problems and questions.

I t was also felt that in order for the grou ps to be as useful as possible to the Go,,"ernment, they must maintain an entirely independent outlook, in keeping \\l'ith the C~ouncil's character as a non-partisan and private organization. This \vas achieyed ,vithout prej­udice to cordial relatiolls \vith the Departnlent of State and without violating the arrangement under which the Council had undertaken the assignment. Indeed, the Department encouraged the Council groups to exercise independent judgment and to make appraisals of situations regardless of previous official positions.

A list of the memoranda prepared by the groups is given in Appendix B to this report. "rith the excep­tion of a fe\v which for one reason or another must still remain secret, a full set of them has been placed

[14]

in the Library of the Council on Foreign Relations

and may be consulted there by Council members and

others who make use of the Library facilities.

The memoranda fell into five general classifica-

tions. In the early stages of the war, the groups fre-

quently offered an analysis of a current situation. A sec-

ond type of memorandum presented information in

expectation of the development of some situation. A

somewhat different kind of study dealt with more

general problems which, though not acute at the mo-

ment, were of such complexity and importance that

no amount of advance preparation could be regarded

as excessive. "Policy papers" formed a fourth kind

of study; they usually contained specific recommen-

dations based on a substantial body of preliminary

memoranda and prolonged discussion. Finally, there

were memoranda setting forth general principles

which might serve as a guide in the formulation of

future policy.

One concrete example may be cited as a sample of

how group ideas and recommendations were put to

use. This is not to say that similar ideas and recom-

mendations might not have originated elsewhere; but

the course of actual events shows that the Council

work in this sample case entered into the stream of

official discussion and action. On March 17, 1940,

one of the groups issued a report entitled "The Stra-

tegic Importance of Greenland." This pointed out

the strategic importance of Greenland for trans-

Atlantic aviation and for meteorological observa-

tions. (The weather in Europe can be predicted two

[153

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in the Library of the Council on Foreign Relations and may be consulted there by Council members and others who make use of the Library facilities.

The memoranda fell into five general classifica­tions. In the early stages of the war, the groups fre­quently offered an analysis of a current situation. A sec­ond type of melnorandum presented information in expectation of the development of some situation. A somewhat different kind of study dealt with more general problems which, though not acute at the mo­ment, were of such complexity and importance that no amount of advance preparation could be regarded as excessive. "Policy papers" formed a fourth kind of study; they usually contained specific recommen­dations based on a substantial body of preliminary memoranda and prolonged discussion. Finally, there were memoranda setting forth general principles which might serve as a guide in the formulation of future policy.

-One concrete example may be cited as a sample of how group ideas and recommendations were put to use. This is not to say that similar ideas and recom­Inendations nlight not ha\re originated elsewhere; but the course of actual events shows that the Council work in this sample case entered into the stream of official discussion and action. On March 17, 1940, one of the groups issued a report entitled "The Stra­tegic Importance of Greenland." This pointed out the strategic importance of Greenland for trans­Atlantic aviation and for meteorological observa­tions. (The weather in Europe can be predicted two

[IS]

weeks in advance by observations taken in Green-

land.) It stated: "The possibility must be considered

that Denmark might be overrun by Germany. In

such case Greenland might be transferred by treaty

to German sovereignty." It pointed out the possible

danger to the United States in such an eventuality.

It mentioned, further, that Greenland lies within the

geographical sphere "within which the Monroe Doc-

trine is presumed to apply."

Shortly after the Greenland memorandum was sent

to Washington one of the members of the group

which had prepared it was summoned to the White

House. President Roosevelt had a copy of the memo-

randum in his hand and said that he had turned to

his visitor for advice because of his part in raising the

question of Greenland's strategic importance.

Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At

his press conference three days later, the President

stated that he was satisfied that Greenland belonged

to the American continent. After a visit to the White

House on the same day, the Danish Minister said

that he and the President had agreed on this fact. At

the same time the President asked the American Red

Cross to investigate the needs of the people of Green-

land in case supplies from Denmark should be cut off,

and said he thought that the American people would

be glad to send relief supplies if needed.

On April 9,1941, an agreement was signed between

the United States and Denmark. In citing the circum-

stances which had led up to the agreement the State

Department announced that the invasion of Denmark

[16]

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weeks in advance by observations taken in Green­land.) It stated: "The possibility must be considered that Denmark might be overrun by Germany. In such case Greenland might be transferred by treaty to German sovereignty." It pointed out the possible danger to the United States in such an eventuality. It mentioned, further, that Greenland lies within the geographical sphere "within which the Monroe Doc­trine is presumed to apply."

Shortly after the Greenland memorandum was sent to Washington one of the members of the group which had prepared it was summoned to the White House. President Roosevelt had a copy of the memo­randum in his hand and said that he had turned to his visitor for advice because of his part in raising the question of Greenland's strategic importance.

Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At his press conference three days later, the President stated that he was satisfied that Greenland belonged to the American continent. After a visit to the White House on the same day, the Danish Minister said that he and the President had agreed on this fact. At the same time the President asked the American Red Cross to investigate the needs of the people of Green­land in case supplies from Denmark should be cut off, and said he thought that the American people would be glad to send relief supplies if needed. -On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between

the United States and Denmark. In citing the circum­stances which had led up to the agreement the State Department announced that the invasion of Denmark

[16J

"at once raised the status of Greenland, which has

been recognized as being within the area of the Mon-

roe Doctrine. The Government of the United States

announces its policy of maintenance of the status quo

in the Western Hemisphere." The agreement pro-

vided for assistance by the United States to Green-

land in the maintenance of its status, and granted to

the United States the right to locate and construct

airplane landing fields, seaplane facilities and radio

and meteorological installations as may be necessary

for the defense of Greenland, and for the defense of

the American continent. This was eight months be-

fore Germany declared war on the United States.

Integration of the work of the Council groups was

achieved in a variety of ways. The Steering Commit-

tee had over-all direction and maintained liaison with

the Department of State. The research staff met regu-

larly, usually once a week, with the Vice-Chairman,

the Secretary and the Administrative Secretary of the

Steering Committee. From time to time, groups held

joint sessions to exchange views on problems of mu-

tual interest. On two occasions—after the defeat of

France in 1940 and after the conclusion of the Dum-

barton Oaks talks in 1944—plenary sessions were held,

attended by the members of all the groups. The 1940

plenary session took place at a time when the most

pressing problem for the United States was the or-

ganization of its own defense. By 1944 the war had

progressed so favorably that members who attended

the plenary session could discuss with officials from

the Department of State the Dumbarton Oaks pro-

[17]

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"at once raised the status of Greenland, which has been recognized as being within the area of the Mon­roe Doctrine. The Government of the United States announces its policy of maintenance of the status quo in the Western Hemisphere." The agreement pro­vided for assistance by the United States to Green­land in the maintenance of its status, and granted to the United States the right to locate and construct airplane landing fields, seaplane facilities and radio and meteorological installations as may be necessary for the defense of Greenland, and for the defense of the American continent. This was eight months be­fore Germany declared war on the United States.

Integration of the ,york of the Council groups was achieved in a variety of ways. The Steering Commit­tee had over-all direction and maintained liaison with the Department of State. The research staff met regu­larly, usually once a week, with the Vice-Chairman, the Secretary and the Administrative Secretary of the Steering Committee. From time to time, groups held joint sessions to exchange views on problems of mu­tual interest. On two occasions-after the defeat of France in 1940 and after the conclusion of the Dum­barton Oaks talks in 1 944-plenary sessions were held, attended by the members of all the groups. The 1940 plenary session took place at a time when the most pressing problem for the United States was the or­ganization of its own defense. By 1944 the war had progressed so favorably that members who attended the plenary session could discuss with officials from the Department of State the Dumbarton Oaks pro-

[17]

posals for a general international organization of the

postwar world.

The termination of the War and Peace Studies

Project has left the Council members who partici-

pated with mixed feelings. It has been a source of

gratification to receive formal expressions of com-

mendation from officials of the Department of State,

of which the following contained in a letter from Sec-

retary Hull is typical:

"The excellent memoranda which have resulted from your

studies have been very useful to me. I feel sure that they

will be of even greater use when the day for reconstruction

comes at the end of hostilities. I hope that you will go on

with this important work and that you will continue to

give us the benefit of the research and thinking done under

the Council's auspices."

On the other hand, it is clear that few of the great

problems were really resolved by the cessation of

hostilities, and that diligent work is still required if

the fruits of victory are not to be frittered away.

In peace as in war, the Council on Foreign Relations

must seek to stimulate independent political thinking

among its members and must make the results avail-

able for whatever use those officially responsible for

the conduct of our foreign relations may deem fit.

[18]

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posals for a general international organization of the postwar world.

The termination of the War and Peace Studies Project has left the Council members who partici­pated with mixed feelings. It has been a source of gratification to receive formal expressions of com­mendation from officials of the Department of State, of which the following contained in a letter from Sec­retary Hull is typical:

"The excellent memoranda which have resulted from your studies have been very useful to me. I feel sure that they will be of even greater use when the day for reconstruction comes at the end of hostilities. I hope that you will go on with this important work and that you will continue to give us the benefit of the research and thinking done under the Council's auspices."

On the other hand, it is clear that few of the great problems ,vere really resolved by the cessation of hostilities, and that diligent work is still required if the fruits of victory are not to be frittered away. In peace as in war, the Council on Foreign Relations must seek to stimulate independent political thinking among its members and must tnake the results avail­able for whatever use those officially responsible for the conduct of our foreign relations may deem fit.

APPENDIX A

PERSONNEL

(with dates of service)

STEERING COMMITTEE

Officers

NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman, December 1939-July 1944

ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939-became Chairman, March 1945

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice-Chairman, December 1939-

September 1945

WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary, December 1939-September 1945

PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary, January 1940—Novem-

ber 1940

FRANCIS P. MILLER, Administrative Secretary, December 1940-

February 1942

DWIGHT E. LEE, Administrative Secretary, September 1942-800-

tember 1943

JULIUS W. PRATT, Administrative Secretary, September 1943—

September 1944

RICHARD C. SNYDER, Administrative Secretary, October 1944-

February 1945

WILLIAM EDWIN DIEZ, Administrative Secretary, March 1945-

September 1945

Members

HANSON W. BALDWIN, July 194O-September 1945

ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939—Chairman, March 1945

ALLEN W. DULLES, December 1939-December 1943

CARTER GOODRICH, August 1942-September 1945

ALVIN H. HANSEN, December 1939-September 1945

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, December 1939-June 1942

JACOB VINER, December 1939-September 1945

EDWARD P. WARNER, January 1944-September 1945

HENRY M. WRISTON, June 1942-September 1945

[19]

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APPENDIX A

PERSONNEL (with dates of service)

STEERING COMMITTEE

Officers

NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman, December 1939-July 1944 ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939-became Chairman, March 1945 HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice-Chairman, December 1939-

September 1945 WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary, December 1939-September 1945 PAt:L F. JONES, Administrative Secretary, January 194o-Novem­

ber 1940 FRANCIS P. MILLER, Administrative Secretary, December 1940-

February 1942 DWIGHT E. LEE, Administrative Secretary, September 1942-SeP­

tember 1943 JULIUS W. PRATT, Administrative Secretary, September 1943-

September 1944 RICHARD C. SNYDER, Administrative Secretary, October 1944-

February 1945 WILLIAM EDWIN DIEZ, }\dministrative Secretary, March 1945-

September 1945

Members

HANSON W. BALD\VIN, July 194o-September 1945 ISAIAH BO\\·MAN, December 1939--Chairman, l\1arch 1945 ALLEN W. DULLES, December 1939-D ecember 1943 CARTER GOODRICH, August 1942- September 1945 ALVIN H. HAKSEN, December 1939-September 1945 WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, December 1939-June 1942 JACOB ,TINER, December 1939-September 1945 ED"rARD P. WARKER, January 1944-September 1945 HENRY M. WRISTON, June 1942-September 1945

[19J

SECURITY AND ARMAMENTS GROUP

Rapporteurs

ALLEK W. DULLES, Rapporteur, February 1940-June 1940; Joint

Rapporteur, July 1940-December 1943.

HANSON W. BALDWIN, Joint Rapporteur, July 194O-September

1945

EDWARD P. WARNER, Joint Rapporteur, January 1944-Septem-

ber 1945

Research Secretaries

WILLIAM M. FRANKLIN, February 1940-May 1941

GRAYSON KIRK, June 1941-September 1945

Members

BRIG. GEN. THOMAS J. BETTS, July 194O-December 1943

MAJ. GEN. CLAYTON BISSELL, January 1944-September 1945

REAR ADM. RALPH DAVISON, July 1941-December 1943

EDWARD M. EARLE, March 1945-September 1945

MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945

JOSEPH C. GREEN, November 1943-September 1945

BRIG. GEN. HAYWOOD S. HANSELL, July 1941-July 1942

STACY MAY, July 194O-February 1945

MAJ. GEN. FRANK R. McCov, RETV April 1940-September 1945

COL. JAMES F. OLIVE, February 1943-February 1944

ADM. WILLIAM V. PRATT, RET., April 1941—February 1945

DAVID N. ROWE, March 1945-September 1945

CAPT. RICHARD W. RUBLE, November 1943-May 1945

HAROLD F. SHEETS, July 1942-September 1945

HAROLD SPROUT, February 1944-September 1945

ADM. WILLIAM H. STANDLEY, RET., February 1940-November

1940

MAJ. GEN. GEORGE V. STRONG, February 194O-November 1940;

July 1944-September 1945

EDWARD P. WARNER, February 1940-became Joint Rapporteur,

January 1944

BRIG. GEN. JOHN WECKERLING, January 1944-September 1945

HUGH R. WILSON, February 1941-November 1942

THEODORE P. WRIGHT, February 1941-September 1945

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SECURITY AND ARl\1AMENTS GROUP

Rapporteurs

ALLEN W. DULLES, Rapporteur, February 194o-June 1940; Joint Rapporteur, July 194o-December 1943.

HANSON W. BALDWIN, Joint Rapporteur, July 194o-September 1945

EDWARD P. WARNER, Joint Rapporteur, January 1944-Septem-ber 1945

Research Secretaries

WILLIAl\'I M. FRANKLIN, February 194o-May 1941 GRAYSON KIRK, June 1941- September 1945

Members

BRIG. GEN. THOl\IAS J. BETIS .. July 194o-December 1943 MAJ. GEN. CLAYTON BISSELL, January 1944-September 1945 REAR Anl\>I. RALPH DAVISON .. July 1941-December 1943 EDWARD M. EARLE, March 1945-September 1945 MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945 JOSEPH C. GREEN, November 1943-September 1945 BRIG. GEN. HAnVOOD S. HANSELL, July 1941-July 1942 STACY MAY, July 194o-February 1945 MAJ. GEN. FRANK R. McCoy, RET ... April 194o-September 1945 COL. JAMES F. OLIVE, February 1943-February 1944 ADM. WILLIAM V. PRATT, RET., April 1941-February 1945 DAVID N. RO'VE, March I945-September 1945 CAPT. RICHARD W. RUBLE, November 1943-May 1945 HAROLD F. SHEETS, July 1942-September 1945 HAROLD SPROUT, February 1944-September 1945 ADM. WILLIAl\{ H. STANDLEY, RET., February 194o-November

1940 MAJ. GEN. GEORGE V. STRONG, February 194o-November 1940;

July 1944-September 1945 EDWARD P. WARNER, February 194o-became Joint Rapporteur,

January 1944 BRIG. GEN. JOHN WECKERLING, January 1944-September 1945 HUGH R. WILSON, February I941-November 1942 THBODORE P. WRIGHT, February 194 I - September 1945

[20]

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL GROUP

Rapporteurs

ALVIN H. HANSEN, Joint Rapporteur, February 1940-Septem-

ber 1945

JACOB VINER, Joint Rapporteur, February 1940-September 1945

Research Secretaries

ARTHUR R. UPGREN, February 194O-July 1940

WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR., August 1940-September 1943

ARTHUR D. GAYER, October 1943-September 1945

Members

PERCY W. BIDWELL, February 1940-September 1945

EDWIN F. CHINLUND, November 1943-September 1945

BENJAMIN V. COHEN, September 1941-September 1945

LAUCHLIN CURRIE, February 1943-September 1945

RALPH E. FLANDERS, July 1942-February 1944

HEMAN GREENWOOD, March 1945-September 1945

LEON FRASER, February 1940-November 1940

CALVIN B. HOOVER, January 1944-September 1945

WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, February 1940-March 1942

WILLIAM H. SCHUBART, July 1942-December 1944

HAROLD F. SHEETS, February 1940-May 1942

ALLAN SPROUL, February 1941-December 1943

EUGENE STALEY, February 1940-September 1945

ARTHUR R. UPGREN, July 194o-September 1945

JACOB VINER, February 1940-September 1945

JOHN H. WILLIAMS, February 1940-November 1940

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ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL GROUP

Rapporteurs

ALVIN H. HANSEN, Joint Rapporteur, February I94o-Septem­ber 1945

JACOB VINER, Joint Rapporteur, February 194o-September 1945

Research Secretaries

ARTHUR R. UPGREN, February 194o-July 1940 WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR., August 194o-September 1943 ARTHUR D. GAYER, October 1943-September 1945

Members

PERCY W. BIDWELL, February 194o-September 1945 EDWIN F. CHINLUND, November 1943-September 1945 BENJAMIN V. COHEN, September 194 I- September 1945 LAUCHLIN CURRIE, February 1943-Septcmber 1945 RALPH E. FLANDERS, July 1942-February 1944 HEMAN GREENWOOD, March 1945-September 1945 LEON FRASER, February I94o-November 1940 CALVIN B. HOOVER, January 1944-September 1945 WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, February 194o-March 1942 WILLIAM H. SCHUBART, July I942-December 1944 HAROLD F. SHEETS, February 194o-May 1942 ALLAN SPROUL, February 1941- December 1943 EUGENE STALEY, February 194o-September 1945 ARTHUR R. UPGREN" July 194o-September 1945 JACOB VINER, February I94o-September 1945 . JOlIN H. WILLIAMS, February 194o-N ovember 1940

POLITICAL GROUP

Rapporteurs

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, February 1940-June 1942

HENRY M. WRISTON, Rapporteur, July 1942; Joint Rapporteur,

August 1942-September 1945

CARTER GOODRICH, Joint Rapporteur, August 1942—September

1945

Research Secretaries

WALTER LANGSAM, February 1940-February 1941

WALTER R. SHARP, February 1941-September 1945

Members

FRANK ALTSCHUL, March 1945-September 1945

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-September 1945

JAMES P. BAXTER III, November 1943-February 1945

CHARLES W. COLE, March 1945-September 1945

JOHN FOSTER DULLES, February 1940—September 1940

MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945

THOMAS K. FINLETTER, March 1945-September 1945

CARTBR GOODRICH, September 1941-became Joint Rapporteur,

August 1942

WILLIAM L. LANGER, March 1945-September 1945

OWEN LATTIMORE, March 1945-September 1945

DWIGHT E. LEE, March 1945-September 1945

FRANCIS P. MILLER, May 194O-May 1943

PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1942-February 1945

LINDSAY ROGERS, February 1941-September 1945

NICHOLAS ROOSEVELT, March 1944-February 1945

DAVID N. ROWE, November 1943-February 1945

JAMES T. SHOTWELL, February 1940—June 1943

ARTHUR SWEETSER, February 1941-September 1945

PAYSON S. WILD, March 1943-September 1945

HENRY M. WRISTON, May 1940-became Rapporteur, July 1942

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POLITICAL GROUP

Rapporteurs

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, February 194o-June 1942 HBNRY M. WRISTON, Rapporteur, July 1942; Joint Rapporteur,

August 1942-September 1945 CARTER GooDRICH, Joint Rapporteur, August 1942-September

1945 Research Secretaries

WALTER LANGSAM, February 194o-February 1941 WALTER R. SHARP, February I941- September 1945

Members

FRANK ALTSCHUL, March 1945-September 1945 HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-September 1945 JAMES P. BAXTER III, November 1943-February 1945 CHARLES W. COLE, March 1945-September 1945 JOHN FOSTER DULLES, February 194o-September 1940 MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941- September 1945 THOMAS K. FIN LETTER, March 1945-September 1945 CARTBR. GooDRICH, September 194I-became Joint Rapporteur,

August 1942 WILLIAM L. LANGER, March 1945-September 1945 OWEN LArrIMORE, March 1945-September 1945 DWIGHT E. LEE, March 1945-September 1945 FRANCIS P. MILLER, May 194o-May 1943 PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1942-February 1945 LINDSAY ROGERS, February 1941-September 1945 NICHOLAS ROOSEVELT, March 1944-February 1945 DAVID N. RO\VE, November 1943-February 1945 JA!vIES T. SHOTWELL, February 1940-June 1943 ARTHUR SWEETSER, February 194I-September 1945 PAYSON S. WILD, March I943-September 1945 HENRY M. WRISTON, May 194o-became Rapporteur, July 1942

TERRITORIAL GROUP

Rapporteur

ISAIAH BOWMAN, February 194O-February 1945

Research Secretaries

PHILIP E. MOSELY, March 194O-September 1941; August 1942-

February 1945

WILLIAM P. MADDOX, September I941-June 1942

Members

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 1940-February 1945

H. FOSTER BAIN, February 1944-February 1945

CHARLES H. BEHRE, JR., June 1942-February 1945

CHARLES W. COLE, May 1943-February 1945

JOHN C. COOPER, JR., February 1940—November 1940

RUPERT EMERSON, May 1943-February 1945

A. WHITNEY GRISWOLD, September 1941-January 1942

JOHN GUNTHER, March 1941-August 1941

BRUCE C. HOPPER, February 1940-February 1945

OWEN LATTIMORE, April 194o-February 1945

FRANK W. NOTESTEIN, November 1943-February 1945

WALTER H. VOSKUIL, September 1943-February 1945

WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN, February 194o-February 1945

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TERRITORIAL GROUP

Rapporteur

ISAIAH BOWMAN, February 194o-February 1945

Research Secretaries

PHILIP E. MOSBLY, March 194o-September 1941 ; August 1942-February 1945

WILLIAM P. MADDOX, September 1941-June 1942

Members

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-February 1945 H. FOSTBR BAIN, February 1944-February 1945 CHARLBS H. BBHRB, JR., June 1942-February 1945 CHARLES W. CoLB, May 1943-February 1945 JOHN C. CooPER, JR., February 194o-November 1940 RUPERT EMERSON, May 1943-February 1945 A. WHITNBY GRISWOLD, September 1941-January 1942 JOHN GUNTHER, March 1941- August 1941 BRUCE C. HOPPER, February 194o-February 1945 OwEN LATTIMORE, April 194o-February 1945 FRANK W. NOTBSTBIN, November 1943-February 1945 WALTBR H. VOSKUIL, September 1943-February 1945 WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN, February I94o-February 1945

PEACE AIMS GROUP

Chairman

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, June 1941-February 1945

Research Secretaries

PHILIP E. MOSELY, June 1941-September 1941

MOSE L. HARVEY, November 1941-May 1942

DWIGHT E. LEE, September 1942-February 1945

Members

JAY ALLEN, November 1941-September 1942

FRANK ALTSCHUL, June 1941-Febmary 1945

PERCY W. BIDWELL, June 1941-February 1945

CRANE BRINTON, September 1942-December 1942

ALLEN W. DULLES, June 1941-February 1945

FRANK D. GRAHAM, October 1943-February 1945

JOHN GUNTHER, June 1941-November 1941

BRUCE C. HOPPER, June 1941-February 1945

TRACY B. KITTREDGE, June 1941-April 1942

WILLIAM L. LANGER, June 1941-February 1945

JAMES G. MCDONALD, June 1941-February 1945

PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1941-February 1945

WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, June 1941-February 1945

LINDSAY ROGERS, June 1941-February 1945

WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, June 1941-june 1942

WILLIAM L. SHIRER, October 1943-February 1945

GEORGE N. SHUSTER, June 1941-February 1945

OSCAR C. STINE, June 1941-February 1945

ARTHUR SWEETSER, September 1942-February 1945

MAX W. THORNBURG, June 1941-November 1941

JACOB VINER, October 1942-March 1943

JOHN K. WRIGHT, November 1942-February 1945

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PEACE AIMS GROUP

Clurirman

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, June 1941-February 1945

Research Secretaries

PHILIP E. MOSELY, June 1941-September 1941 MosB L. HARVEY, November 1941- May 1942 DWIGHT E. LBB, September 1942-February 1945

Membtrs

JAY ALLEN, November 1941-September 1942 FRANK ALTSCHUL, June 1941-February 1945 PERCY W. BIDWELL, June 1941-February 1945 CRANE BRINTON, September 1942-December 1942 ALLEN W. DULLES, June 1941-February 1945 FRANK D. GRAHAM, October 1943-February 1945 JOHN GUNTHER, June 1941-November 1941 BRUCE C. HOPPER, June 1941-February 1945 TRACY B. KrI"TREDGE, June 1941-April 1942 WILLIAM L. LANGER, June 1941-February 1945 JAMES G. McDONALD, June 1941-February 1945 PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1941- February 1945 WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, June 1941-February 1945 LINDSAY ROGERS, June 1941-February 1945 WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, June 1941-June 1942 WILLIAM L. SHIRER, October 1943-February 1945 GEORGE N. SHUSTER, June 1941-February 1945 OSCAR C. STINE, June 1941-February 1945 ARTHUR SWEETSER, September 1942-February 1945 MAX W. THORNBURG, June 1941-November 1941 JACOB VINER, October 1942-March 1943 JOHN K. WRIGHT, November 1942-February 1945

APPENDIX B

LIST OF MEMORANDA

SECURITY AND ARMAMENTS GROUP

A-B1 Possible Outcomes of the European War in Relation to

the Armaments Problem (April 5, 1940)

A-Ba A Survey of Significant Disarmament Proposals Prior to

the World War (May 1, 1940)

A-B3 Disarmament and Foreign Policy: An Examination of

Some Basic Characteristics (May 1, 1940)

A-B4 Possibilities of Controlling or Limiting Aircraft Suitable

for Offense against Ground Objectives (June 28, 1940)

A-B5 The Problem of Control and Supervision of Arms Limi-

tation Agreements, 1919-34 (June 1, 1940)

A-B6 Areas of Agreement in the Preparatory Disarmament

Commission and the General Disarmament Conference

(June 28, 1940)

A-B7 Western Hemisphere Security (November 25, 1940)

A-B8 A United States Naval Base at Recife (October 9, 1940)

A-B9 Joint Defense Commissions with Latin America (Octo-

ber 9, 1940)

A-B1o Additional Bases for the Defense of the Panama Canal

(October 9, 1940)

A-Bn United States-Canadian Relations (October 10, 1940)

A-B12 Token Forces for the New United States Bases (Octo-

ber 14, 1940)

A-B13 South American Airlines (November 15, 1940)

A-B14 Nationalization of South American Airlines (November

23, 1940)

A-B15 Airfields Suitable for Military Uses in South America

(November 23, 1940)

A-B16 Financial Assistance to South American Aviation (No-

vember 23, 1940)

A-B17 Australasia: An Estimate of Military and Naval Strength

(February 5, 1941)

A-B18 The Shipping Problem (March 6, 1941)

A-B19 The Far Eastern Crisis (March 15, 1941)

A-Bzo The Convoy Problem (April n, 1941)

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A-BI

A-B2

A-B3

A-B4

A-BS

A-B6

A-B7 A-B8 A-B9

A-BIO

A-BII A-BI2

A-BI3 A-BI4

A-BI5

A-BI6

A-BI7

A-BI8 A-B I 9 A-B20

APPENDIX B

LIST OF MEMORANDA

SECURITY AND ARMAMENTS GROUP

Possible Outcomes of the European War in Relation to the Armaments Problem (April 5, 1940) A Survey of Significant Disarmament Proposals Prior to the World War (May I, 1940) Disarmament and Foreign Policy: An Examination of Some Basic Characteristics (May I, 1940) Possibilities of Controlling or Limiting Aircraft Suitable for Offense against Ground Objectives ( June 28, 1940) The Problem of Control and Supervision of Arms Limi­tation Agreements, 1919-34 (June I, 1940) Areas of Agreement in the Preparatory Disarmament Commission and the General Disarmament Conference (June 28, 1940) Western Hemisphere Security (November 25, 1940) A United States Naval Base at Recife (October 9, 1940) Joint Defense Commissions with Latin America (Octo­ber 9, 1940) Additional Bases for the Defense of the Pana~a Canal (October 9, 1940) United States-Canadian Relations (October 10, 1940 ) Token Forces for the New United States Bases (Octo­ber 14, 1940) South American Airlines (November 15, 1940) Nationalization of South American Airlines (November 23, 1940) Airfields Suitable for Military Uses in South America (November 23, 1940) Financial Assistance to South American Aviation (N 0-

vember 23, 1940) Australasia: An Estimate of Military and Naval Strength (February 5, 1941 )

The Shipping Problem (March 6, 1941) The Far Eastern Crisis (March 15, 1941) The Convoy Problem (April I I, 1941)

[25]

A-B21 Suggestions on the Convoy Problem (May 1, 1941)

A-B22 American Observers in Asiatic Russia (July 16, 1941)

A-B23 Air Routes to Australasia (July 18, 1941)

A-B24 A Base at Freetown (July 28, 1941)

A-B25 An American High Commissioner in Malaysia (August

18. 1941)

A-B26 American Missions in the Soviet Union (August 18,

1941)

A-B27 The Repeal of the Neutrality Act (September 4, 1941)

A-B28 Legal Preparation for a "War Status" (September 10,

I94O

A-B29 The Recruitment of American Technicians for Service

with Governments Receiving Lease-Lend Aid (October

1, 1940

International Policing: A Survey of Recent Proposals

(October 3, 1941)

The Formation of Anti-Axis Foreign Legions (October

22, 1941)

A-B32 Emergency Policing at the End of the War (October 22,

1941)

A-B33 The Atlantic Charter and Postwar Security (December

4, 1940

A-B34 Postwar Control of German Armament (December 4,

1941)

A-B35 War Planning (December 15, 1941)

A-B36 Suggested Negotiations with the Governments of Fin-

land and the Soviet Union (January 12, 1942)

A-B37 American Naval Forces in the Mediterranean (January

12, 1942)

A-B38 Russian Military Cooperation in the Pacific War (Janu-

ary 12, 1942)

A-B39 Secret Treaties (January 16, 1942)

A-B40 Public Relations Policy in Wartime (January 16, 1942)

A-B4I Passport and Visa Requirements for Canadian Visitors to

the United States (January 16, 1942)

A-B42 Conservation of American Man Power (January 16,

1942)

A-B43 A Highway to Alaska (January 16, 1942)

A-B44 The Strategy of the Indian Ocean (February 12, 1942)

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A-B21 A-B22 A-B23 A-B24 A-B25

A-B27 A-B28

A-B29

A-B30

A-B31

A-B32

A-B33

A-B34

A-B35 A-B36

A-B37

A-B38

Suggestions on the Convoy Problem (May 1,1941) American O~rvers in Asiatic Russia (July 16, 1941) Air Routes to Australasia (July 18, 1941) A B~ at Freetown (July 28, 1941) An American High Commissioner in Malaysia (August 18, 1941) American Missions in the Soviet Union (August 18, 1941) The Repeal of the Neutrality Act (September 4, 1941 )

Legal Preparation for a "War Status" (September 10,

1941 )

The Recruitment of American Technicians for Service with Governments Receiving Lease-Lend Aid (October I, 1941) International Policing: A Survey of Recent Proposals (October 3, 1941) The Formation of Anti-Axis Foreign Legions (October 22, 1941) Emergency Policing at the End of the War (October 22, 1941) The Atlantic Charter and Postwar Security (December 4, 1941) Postwar Control of German Armament (December 4, 1941) War Planning (December 15, 1941) Suggested Negotiations with the Governments of Fin­land and the Soviet Union (January 12, 1942) American Naval Forces in the Mediterranean (January 12, 1942) Russian Military COOperation in the Pacific War (Janu­ary 12, 1942) Secret Treaties (January 16, 1942) Public Relations Policy in Wartime (January 16, 1942) Passport and Visa Requirements for Canadian Visitors to the U ni ted States (January 16, 1942) Conservation of American Man Power (January 16, 1942) A Highway to Alaska (January 16, 1942) The Strategy of the Indian Ocean (February 12, 1942)

(26)

A-B45 A Military Mission to India (February n, 1942)

A-B46 Restriction of Publicity on Location of Armaments Plants

(February 12, 1942)

A-B47 The Warfare of Ideas (February 12, 1942)

A-B48 Aid to Yugoslav Forces (March 5, 1942)

A-B49 The Coordination of Intelligence Service Activities

(March 5, 1942)

A-B5o The Armistice Negotiations, 1918 (April 8, 1942)

A-B5I Future of United States Bases and Facilities in Foreign

Territories (April 16, 1942)

A-B52 Postwar Control of Japanese Aviation (April 16, 1942)

A-B53 Preparation for the Postwar World (May 14, 1942)

A-B54 The Armistice Terms, 1918 (preliminary) (May 14,

1942)

A-B55 Proposed Aircraft Ferry Routes Across the South Pacific

(May 14, 1942)

A-B56 Considerations Relating to Aerial Transportation of Sup-

plies to Theatres of Conflict (May 28, 1942)

A-B57 Basic Problems of the Security Program (May 26, 1942)

A-B58 A Measure of Psychological Warfare (June 3, 1942)

A-B59 Diplomatic Representation to Governments-in-Exile

(June 8, 1942)

A-B6o Freedom of the Air for International Air Commerce (June

2, 1942)

A-B61 American Political Action in the Present Military Crisis

July 3, 1942)

A-B62 Problems of International Polic1ng (a preliminary topi-

cal outline) (July 15, 1942)

A-B63 Strategic Air Routes Across the Indian Ocean (July 15,

1942)

A-B64 Possible American Action in the Indian Political Crisis

(July 31, 1942)

A-B6s Oil as an Instrument in the Disarmament and Policing

of Germany (August 10, 1942)

A-B66 A Proposed Extradition Convention for Purpose of Psy-

chological Warfare (September n, 1942)

A-B67 The Use of Historical Parallelism in Psychological War-

fare (September n, 1942)

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A-Bso A-BSI

A Military Mission to India (February II, 1942) Restriction of Publicity on Location of Armaments Plants ( February 12, 1942) The Warfare of Ideas (February 12, 1942) Aid to Yugoslav Forces (March 5, 1942) The COOrdination of Intelligence Service Activities (March 5, 1942) The Armistice Negotiations, 1918 (April 8, 1942) Future of United States Bases and Facilities in Foreign Territories (April 16, 1942)

A-BS2 Postwar Control of Japanese Aviation (April 16, 1942) A-BS3 Preparation for the Postwar World (May 14, 1942) A-BS4 The Armistice Terms, 1918 (preliminary) (May 14,

1942) A-BS5 Proposed Aircraft Ferry Routes Across the South Pacific

(May 14, 1942) A-BS6 Considerations Relating to Aerial Transportation of Sup-

plies to Theatres of Conflict (May 28, 1942) A-BS7 Basic Problems of the Security Program (May 26, 1942) A-BS8 A Measure of Psychological Warfare (June 3, 1942) A-B59 Diplomatic Representation to Governments-in-Exile

(June 8, 1942) A-Boo Freedom of the Air for International Air Commerce (June

2, 1942) A-B61 American Political Action in the Present Military Crisis

July 3, 1942) A-B62 Problems of International Policing (a preliminary topi­

cal outline) (J ul y I 5, 1942) A-B63 Strategic Air Routes Across the Indian Ocean (July 15,

1942) A-B64 Possible American Action in the Indian Political Crisis

(July 31, 1942) A-B6S Oil as an Instrument in the Disarmament and Policing

of Germany (August 10, 1942) A-B66 A Proposed Extradition Convention for Purpose of Psy­

chological Warfare (September I I, 1942) A-B67 The Use of Historical Parallelism in Psychological War­

fare (September 1 I, 1942)

[27]

A-B68 A Supreme War Council for the United Nations (Sep-

tember 11, 1942)

A-B69 Postwar Security Arrangements in the Pacific Area (Sep-

tember 11, 1942)

A-B7O Problems Involved in the Creation of A Supreme War

Council for the United Nations (October 28, 1942)

A-B71 Problems of the Southwest Pacific (November 14, 1942)

A-B72 Controls over German War Potential (November 14,

1942)

A-B73 Prospective Needs for Civil Transport Aircraft: A Note

on the Problem of Civil Aircraft as Military Potential

(December 7, 1942)

A-B74 Propaganda for the Japanese Army (December 7, 1942)

A-B75 The Problem of Yugoslavia (December 7, 1942)

A-B76 Postwar Security and a "Cooling-Off" Period (Decem-

ber 7, 1942)

A-B77 Problems of International Policing (revised draft) (De-

cember 7, 1942)

A-B78 Security Principles and Some Questions About the Peace

Settlement (January 22, 1943)

A-B79 Selection and Training of Political Officers for Services

with the Armed Forces (January 22, 1943)

A-B8o Strategic Bases for the United Nations (February 12,

1943)

A-B81 The Disarmament of France (February 12, 1943)

A-B82 Soviet Interests in Europe Affecting Postwar Security

(February 12, 1943)

A-B83 Various Types of Problems Arising in the Operation of

International Policing Arrangements (March 29, 1943)

A-B84 The Organization of an Airforce for International Polic-

ing (March 29, 1943)

A-B85 Some Thoughts on International Police Forces (March

29, 1943)

A-B86 Right of Free International Passage for Armed Forces

of Nations Associated in a World Policing Plan (May

3, 1943)

A-B87 Political Problems Involved in the Selection of Bases for

Use in International Policing (May 3, 1943)

A-B88 The Determination of Aggression (May 3, 1943)

[28]

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A-B68

A-B6g

A-B70

A-B7I A-B72

A-B73

A-B74 A-B75 A-B76

A-B77

A-B78

A-B79

A-B8o

A-B8I A-B82

A-B83

A-B84

A-B85

A-B86

A-B87

A-B88

A Supreme War Council for the United Nations (Sep­tember I I, 1942) Postwar Security Arrangements in the Pacific Area (Sep-tember II, 1942) Problems Involved in the Creation of A Supreme War Council for the United Nations (October 28, 1942) Problems of the Southwest Pacific ( November 14, 1942) Controls over German War Potential (November 14, 1942) Prospective Needs for Civil Transport Aircraft: A Note on the Problem of Civil Aircraft as Military Potential (December 7, 1942 )

Propaganda for the Japanese Army (December 7, 1942) The Problem of Yugoslavia (December 7, 1942) Postwar Security and a "Cooling-Off" Period (Decem­ber 7, 1942) Problems of International Policing (revised draft) (De­cember 7, 1942 )

Security Principles and Some Questions About the Peace Settlement (January 22, 1943) Selection and Training of Political Officers for Services with the Armed Forces (January 22, 1943) Strategic Bases for the United Nations (February 12, 1943) The Disarmament of France (February 12, 1943) Soviet Interests in Europe Affecting Postwar Security ( February 12, 1943) Various Types of Problems Arising in the Operation of International Policing Arrangements (March 29, 1943) The Organization of an Airforce for International Polic­ing (March 29, 1943) Some Thoughts on International Police Forces (March 29, 1943) Right of Free International Passage for Armed Forces of Nations Associated in a World Policing Plan (May 3, 1943) Political Problems Involved in the Selection of Bases for

Use in International Policing (May 3, 1943) The Determination of Aggression (May 3, 1943)

A-B89 Some Political Aspects of the Occupation of Italy (June

21, 1943)

A-Bgo Problems Involved in Regional vs. World-wide Security

Organization (June 21, 1943)

A-B91 Problems of Anglo-American Relations (June 21, 1943)

A-B9z Relations Between an International Political Organiza-

tion and an International Police Force (June 21, 1943)

A-B93 Postwar American Policy in Relation to Civil Air Trans-

port (July 12, 1943)

A-B94 Security Aspects of American-Philippine Postwar Rela-

tions (September 27, 1943)

A-B95 The Inter-American System as a Criterion for Regional

Security Organization (November 2, 1943)

A-B96 Pacific Security and the Japanese Mandated Islands (No-

vember 2, 1943)

A-B97 Security Policy Vis-a-vis Japan (November 29, 1943)

A-EgS Soviet Russia, Turkey, and the Straits in Present-Day

Strategy (December 31, 1943)

A-B99 The Disarmament of Germany: The Versailles Exper1-

ence (February 7, 1944)

A-B1oo The Disposition of the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands (Feb-

ruary 7, 1944)

A-B1O1 The Disarmament of Germany: General Principles;

Aerial Disarmament (February 29, 1944)

A-B1O2 Limiting the German Army: The Versailles Experience

(February 29, 1944)

A-B1O3 The Oil Situation in the Middle East (March 25, 1944)

A-B1O4 The Treatment of the Japanese Emperor (April 4, 1944)

A-B1O5 Military Aspects of an Anglo-American Political Agree-

ment (May 1, 1944)

A-B1o6 The Disarmament of Japan (May 1, 1944)

A-B1O7 The Kurile Islands (June 5, 1944)

A-B1o8 The Aerial Disarmament of Japan (June 5, 1944)

A-B1og The Future of Berlin (July 10, 1944)

A-B11o The Respective Roles of Land, Sea, and Air Power in

International Policing (July 10, 1944)

A-Bm Russian Sea Power, Present and Future, and Its Bearing

on the Security of the United States (July 10, 1944)

A-B112 The Regional Organization of Security (July 10, 1944)

[29]

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A-B89 Some Political Aspects of the Occupation of Italy (June 21, 1943)

A-Bgo Problems Involved in Regional vs. World-wide Security Organization (June 21, 1943)

A-B91 Problems of Anglo-American Relations (June 21, 1943) A-B92 Relations Between an International Political Organiza­

tion and an International Police Force (June 21, 1943) A-B93 Postwar American Policy in Relation to Civil Air Trans­

port (July 12, 1943) A-B94 Security Aspects of American-Philippine Postwar Rela­

tions (September 27, 1943) A-B95 The Inter-American System as a Criterion for Regional

Security Organization (November 2, 1943) A-B96 Pacific Security and the Japanese Mandated Islands (No­

vember 2, 1943) A-B97 Security Policy Vis-a.-vis Japan (November 29, 1943) A-B98 Soviet Russia, Turkey, and the Straits in Present-Day

Strategy (December 31, 1943) A-B99 The Disarmament of Germany: The Versailles Experi­

ence (February 7, 1944) A-Bloo The Disposition of the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands (Feb­

ruary 7, 1944) A-B 101 The Disarmament of Germany: General Principles;

Aerial Disarmament ( February 29, 1944) A-B 102 Limiting the German Army: The Versailles Experience

(February 29, 1944) A-BI03 The Oil Situation in the Middle East (March 25, 1944) A-B104 The Treatment of the Japanese Emperor (April 4, 1944) A-B 105 Military Aspects of an Anglo-American Political Agree-

ment (May I, 1944) A-Bl06 The Disarmament of Japan (May I, 1944) A-B107 The Kurile Islands (June 5, 1944) A-Bl08 The Aerial Disarmament of Japan (June 5, 1944) A-BI<>9 The Future of Berlin (July 10, 1944) A-BIIO The Respective Roles of Land, Sea, and Air Power in

International Policing (July 10, 1944) A-B I 1 I Russian Sea Power, Present and Future, and I ts Bearing

on the Security of the United States (July 10, 1944) A-B112 The Regional Organization of Security (July 10, 1944)

[29]

A-Bn3 Bases in a Postwar Security System (July 10, 1944)

A-Bn4 The Determination of Maximum and Minimum Limits

for the Future Military Power of the Victor States (Octo-

ber 2, 1944)

A-Bn5 The Organization and Procedure of International Com-

missions and Conferences (October 2, 1944)

A-Bn6 The Future Military Position of France (November 28,

1944)

A-Bn7 The Future Armaments Positions of the Smaller Powers

(November 28, 1944)

A-Bn8 Some Notes on Public Relations at International Con-

ferences (November 28, 1944)

A-Bu9 Problems of Regional Security Organization (November

28, 1944)

A-B12O The Disposition of the Italian Fleet (March 20, 1945)

A-B121 The Authority of a Regional Organization (April 16,

1945)

A-B122 The Proposed Inter-American Security Treaty and the

United Nations (July 31, 1945)

A-B123 The Changing Strategic Position of Britain (July 31,

1945)

A-B124 The Postwar Treatment of Germany (July 31, 1945)

In addition, Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between

February 14,1040, and July 31,1945, were prepared and forwarded

to the Department of State.

[30]

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A-B113 Bases in a Postwar Security Syst~m (July 10, 1944) A-B114 Th~ D~t~nnination of Maximum and Minimum Limits

for the Future Military Pow~r of th~ Victor States (Octo­ber 2, 1944)

A-BIIS Th~ Organization and Procedur~ of Int~rnational Com­missions and Conf~r~nces (October 2, 1944)

A-B116 Th~ Futur~ Military Position of France (November 28, 1944)

A-B 117 Th~ Future Armam~nts Positions of the Small~r Powers (November 28, 1944)

A-B118 Some Notes on Public Relations at International Con­ferences (November 28, 1944)

A-B119 Problems of Regional Security Organization (November 28, 1944)

A-B120 The Disposition of the Italian Fleet (March 20, 1945) A-B121 Th~ Authority of a Regional Organization (April 16,

1945) A-B122 The Proposed Inter-American Security Treaty and the

United Nations (July 31, 1945) A-B1 23 The Changing Strategic Position of Britain (July 31,

1945) A-B124 The Postwar Treatment of Germany (July 31, 1945)

In addition~ Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between February 14~ 194 0 , and Jul, 31 ~ 1945, were prepared and forwartied to the Department of State.

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL GROUP

£-B1 The Impact of the War upon the Foreign Trade of the

United States (March 1, 1940)

£-B2 The Anglo-French Economic Agreement (March 1, 1940)

£-B3 Allied Purchasing Policy (March 1, 1940)

£-B4 Trade Dislocation and Economic Effects (March 1, 1940)

£-B5 Price-Fixing by Belligerents (April 6, 1940)

£-B6 Exchange Control: Structure and Mechanism (April 6,

1940) Sup. I Exchange Control: Sterling Exchange (April

15, 1940)

£-B7 Wartime Exchange Control (March 23, 1940)

£-B8 Rationing (March 23, 1940)

£-B9 The Impact of War: Summary and Interpretation (March

23, 1940)

£-B1o The Postwar Trade Role of the United States (April

15, 1940)

£-Bn Internal Influences on Imports of the United States (April

25, 1940)

£-B12 A Pan-American Trade Bloc (May 27, 1940)

Sup. I A Study of Bloc Combinations Varying According

to Importance of Economic and Defense Problems

(July 15, 1940)

Sup. II Position of the Western Hemisphere as a Supplier

of European Imports of Specified Commodities

(July 26, 1940)

£-B13 The Balance of Payments Position of the United States

(June 3, 1940)

£-B14 Economic Aspects of United States Interests in the War

and the Peace (June 7, 1940)

£-B15 Geographical Directions of United States Foreign Trade

(June 20, 1940)

£-B16 Alternative Outcomes of the War: American Interests and

Re-Orientation (June 20, 1940)

£-B17 The Resources of Germany and the United States. A Com-

parison between a German-Dominated Europe Including

the Mediterranean Basin and the United States Including

the Western Hemisphere: Minerals (June 28, 1940)

£-B18 The Future Position of Germany and the United States

in World Trade: Introductory (August 1, 1940)

[31]

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E-BI

E-B2 E-B3 E-B4 E-BS E-B6

E-B7 E-B8 E-B9

E-BIO

E-BII

E-BI2

E-BI3

E-BI4

E-BIS

E-BI6

E-BI7

E-BI8

ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL GROUP

The Impact of the War upon the Foreign Trade of the United States (March I, 1940) The Anglo-French Economic Agreement (March I, 1940) Allied Purchasing Policy (March I, 1940) Trade Dislocation and Economic Effects (March I, 1940) Price-Fixing by Belligerents (April 6, 1940) Exchange Control: Structure and Mechanism (April 6, 1940) Sup. I Exchange Control: Sterling Exchange (April IS, 1940) Wartime Exchange Control (March 23, 1940) Rationing (March 23, 1940) The Impact of War: Summary and Interpretation (March 23, 1940) The Postwar Trade Role of the United States (April IS, 1940) Internal Influences on Imports of the United States (April 25, 1940) A Pan-American Trade Bloc (May 27, 1940) Sup. I A Study of Bloc Combinations Varying According

to Importance of Economic and Defense Problems (July 15, 1940 )

Sup. I I Position of the Western Hemisphere as a Supplier of European Imports of Specified Commodities (July 26, 1940)

The Balance of Payments Position of the United States (June 3, 1940)

Economic Aspects of United States Interests in the War and the Peace (June 7, 1940) Geographical Directions of United States Foreign Trade (June 20, 1940) Alternative Outcomes of the War: American Interests and Re-Orientation ( June 20, 1940) The Resources of Germany and the United States. A Com­parison between a German-Dominated Europe Including the Mediterranean Basin and the United States Including the Western Hemisphere: Minerals (June 28, 1940) The Future Position of Germany and the United States in World Trade: Introductory (August I, 1940)

(31]

Sup. I Foreign Trade Needs of a German-Dominated

Europe (September 6, 1940)

Sup. II A Western Hemisphere-Pacific Area Economic

Bloc (August 15, 1940)

Sup. Ill Foreign Trade Position of Europe in Crude Ma-

terials and Foodstuffs (October 30, 1940)

£-B19 The War and United States Foreign Policy: Needs of

Future United States Foreign Policy (October 9, 1940)

Sup. I A Comparison of the Trade Pos1tion of a German-

Dominated Europe and a Western Hemisphere-

British Empire-Far East Trade Bloc (September

16, 1940)

£-B2o Registration of Foreign Assets in the United States and

American Holdings Abroad (October 15, 1940)

£-B21 Study of the Organization of Trade with Totalitarian

Countries (October 15, 1940)

£-B22 Study of Economic Cooperation of Countries Outside the

Totalitarian Area (October 15, 1940)

£-B23 Future Financial Aid to Great Britain (October 15, 1940)

£-B24 Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (November

23, 1940)

Sup. I Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (De-

cember 14, 1940)

£-B25 Canadian-United States Economic Problems (February

I1, 1941)

£-B26 American Far Eastern Policy (January 15, 1941)

£-B27 Economic Trading Blocs and Their Importance for the

United States (February 10, 1941)

£-B28 American Shipping: the Immediate Need (March 17,

1941)

Sup. I The American Shipping Problem in Outline (April

1o, 1941)

£-B29 Census of Foreign Holdings in the United States and

American Holdings Abroad (March 18, 1941)

£-B30 Frozen Balances (March 24, 1941)

£-B31 Problems of Bloc Trading Areas for the United States

(March 7, 1941)

£-B32 Economic War Aims: General Considerations; the Posi-

tion as of April 1, 1941 (April 17, 1941)

[32]

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Sup. I Foreign Trade Needs of a German-Dominated Europe (September 6, 1940)

Sup. II A Western Hemisphere-Pacific Area Economic Bloc (August 15, 1940)

Sup. III Foreign Trade Position of Europe in Crude Ma­terials and Foodstuffs (October 30, 1940)

E-BI9 The War and United States Foreign Policy: Needs of Future United States Foreign Policy (October 9, 1940) Sup. I A Comparison of the Trade Position of a German­

Dominated Europe and a Western Hemisphere­British Empire-Far East Trade Bloc (September 16, 1940)

E-B20 Registration of Foreign Assets in the United States and American Holdings Abroad (October 15, 1940)

E-B21 Study of the Organization of Trade with Totalitarian Countries (October 15, 1940)

E-B22 Study of Economic Cooperation of Countries Outside the Totalitarian Area (October 15, 1940)

E-B23 Future Financial Aid to Great Britain (October 15, 1940) E-B24 Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (November

23, 1940) Sup. I J apan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (De­

cember 14, 1940) E-B25 Canadian-United States Economic Problems (February

II, 1941) E-B26 American Far Eastern Policy (January 15, 1941) E-B27 Economic Trading Blocs and Their Importance for the

United States (February 10, 1941) E-B28 American Shipping: the Immediate Need (March 17,

1941) Sup. I The American Shipping Problem in Outline (April

10, 1941) E-B29 Census of Foreign Holdings in the United States and

American Holdings Abroad (March 18, 1941) E-B30 Frozen Balances (March 24, 1941) E-B31 Problems of Bloc Trading Areas for the United States

(March 7, 1941) E-B32 Economic War Aims: General Considerations; the Posi­

tion as of April I, 1941 (April 17, 1941)

[32 ]

£-B33 The Economic Organization of Peace in the Far East (June

20, 1941)

£-B34 Methods of Economic Collaboration: Introductory—the

Role of the Grand Area in American Economic Policy

(July 24, 1941)

Sup. I Methods of Measuring Self-Sufficiency (June 25,

1941)

£-B35 Note on Canadian Interests in the Carribbean (July I1,

1941)

£-B36 Economic War Aims: Main Lines of Approach, Prelimin-

ary Statement (June 22, 1941)

£-B37 Scope of New Trade Agreements (September 3, 1941)

£-B38 England's Interests in Continental Europe and the Medi-

terranean Basin: Trade, Shipping, Investment (August 29,

1940

£-B39 An American-British Fair Trade Commission (September

24, 1941)

£-B40 Methods of Improving Latin American Statistics (Octo-

ber 2O, 1941)

£-B41 The Need for Elucidation of Point Four of the Atlantic

Charter (October 17, 1941)

£-B42 Economic Aspects of Point Eight of the Atlantic Charter

(October 20, 1941)

£-643 Economic Questions Raised by the Eight Points (October

20, 1940

£-B44 International Collaboration to Secure the Coordination of

Stabilization Policies and to Stimulate Investment (No-

vember 28, 1941)

£-B45 Tentative Draft of a Joint Economic Declaration by the

Governments of the United States and the United King-

dom (January 3, 1942)

£-B46 Rationing: With Special Attention to Fats (January 30,

1942)

£-B47 Preparation for Reconstruction (February n, 1942)

£-B48 Economic Expeditionary Forces (February 28, 1942)

£-B49 Postwar Economic Problems: International Relief, Labor

Problems and Social Legislation, International Trade, In-

ternational Commodity Problems, Monetary Reconstruc-

tion, International Long-Term Investment (April 1, 1942)

[33]

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E-B33 The Economic Organization of Peace in the Far East (June 20, 1941)

E-B34 Methods of Economic Collaboration: Introductory-the Role of the Grand Area in American Economic Policy (July 24, 1941) Sup. I Methods of Measuring Self-Sufficiency (June 25,

1941) E-B35 Note on Canadian Interests in the Carribbean (July II,

1941) E-B36 Economic War Aims: Main Lines of Approach, Prelimin­

ary Statement (June 22, 1941) E-B37 Scope of New Trade Agreements (September 3, 1941) E-B38 England's Interests in Continental Europe and the Medi­

terranean Basin: Trade, Shipping, Investment (August 29, 1941)

E-B39 An American-British Fair Trade Commission (September 24, 1941)

E-B40 Methods of Improving Latin American Statistics (Octo-ber 20, 1941)

E-B41 The Need for Elucidation of Point Four of the Atlantic Charter (October 17, 1941)

E-B42 Economic Aspects of Point Eight of the Atlantic Charter (October 20, 1941)

E-B43 Economic Questions Raised by the Eight Points (October 20, 1941)

E-B« International Collaboration to Secure the COOrdination of Stabilization Policies and to Stimulate Investment (No­vember 28, 1941)

E-B45 Tentative Draft of a Joint Economic Declaration by the Governments of the United States and the United King­dom (January 3, 1942)

E-B46 Rationing: With Special Attention to Fats (January 30, 1942 )

E-B4 7 Preparation for Reconstruction ( February I I, 1942) E-B48 Economic Expeditionary Forces (February 28, 1942) E-B49 Postwar Economic Problems: International Relief, Labor

Problems and Social Legislation, International Trade, In­ternational Commodity Problems, Monetary Reconstruc­tion, International Long-Term Investment (April J, 1942)

E-B5o Raw Material Commitments at Rio (May 20, 1942)

£-B51 United States Raw Materials Agreements with Latin

American Republics (May 19, 1942)

£-B52 International Coordination of Banking Policies (June 15,

1942)

£-B53 An American-British Trade Agreement (August 10, 1942)

£-B54 Prospects for Britain's Postwar Export Position (August

10, 1942)

£-B55 International Control of Trade Policies (August 10, 1942)

£-B56 American Interests in the Economic Unification of Europe

with Respect to Trade Barriers (September 14, 1942)

£-B57 Possible Revisions of the Trade Agreements Act (Septem-

ber 14, 1942)

£-B58 The Streat Plan for Postwar Trade Agreements (Octo-

ber 15, 1942)

£-B59 World War Debts and the Johnson Act (October 15,

1942)

E-B6o Action To Be Taken Before the Axis Collapse (November

23, 1942)

£-B61 The Anachronism of Lend-Lease (December 15, 1942)

£-B62 Postwar Shipping Problems (February 4, 1943)

£-B63 Reparations Policy Toward Germany (March 18, 1943)

£-B64 International Adjustment of Exchange Rates (April 6,

1943)

£-B65 A Reparations Tax (April 3, 1943)

£-B66 International Development and Investment Bank (Janu-

ary 8, 1944)

£-B67 Business Requirements with Respect to Postwar Foreign

Trade in Relation to Proposed International Organiza-

tions (April 1, 1944)

£-B68 Lend-Lease: Problems of Settlement (April 1, 1944)

£-B69 Economic Aspects of the Postwar Treatment of Germany

(May 27, 1944)

£-B70 The Foreign Surplus-Liquidation After World War I

(May 27, 1944)

£-B71 The United States and the "Colonial Problem" (June 24,

1944)

£-B72 Underdeveloped Countries and Exchange Control (July

29, 1944)

[34)

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E-Bso Raw Material Commitments at Rio (May 20, 1942) E-BSI United States Raw Materials Agreements with Latin

American Republics (May 19, 1942) E-B 52 International COOrdination of Banking Policies (June IS,

1942) E-BS3 An American-British Trade Agreement (August 10, 1942) E-BS4 Prospects for Britain's Postwar Export Position (August

10, 1942) E-BS5 International Control of Trade Policies (August 10, 1942) E-B56 American Interests in the Economic Unification of Europe

with Respect to Trade Barriers (September 14, 1942) E-BS7 Possible Revisions of the Trade Agreements Act (Septem­

ber 14, 1942) E-BS8 The Streat Plan for Post\\rar Trade Agreements (Octo­

ber IS, 1942) E-B59 World War Debts and the Johnson Act (October IS,

1942) E-B60 Action To Be Taken Before the Axis Collapse (November

23, 1942) E-B61 The Anachronism of Lend-Lease (December 15, 1942) E-B62 Postwar Shipping Problems (February 4, 1943) E-B63 Reparations Policy Toward Germany (March 18, 1943) E-B64 International Adjustment of Exchange Rates (April 6,

1943) E-B6S A Reparations Tax (April 3, 1943) E-B66 International Development and Investment Bank (Janu­

ary 8, 1944) E-B67 Business Requirements with Respect to Postwar Foreign

Trade in Relation to Proposed International Organiza­tions (April I, 1944 )

E-B68 Lend-Lease: Problems of Settlement (April I, 1944) E-B69 Economic Aspects of the Postwar Treatment of Germany

(May 27, 1944) E-B70 The Foreign Surplus-Liquidation After World War I

(May 27, 1944) E-B71 The United States and the "Colonial Problem" (June 24,

1944) E-B72 Underdeveloped Countries and Exchange Control (July

29, 1944)

E-B73 International Cartels and Problems of Monopoly Control

(July 29, 1944)

E-B74 United States Policy Toward International Cartels (July

29, 1944)

E-B75 World Industrialization and International Trade (No-

vember 18, 1944)

E-A76 Coupling Economic Adaptation with Trade Policy (March

27, 1945)

E-B77 A Device to Eliminate Non-Protective Trade Barriers in

the American Tariff (March 24, 1945)

E-B78 International Aspects of Removing Wartime Economic

Controls (July 26, 1945)

E-C1 The Economic Organization of Peace (no date)

E-C2 European Possessions in the Caribbean (November 1940)

E-C3 Preparedness for Economic Warfare in the Light of the

World War Experience of the Allies and the United

States (December 17, 1940)

E-C4 Shipping During the World War (March n, 1941)

E-C5 The Proposal for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire

Bloc (July 15, 1941)

E-C6 Response to the Chatham House Critique of the Proposal

for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire Bloc (Septem-

ber 4, 1941)

E-C7 Note on Postwar Foreign Capital Needs (January 24,

1942)

E-C8 Chatham House Studies of Economic Aspects of the Euro-

pean Settlement (April 20, 1942)

E-C9 Suggestions Regarding an International Monetary Sys-

tem (November 17, 1942)

E-C1o United States Cartel Policy: Two Approaches (June 28,

1943)

E-Cn Postwar Italy: Economic and Political Problems (July

1o, 1943)

E-C 12 One of the Major Inconsistencies Between Trade Policy

and Agricultural Policy (May 27, 1944)

E-C 13 Disposal of Government-Owned Surplus Assets (May

27, 1944)

E-C14 The Problem of International Cartels (July 29, 1944)

E-C15 The Postwar Treatment of Japan (December 16, 1944)

[35]

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E-B73 International Cartels and Problems of Monopoly Control (July 29, 1944)

E-B74 United States Policy Toward International Cartels (July 29, 1944)

E-B7S World Industrialization and International Trade (No-vember 18, 1944)

E-A76 Coupling Economic Adaptation with Trade Policy (March 27, 1945)

E-B77 A Device to Eliminate Non-Protective Trade Barriers in the American Tariff (March 24, 1945)

E-B78 International Aspects of Removing Wartime Economic Controls (July 26, 1945)

E-CI The Economic Organization of Peace (no date) E-C2 European Possessions in the Caribbean (November 1940) E-C3 Preparedness for Economic Warfare in the Light of the

World War Experience of the Allies and the United States (December 17, 1940)

E-C4 Shipping During the World War (March I I, 194 I ) E-CS The Proposal for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire

Bloc (July 15, 1941) E-C6 Response to the Chatham House Critique of the Proposal

for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire Bloc (Septem­ber 4, 1941)

E-C7 Note on Postwar Foreign Capital Needs (January 24, 1942)

E-C8 Chatham House Studies of Economic Aspects of the Euro­pean Settlement (April 20, 1942)

E-C9 Suggestions Regarding an International Monetary Sys­tem (November 17, 1942)

E-Clo United States Cartel Policy: Two Approaches (June 28, 1943)

E-CI I Postwar Italy: Economic and Political Problems (July 10, 1943)

E-CI2 One of the Major Inconsistencies Between Trade Policy and Agricultural Policy (May 27, 1944)

E-CI3 Disposal of Government-Owned Surplus Assets (May 27, 1944)

E-CI4 The Problem of International Cartels (July 29, 1944) E-CI5 The Postwar Treatment of Japan (December 16, 1944)

[35]

£-C16 Government Export Guarantees in Postwar Trade (No-

vember 18, 1944)

£-C17 The British Balance of Payments After the War (May

26, 1945)

£-D1 Alternative Methods of Controlling Germany's Key In-

dustrial Areas (July 8, 1942)

In addition, Discussion Digests of 66 meetings held between

February 10, 1940, and August 3, 1945, were prepared and for-

warded to the Department of State.

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E-CI6 Government Export Guarantees in Postwar Trade (No­vember 18, 1944)

E-CI7 The British Balance of Payments After the War (May 26, 1945)

E-DI Alternative Methods of Controlling Germany's Key In­dustrial Areas (July 8, 1942)

In addition, Discussion Digests of 66 meetings held between February 10, 1940, and ~ugust 3, 1945, were prepared and for­wartled to the Department of State.

POLITICAL GROUP

P-B1 Relations with the Neutral States at the Peace Conference

of Paris (March 29, 1940)

P-B2 American and British Press Opinion of an Early Attempt

(1931) to Set Up an Economic Bloc in Europe (July I1,

1940)

P-B3 History of the Campaign to Bring About American Entry

into the World Court, as a Possible Object Lesson in Pro-

cedure (February 22, 1940)

P-B4 Experience of, and American Attitudes Towards, the Post-

Armistice Blockade of Germany, 1918-19 (April 27, 1940)

P-B5 American Attitudes Towards the War and the Peace,

May, 1940 (May 17, 1940)

P-B6 Versailles, Past and Future, in the Light of German His-

torical Opinion (October 12, 1940)

P-B7 Survey of American Attitudes Towards the War and Its

Relation to the United States, September, 1940 (Septem-

ber 12, 1940)

P-B8 An Examination of Western Hemisphere Affinities (Octo-

ber 5, 1940)

P-B9 Burma Road (September 27, 1940)

P-B1o United States Relations with Portugal (September 28,

1940)

P-Bu Proposed Mission to French West Indies (September 28,

1940)

P-B12 Suggestions for Acquiring Armed Bases in Latin America

(October 6, 1940)

P-B13 The Political Feasibility of the Proposals Advanced in

Memorandum E-B19: Needs of Future United States

Foreign Policy (November 10, 1940)

P-B14 Memorandum on the Creation of Two Democratic Blocs

in the Postwar Non-German World (November 24, 1940)

P-B15 How is Japan Likely to React to Economic Sanctions by the

United States? (December 8, 1940)

P-B16 Secret Treaties (April u, 1941)

P-B17 Canadian War Problems and the Role of the United States

(April 14, 1941)

P-B18 Note on a Program of Joint Action for the American and

British Governments (May 2, 1941)

[37]

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POLITICAL GROUP

P-BI Relations with the Neutral States at the Peace Conference of Paris (March 29, 1940)

P-B2 American and British Press Opinion of an Early Attempt (1931) to Set Up an Economic Bloc in Europe (July II, 1940)

P-B3 History of the Campaign to Bring About American Entry into the World Court, as a Possible Object Lesson in Pro­cedure (February 22, 1940)

P-B4 Experience of, and American Attitudes Towards, the Post­Armistice Blockade of Germany, 1918-19 (April 27, 1940)

P-BS American Attitudes Towards the War and the Peace, May, 1940 (May 17, 1940)

P-B6 Versailles, Past and Future, in the Light of German His­torical Opinion (October 12, 1940)

P-B7 Survey of American Attitudes Towards the War and Its Relation to the United States, September, 1940 (Septem­ber 12, 1940)

P-B8 An Examination of Western Hemisphere Affinities (Octo­ber 5, 1940)

P-B9 Burma Road (September 27, 1940) P-Blo United States Relations with Portugal (September 28,

194°) P-BI I Proposed Mission to French West Indies (September 28,

1940) P-BI2 Suggestions for Acquiring Armed Bases in Latin America

(October 6, 1940) P-BI3 The Political Feasibility of the Proposals Advanced in

Memorandum E-BI9: Needs of Future United States Foreign Policy (November 10, 1940)

P-BI4 Memorandum on the Creation of T'\vo Democratic Blocs in the Postwar Non-German World (November 24, 1940)

P-BI5 How is Japan Likely to React to Economic Sanctions by the United States? (December 8,1940)

P-BI6 Secret Treaties (April 1 I, 1941) P-BI7 Canadian War Problems and the Role of the United States

(April 14, 1941) P-BI8 Note on a Program of Joint Action for the American and

British Governments (May 2, 1941)

P-B19 The Island of Great Britain as a Factor in the Strategy of

American Defense (May 16, 1941)

P-B2O The Political Conditions of American-British Partnership

(June 4, 1941)

P-B2 1 General Weygand and the Position in French North Africa

(June 10, 1941)

P-B22 American Treaty Rights in Relation to the French Man-

dated Territories (June 12, 1941)

P-B23 Basic American Interests: Preliminary Draft (July 10,

1941)

P-B24 The Politico-Military Situation in West Africa (August

25, 1941)

P-B25 A Commissioner for the Caribbean (August 26, 1941)

P-B26 Proposal for an American Press Service in Great Britain

(August 26, 1941)

P-B27 Proposed Warning to the German Government on Abuses

in Occupied Countries (September 17, 1941)

P-B28 Institutional Arrangements for Postwar American-British

Cooperation (preliminary draft) (September 17, 1941)

P-B29 Finland's Position in the War (September 30, 1941)

P-B3o Approaches to Postwar International Organization (pre-

liminary draft) (September 17, 1941)

P-B3I Considerations Affecting a Lease-Lend Settlement with

Great Britain (November 22, 1941)

P-B32 A Comparative Analysis of the Wilsonian and Roosevelt-

Churchill Peace Programs (December 3, 1941)

P-B33 Procedural Arrangements for the Postwar Settlement (De-

cember 16, 1941)

P-B34 A Note on Spanish Morocco in Relation to Allied Strategy

in the Mediterranean (December 23, 1941)

P-B35 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Ethiopia

(February 3, 1942)

P-B36 Public Understanding of Foreign Policy in the Present

Crisis (February 3, 1942)

P-B37 Problems of Postwar International Organization: A Ten-

tative Outline (March 2, 1942)

P-B38 The Realization of the Social Objectives of the Atlantic

Charter (April 2, 1942)

P-B39 Washington: United Nations Center (April 27, 1942)

[383

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P-BI9 The Island of Great Britain as a Factor in the Strategy of American Defense (May 16,1941)

P-B20 The Political Conditions of American-British Partnership (June 4, 1941)

P-B21 General Weygand and the Position in French North Africa (June 10, 1941)

P-B22 American Treaty Rights in Relation to the French Man­dated Territories (June 12, 1941)

P-B23 Basic American Interests: Preliminary Draft (July 10, 1941)

P-B24 The Politico-Military Situation in West Africa (August 25, 1941)

P-B25 A Commissioner for the Caribbean (August 26, 1941) P-B26 Proposal for an American Press Service in Great Britain

(August 26, 194 I )

P-B27 Proposed Warning to the German Government on Abuses in Occupied Countries (September 17, 1941)

P-B28 Institutional Arrangements for Post\\"ar American-British Cooperation (preliminary draft) (September 17, 1941)

P-B29 Finland's Position in the War (September 30, 1941) P-B30 Approaches to Postwar International Organization (pre­

liminary draft) (September 17, 1941) P-B31 Considerations Affecting a Lease-Lend Settlement with

Great Britain (November 22, 1941) P-B32 A Comparative Analysis of the Wilsonian and Roosevelt­

Churchill Peace Programs (December 3, 1941) P-B33 Procedural Arrangements for the Postwar Settlement (De­

cember 16, 1941) P~B34 A Note on Spanish Morocco in Relation to Allied Strategy

in the Mediterranean (December 23, 1941) P-B35 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Ethiopia

(February 3, 1942) P-B36 Public Understanding of Foreign Policy in the Present

Crisis (February 3, 1942) P-B37 Problems of Postwar International Organization: A Ten­

tative Outline (March 2, 1942) P-B38 The Realization of the Social Objectives of the Atlantic

Charter (April 2, 1942) P-B39 Washington: United Nations Center (April 27, 1942)

[38]

P-B40 The League Experience and the Social Objectives of the

Atlantic Charter (April 27, 1942)

P-B4I The Use of Immigrants in Economic Expeditionary Forces

(June 29, 1942)

P-B42 A Publicity Policy Concerning Enemy Atrocities (July

6, 1942)

P-B43 United Nations Reprisals Against Enemy Atrocities (July

6, 1942)

P-B44 An American Commitment on Peace Aims (July 9, 1942)

P-B45 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (August 3, 1942)

P-B46 Possible Advantages of a Preliminary Peace Treaty (Au-

gust 6, 1942)

P-B47 Suggestions for Adapting the I.L.O. for Greater Usefulness

(August 7, 1942)

P-B48 National Sovereignty and the International Tasks of the

Postwar world (August 31, 1942)

P-B49 The Japanese Mandated Islands (September n, 1942)

P-B5O Reparations and Cooling-Off (September 25, 1942)

P-B5I Alternative Bases for the Development of Postwar World

Organization (October 2, 1942)

P-B52 A Yardstick for Postwar World Organization (October

5, 1942)

P-B53 The Political Role of the Supreme War Council of World

War I (October 30, 1942)

P-B54 Boundaries and Cooling-Off (December 2, 1942)

P-B55 Probable Demands of Labor in the Peace Settlement (De-

cember 8, 1942)

P-B56 India and the United Nations (December 14, 1942)

P-B57 The "Grading" of States (January 4, 1943)

P-B58 Instrumentalities of United Nations Economic Coopera-

tion : Lessons from the Allied Experience of World War I

(February 4, 1943)

P-B59 The Scope and Provisions of a Preliminary Peace Treaty

(March 1, 1943)

P-B6o The I.L.O. and the United Nations (March 22, 1943)

P-B61 Should Non-Axis Europe Be Permanently Disarmed After

the War? (March 22, 1943)

P-B62 Ratification of a Treaty Before an Armistice (April 13,

1943)

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P-B40 The League Experience and the Social Objectives of the Atlantic Charter (April 27, 1942)

P-B41 'rhe Use of Immigrants in Economic Expeditionary Forces (June 29, 1942)

P-B42 A Publicity Policy Concerning Enemy Atrocities (July 6, 1942)

P-B43 United Nations Reprisals Against Enemy Atrocities (July 6, 1942)

P-B44 An American Commitment on Peace Aims (July 9, 1942) P-B45 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (August 3, 1942) P-B46 Possible Advantages of a Preliminary Peace Treaty (Au-

gust 6, 1942) P-B47 Suggestions for Adapting the I.L.O. for Greater Usefulness

(August 7, 1942) P-B48 National Sovereignty and the International Tasks of the

Postwar world (August 3 I, 1942) P-B49 The Japanese Mandated Islands (September 1 I, 1942) P-B50 Reparations and Cooling-Off (September 25, 1942) P-B51 Alternative Bases for the Development of Postwar World

Organization (October 2, 1942) P-B52 A Yardstick for Postwar World Organization (October

5, 1942) P-B53 The Political Role of the Supreme War Council of World

War I (October 30, 1942) P-B54 Boundaries and Cooling-Off (December 2, 1942) P-BS5 Probable Demands of J.Jabor in the Peace Settlement (De-

cember 8, 1942) P-B56 India and the United Nations (December 14, 1942) P-B57 The "Grading" of States (January 4, 1943) P-B 58 Instrumentalities of United Nations Economic Cooperti.

tion: Lessons from the Allied Experience of World War I ( February 4, 1943)

P-B59 The Scope and Provisions of a Preliminary Peace Treaty (March I, 1943)

P-B60 The I.L.O. and the United Nations (March 22, 1943) P-B61 Should Non-Axis Europe Be Permanently Disarmed After

the War? (March 22, 1943) P-B62 Ratification of a Treaty Before an Armistice (April 13,

1943)

P-B63 Regional Collaboration for the Development of Impover-

ished Areas (May 3, 1943)

P-B64 American Farmers and the Peace (May 17, 1943)

P-B65 American Policy Toward Acts of Dispossession in Enemy-

Occupied Territories (May 25, 1943)

P-B66 American Political Commitments to Postwar International

Security (May 26, 1943)

P-B67 American Participation in International Police Activity

(June 14, 1943)

P-B68 The Distinction Between War and International Policing

(June 14, 1943)

P-B69 The Organization of Special Conferences (June 28, 1943)

P-B7O Diplomatic Facilities and Immunities for Officials of In-

ternational Agencies (July 31, 1943)

P-B7I European Regionalism and Postwar World Organization

(September 27, 1943)

P-B72 Revision of the Boundary Between Denmark and Ger-

many (October 25, 1943)

P-B73 The Separation of the I.L.O. and the League (November

22, 1943)

P-B74 The Problem of Policy-Making in Regard to the Philip-

pines (November 22, 1943)

P-B75 Transitional United Nations Controls in Liberated Europe

(November 22, 1943)

P-B76 Next Steps in a United Nations Policy Toward France

(December 29, 1943)

P-B77 Political Considerations Affecting Anglo-American Col-

laboration in the Postwar World (January 31, 1944)

P-B78 Functional Relationships in International Organization

(February 5, 1944)

P-B79 The I.L.O. and the New Functional Organizations

(March 20, 1944)

P-B8o Problems Connected with the Evolution from Four Power

Control to a General International Organization (April

17, 1944)

P-B81 The Problem of Constituting an Independent Political

Regime in Korea (May 22, 1944)

P-B82 The Security Functions of a United Nations Political Or-

ganization (May 22, 1944)

[40}

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P-B63 Regional Collaboration for the Development of Impover­ished Areas (May 3, 1943)

P-B64 American Farmers and the Peace (May 17, 1943) P-B65 American Policy Toward Acts of Dispossession in Enemy­

Occupied Territories (May 25, 1943) P-B66 American Political Commitments to Postwar International

Security (May 26, 1943) P-B67 American Participation in International Police Activity

(June 14, 1943) P-B68 The Distinction Between War and International Policing

(June 14, 1943) P-B69 The Organization of Special Conferences (June 28, 1943) P-B70 Diplomatic Facilities and Immunities for Officials of In­

ternational Agencies (J uly 31, 1943) P-B7 I European Regionalism and Postwar World Organization

(September 27, 1943) P-B72 Revision of the Boundary Between Denmark and Ger­

many (October 25, 1943) P-B73 The Separation of the I.L.O. and the League (November

22, 1943) P-B74 The Problem of Policy-Making in Regard to the Philip­

pines (November 22, 1943) P-B75 Transitional United Nations Controls in Liberated Europe

(November 22, 1943) P-B76 Next Steps in a United Nations Policy Toward France

(December 29, 1943) P-B77 Political Considerations Affecting Anglo-American Col­

laboration in the Postwar World (January 31, 1944) P-B78 Functional Relationships in International Organization

(February 5, 1944) P-B79 The I.L.O. and the New Functional Organizations

(March 20, 1944) P-B80 Problems Connected with the Evolution from Four Power

Control to a General International Organization (April 17, 1944)

P-B81 The Problem of Constituting an Independent Political Regime in Korea (May 22, 1944)

P-B82 The Security Functions of a United Nations Political Or­ganization (May 22, 1944)

[40J

P-B83 Nature of Membership in "The General International Or-

ganization (July 5, 1944)

P-B84 The Inter-American System in the Postwar World (July

5, J944)

P-B85 The Disposition of the Japanese Mandated Islands (July

5, 1944)

P-B86 American Public Opinion and Postwar Security Commit-

ments: Results of a Poll of Regional Committees on For-

eign Relations, Spring 1944 (July 20, 1944)

P-B87 The United Nations and an International Court (Septem-

ber 25, 1944)

P-B88 The Case for Annexation of Micronesia by the United

States (September 25, 1944)

P-BS9 The Political Future of Formosa and the Pescadores (Sep-

tember 25, 1944)

P-BQO Means of Securing Sustained Popular Support for Ameri-

can Participation in Postwar International Organization

(November 20, 1944)

P-B91 American Representation in "The United Nations" (De-

cember 29, 1944)

P-B92 An Approach to the European Problem of Minorities

(March 19, 1945)

P-C1 Report on French Official and Press Opinion Regarding

War Aims and Peace Terms, September 1, 1939, to March

15, 1940

P-C2 The Main Trends of British Opinion on Peace Aims, Sep-

tember 1939-December 1941

P-C3 Germany's War Aims (February n, 1941)

P-D1 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (preliminary

draft) (July 23, 1942)

In addition, Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between

February 26, 1940, and June 18, 1945, were prepared and for-

warded to the Department of State.

[41]

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P-B83 Nature of Membership in "The General International Or­ganization (July 5, 1944)

P-B84 The Inter-American System in the Postwar World (July 5, 1944)

P-B85 The Disposition of the Japanese Mandated Islands (July 5, 1944)

P-B86 American Public Opinion and Postwar Security Commit­ments: Results of a Poll of Regional Committees on For­eign Relations, Spring 1944 (July 20, 1944)

P-B87 The United Nations and an International Court (Septem­ber 25, 1944)

P-B88 The Case for Annexation of Micronesia by the United States (September 25, 1944)

P-B89 The Political Future of Formosa and the Pescadores (Sep­tember 25, 1944)

P-Bgo Means of Securing Sustained Popular Support for Ameri­can Participation in Postwar International Organization (November 20, 1944)

P-B91 American Representation in "The United Nations" (De­cember 29, 1944)

P-B92 An Approach to the European Problem of Minoriti~s (March 19, 1945)

P-CI Report on French Official and Press Opinion Regarding War Aims and Peace Terms, September I, 1939, to March 15, 1940

P-C2 The Main Trends of British Opinion on Peace Aims, Sep-tember 1939-December 1941

P-C3 Germany's War Aims (February II, 1941) P-DI Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (preliminary

draft ) (July 23, 1942)

In aJdition~ Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between February 26~ 1940~ and June 18~ 1945~ were prepared and for­warded to the Department of State.

TERRITORIAL GROUP

T-B1 Memorandum on Hungarian Claims and Policies in the

Reconstruction of Europe (March 17, 1940)

T-Ba The Near and Middle East at the End of the World Wai

(1919-23) and at the End of the Present War (March

23, 1940)

T-B3 The Strategic Importance of Greenland (March 17, 1940)

T-B4 The Strategic Importance of Iceland (April n, 1940)

T-B5 Treaty Basis of United States Rights with Respect to

Mandated Territories (April 18, 1940)

T-B6 Tentative Proposal for a Conference of Non-Belligerent

Blocs or Countries (April 6, 1940)

T-B7 The Interests of the United States and the Fate of Small

Nation-States in Europe (April 15, 1940)

T-B8 Political Regions of Eastern Asia (May 13, 1940)

T-B9 The Legal Situation in the Arctic (May 20, 1940)

T-B1o Refugee Settlement (May 15, 1940)

T-Bn Principles of United States Foreign Policy (June 28, 1940)

T-B12 Bases of Possible American Participation in the War in

Europe (June 10, 1940)

T-B13 Alternatives to Absolute National Sovereignty of the Air-

space (June 12, 1940)

T-B14 Some Problems Concerning the Navigation of the Airspace

above the Territorial Waters (July 16, 1940)

T-B15 Some Prospective Problems of United States-Canadian Re-

lations (July 18, 1940)

T-B16 General Situation in the Mediterranean Area, May—June,

1940 (July 8, 1940)

T-B17 Alternatives of United States Policy in the Western Pa-

cific (September 19, 1940)

T-B18 A Reappraisal of the Stimson Doctrine (November 4,

1940)

T-B19 A Hemisphere Policy on Air Navigation (October 12,

1940)

T-B20 Aid to China (October I1, 1940)

T-B2I Significance for American Policy of the Soviet Technique

of Expansion (October 28, 1940)

T-B22 Alternatives of American Policy toward Russia (Decem-

ber 9, 1940)

[42]

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TERRITORIAL GROUP

T-BI Memorandum on Hungarian Claims and Policies in the Reconstruction of Europe (March 17, 1940)

T-B2 The Near and Middle East at the End of the World War ( 19 I 9-23) and at the End of the Present War (March 23, 1940)

T-B3 The Strategic Importance of Greenland (March 17,1940) T-B4 The Strategic Importance of Iceland (April 1 I, 1940) T-B5 Treaty Basis of United States Rights with Respect to

Mandated Territories (April IS, 1940) T-B6 Tentative Proposal for a Conference of Non-Belligerent

Blocs or Countries (April 6, 1940) T-B7 The Interests of the United States and the Fate of Small

Nation-States in Europe (April 15, 1940) T-BS Political Regions of Eastern Asia (May 13, 1940) T-B9 The Legal Situation in the Arctic (May 20, 1940) T-Blo Refugee Settlement (May 15, 1940) T-BI I Principles of TJnited States Foreign Policy (June 28, 1940) T-BI2 Basps of Possible American Participation in the War in

Europe (June 10, 1940) 'f-BI3 Alternatives to Absolute National Sovereignty of the Air­

space (June 12, 1940) T-BI4 Some Problems Concerning the Navigation of the Airspace

above the Territorial Waters (July 16, 1940), T-BI5 Some Prospective Problems of United States-Canadian Re­

lations (July IS, 1940) T-BI6 General Situation in the Mediterranean Area, May-June,

1940 (July S, 1940 ) T-BI7 Alternatives of United States Policy in the Western Pa­

cific (September 19, 1940) T-BI8 A Reappraisal of the Stimson Doctrine (November 4,

194°) T-BI9 A Hemisphere Policy on Air Navigation (October 12,

194°) T-B20 Aid to China (October 11,194°) T -B2 I Significance for American Policy of the Soviet Technique

of Expansion (October 28, 1940) T-B22 Alternatives of American Policy toward Russia (Decem­

ber 9, 1940)

T-B23 Mediterranean Problems as Posed by the Situation of

March 1, 1941 (March 1, 1941)

T-B24 American Interference and Non-interference in Europe,

1823-1914 (March 6, 1941)

T-B25 Territories and Boundaries (March 6, 1941)

T-B26 The Soviet-Japanese Treaty of Neutrality, April I3th,

1941, and World Revolution in the Far East (April 19,

1941)

T-B27 Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and

Japan (April 3, 1941)

T-B28 The Relation of the United States to Greenland (May

16, 1941)

T-B29 The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo-

Japanese Neutrality Agreement (May 6, 1941)

T-B3O Coming American Responsibilities in the Caribbean (April

11, 1941)

T-B3I The Near East (June 25, 1941)

T-B32 A Current Balance Sheet of the "Free French" Movement

(July 30, 1941)

T-B33 The Russo-German War, Turkey and Iran (July 31,

1941)

T-B34 Questions of America's Policy Regarding the Nazi-Bol-

shevik War (August 22, 1941)

T-B35 A Program of Support for the Governments-in-Exile (Sep-

tember 18, 1941)

T-B36 Iran as a Route for American Aid to Russia (September

22, 1941)

T-B37 Supplementary Note on "A Program of Support for the

Governments-in-Exile" (September 25, 1941)

T-B38 American Representation in Critical Areas (October 20,

1941)

T-B39 Proposals for America's Policy with Respect to Japan

(November 15, 1941)

T-B40 An American Policy Respecting Turkey—Implications of

the Turkish-German Trade Agreement of October 9, 1941

(November 15, 1941)

T-B4I Need for Immediate American-British Consideration of

Postwar Issues (November 17, 1941)

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T-B23 Mediterranean Problems as Posed by the Situation of March I, 1941 (March I, 1941)

T-B24 American Interference and Non-Interference in Europe, 1823-1914 (March 6, 1941)

T-B25 Territories and Boundaries (March 6, 1941) T-B26 The Soviet-Japanese Treaty of Neutrality, April 13th,

1941, and World Revolution in the Far East (April 19, 1941)

T-B27 Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and Japan (April 3, 1941)

T-B28 The Relation of the United States to Greenland (May 16, 1941)

T-B29 The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo­Japanese Neutrality Agreement (May 6, 1941)

T -B 30 Coming American Responsibilities in the Caribbean (April I I, 1941)

T-B31 The Near East (June 25,1941) T-B32 A Current Balance Sheet of the "Free French" Movement

(July 30, 1941) T-B33 The Russo-German War, Turkey and Iran (July 31,

1941) T-B34 Questions of America's Policy Regarding the N azi-Bol­

shevik War (August 22, 1941) T-B35 A Program of Support for the Governlnents-in-Exile (Sep­

tember 18, 1941) T-B36 Iran as a Route for American Aid to Russia (September

22, 1941) T-B37 Supplementary Note on "A Program of Support for the

Governments-in-Exile" (September 25, 1941) T-B38 American Representation in Critical Areas (October 20,

1941) T-B39 Proposals for America's Policy with Respect to Japan

(November 15, 1941)

T-B40 An American Policy Respecting Turkey-Implications of the Turkish-German Trade Agreement of October 9, 1941 (November 15, 1941)

T-B41 Need for Immediate American-British Consideration of Postwar Issues (November 17,1941)

T-B42 The Free French in American Wartime Strategy (De-

cember 19, 1941)

T-B43 America's Interest in the Question of Former Italian East

Africa (December 24, 1941)

T-B44 Current American Policy Toward European "Free Move-

ments" and Governments-in-Exile (January 19, 1942)

T-B45 Encouragement of a "Free Italy" Movement (January

19, 1942)

T-B46 Afghanistan and the War (February 20, 1942)

T-B47 The United States and the Anglo-Russian War Agreement

with Iran (February 20, 1942)

T-B48 The United States and Syria-Lebanon (April 21, 1942)

T-B49 Italian Libya: Consideration of Some Alternative Pro-

posals Affecting Its Future Status (April 27, 1942)

Political-Territorial Changes and the Stimson Doctrine

(June I1, 1942)

The Future of the Italian Possessions in the Aegean Sea

(June 25, 1942)

T-B52 The Future of Albania (July 7, 1942)

T-B53 The Consequences of Establishing an Independent Syria

(August 19, 1942)

T-B54 Postwar United States-Philippine Relations (August 31,

1942)

T-B55 Russia and an East European Federation (October 26,

1942)

T-B56 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Kurds (December 1, 1942)

T-B57 Mineral Supplies of Muslim and Hindu India, Compared

(December 15, 1942)

T-B58 Current Yugoslav Quarrels: The American Interest (De-

cember 18, 1942)

T-B59 The Future of Cyprus (February 16, 1943)

T-B6o The German-Belgian Boundary (March 1, 1943)

T-B61 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Assyrians (Nestorian Christians) (March 1, 1943)

T-B62 Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of China (April

26, 1943)

Sup. I Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of

China: Leading Iron Smelting and Steel Opera-

tions Companies (revised table) (June 14, 1943)

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T-B42 The Free French in American Wartime Strategy (De­cember 19, 1941)

T-B43 America's Interest in the Question of Former Italian East Africa (December 24, 194 I )

T-B44 Current American Policy Toward European "Free Move­ments" and Governments-in-Exile (January 19, 1942)

T-B4S Encouragement of a "Free Italy" Movement (January 19, 1942)

T-B46 Afghanistan and the War (February 20, 1942) T-B47 The United States and the Anglo-Russian War Agreement

with Iran (February 20, 1942) T-B48 The United States and Syria-Ubanon (April 21, 1942) T-B49 Italian Libya: Consideration of Some Alternative Pro­

posals Affecting Its Future Status (April 27, 1942) T-Bso Political-Territorial Changes and the Stimson Doctrine

(June I I, 1942) T-BSI The Future of the Italian Possessions in the Aegean Sea

(June 25, 1942) T-BS2 The Future of Albania (July 7, 1942) T-BS3 The Consequences of Establishing an Independent Syria

(August 19, 1942) T-BS4 Postwar United States-Philippine Relations (August 31,

1942) T-B55 Russia and an East European Federation (October 26,

1942) T-B56 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Kurds (December I, 1942) T-BS7 Mineral Supplies of Muslim and Hindu India, Compared

(December IS, 1942) T -B 58 Current Yugoslav Quarrels: The American Interest (De-

cember 18, 1942) T-BS9 The Future of Cyprus (February 16, 1943) T-B60 The German-Belgian Boundary (March I, 1943) T-B6I Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Assyrians (N estorian Christians) (March I, 1943) T-B62 Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of China (April

26, 1943) Sup. I Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of

China: Leading Iron Smelting and Steel Opera­tions Companies (revised table) (June 14, 1943)

[44]

T-B63 Mongolia and the Peace Settlement (June 8, 1943)

T-B64 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Armenians (July 25, 1943)

T-B65 Thailand (August 2, 1943)

T-B66 Regional Collaboration in the Low Countries (August 4,

1943)

T-B6y Regionalism in Southeast Asia (September 14, 1943)

T-B68 The New Zionism and a Policy for the United States (Oc-

tober 19, 1943)

T-B69 The Future Status of Indo-China as an Example of Post-

war Colonial Relationships (November 16, 1943)

T-B7O Great Britain, Russia, and the United States in Iran (Jan-

uary 18, 1944)

T-B7I Controls of Competition in International Air Transport

(March 14, 1944)

T-B72 Problems of Policy Toward Areas of Heavy Population

Pressure (April 21, 1944)

T-B73 Mineral Resources and the U.S.S.R. as a World Power

(May 25, 1944)

T-B74 Elements to Be Considered in an Oil Policy for the United

States (May 16, 1944)

T-B75 Limitations of the Plebiscite in the Settlement of Boundary

Disputes (June 4, 1944)

T-B76 Palestine: A Solution of Its Immediate Problem (Decem-

ber 19, 1944)

T-B77 The Problem of National "Free Access" to Minerals (De-

cember 19, 1944)

T-B78 The German Problem (December 19, 1944)

T-D1 Control of the Ruhr Area as a Means of Restricting Ger-

many's War Potential (July 8, 1942)

T-D2 Political, Territorial and Strategic Elements of a Settle-

ment in the Far East (July 22, 1942)

In addition, Discussion Digests of 48 meetings held between

February 16,1940, and December 19,1944, were prepared and for-

warded to the Department of State.

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T-B63 Mongolia and the Peace Settlement (June 8, 1943) T-B64 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The

Armenians (July 25, 1943) T-B65 Thailand (August 2, 1943) T-B66 Regional Collaboration in the Low Countries (August 4,

1943) T-B67 Regionalism in Southeast Asia (September 14, 1943) T -B68 The New Zionism and a Policy for the United States (Oc­

tober 19, 1943) T-B69 The Future Status of Indo-China as an Example of Post­

war Colonial Relationships (November 16, 1943) T-B70 Great Britain, Russia, and the United States in Iran (Jan­

uary 18, 1944) T-B7 I Controls of Competition in International Air Transport

(March 14, 1944) T-B72 Problems of Policy Toward Areas of Heavy Population

Pressure (April 21, 1944) T-B73 Mineral Resources and the U.S.S.R. as a World Power

(May 25, 1944) T-B74 Elements to Be Considered in an Oil Policy for the United

States (May 16, 1944) T-B75 Limitations of the Plebiscite in the Settlement of Boundary

Disputes (June 4, 1944) T-B76 Palestine: A Solution of Its Immediate Problem (Decem-

ber 19, 1944) T-B77 The Problem of National "Free Access" to Minerals (De-

cember 19, 1944) T-B78 The German Problem (December 19, 1944) T-DI Control of the Ruhr Area as a Means of Restricting Ger-

many's War Potential (July 8, 1942) T-D2 Political, Territorial and Strategic Elements of a Settle­

ment in the Far East (July 22, 1942)

In additionl Discussion Digests of 48 meetings held between February 161 19401 and December 191 1944J were prepared and for­warded to the Department 0/ State.

PEACE AIMS GROUP

A-1 Polish Peace Aims (June 2, 1941)

A-2 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (June 16, 1941)

A-3 Norwegian Peace Aims (June 30, 1941)

A-4 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Legitimist presen-

tation) (July 14, 1941)

A-5 Yugoslav Peace Aims (August 5, 1941)

A-6 Rumanian Peace Aims (August 18, 1941)

A-7 Hungarian Peace Aims (September 4, 1941)

A-8 Baltic Peace Aims (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) (Sep-

tember 15, 1941)

A-9 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims

of Eastern European Nations (December 15, 1941)

A-1o Italian Peace Aims (December 15, 1941)

EN-An French Peace Aims

& 12 (January I2th and February 2, 1942)

EN-A13 Netherlands Peace Aims (February 16, 1942)

EN-A14 Greek Peace Aims (March 16, 1942)

EN-A15 Danish Peace Aims (April 13, 1942)

EN-A16 Belgian Peace Aims (May 14, 1942)

EN-A17 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims

of European Nations (September 1, 1942)

EN-A18 British Peace Aims

& 19 (September 16 and October 8, 1942)

EN-A2O Draft Memorandum on a United Nations Program for

Freedom from Want of Food (December 7, 1942)

EN-A2I Norwegian Peace Aims (January 18, 1943)

EN-A22 French Peace Aims (Leftist opinion) (February 8, 1943)

EN-A23 French Peace Aims (third discussion) (March 23, 1943)

EN-A24 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (second discussion) (April 12,

1943)

EN-A25 Future of the Jews in Europe with Special Relation to

Palestine (May 31, 1943)

EN-A26 Spain and the Peace Settlement (July 26, 1943)

EN-A27 Republican Spain and the Peace Settlement (October

4, 1943)

EN-AaS Swedish Peace Aims (November 1, 1943)

EN-A29 French Peace Aims (fourth discussion) (December 6,

1943)

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PEACE AIMS GROUP

A-I Polish Peace Aims (June 2, 1941) A-2 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (June 16, 1941) A-3 Norwegian Peace Aims (June 30, 1941) A-4 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Legitimist presen-

tation) (July 14, 1941) A-5 Yugoslav Peace Aims (August 5, 1941) A-6 Rumanian Peace Aims (August 18, 1941) A-7 Hungarian Peace Aims (September 4, 1941) A-8 Baltic Peace Aims (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) (Sep­

tember 15,1941) A-9 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims

of Eastern European Nations (December 15, 1941) A-10 Italian Peace Aims (December 15,1941) EN-AI I French Peace Aims

& 12 (January 12th and February 2, 1942) EN-AI3 Netherlands Peace Aims (February 16, 1942) EN-AI4 Greek Peace Aims (March 16, 1942) EN-AI5 Danish Peace Aims (April 13, 1942) EN-AI6 Belgian Peace Aims (May 14, 1942) EN-AI7 Digest of Preliminary Vie,vs Regarding the Peace Aims

of European Nations (September I, 1942) EN-A18 British Peace Aims

& 19 (September 16 and October 8, 19+2) EN -A2o Draft l\lemorandum on a United Nations Program for

Freedom from Want of Food (December 7, 1942) EN-A21 Norwegian Peace Aims (January 18, 1943) EN -A22 French Peace Aims (Leftist opinion) ( February 8, 1943) EN-A2 3 French Peace Aims (third discussion) (March 23, 1943) EN -A24 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (second discussion) (April 12,

1943) EN-A25 :Future of the Jews in Europe \vith Special Relation to

Palestine (May 3 I, 1943) EN -A26 Spain and the Peace Settlement (July 26, 1943) EN -A2 7 Republican Spain and the Peace Settlement (October

4, 1943) EN-A28 Swedish Peace Aims (November I, 1943)

EN -A29 French Peace Aims (fourth discussion) (December 6, 1943)

EN-A3O Austria and the Peace Settlement (January 10, 1944)

EN-A3I Germany and the Peace Settlement (first and second dis-

& 32 cussions) (February 28 and March 27, 1944)

EN-A33 Germany and the Peace Settlement (third discussion)

(April 24, 1944)

In addition, Discussion Digests of certain of the meetings held

between June i, 1041, and October 4, 1043, were prepared and for-

warded to the Department of State. Also, the following special

reports were submitted:

C-1 A Central-Eastern European Economic Bloc and Czecho-

slovak Interests (August 7, 1941)

C-2 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Social-

Democratic presentation) (September 12, 1941)

C-3 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Center

presentation) (October 4, 1941)

C-4 Macedonia and the Postwar Settlement (November 21,

1941)

C-5 The Future of Hungary (December 3, 1941)

EN-C6 Chatham House Studies on the European Settlement

(April 21, 1942)

EN-C7 Political Trends in France and United Nations Policy

(January 25, 1943)

EN-C8 Political Alignments and the Outlook for Democratic Re-

construction in Germany (February 10, 1943)

EN-C9 Summary of French Peace Aims (February 23, 1943)

EN-C1o Summary of Belgian Peace Aims (March 1, 1943)

EN-Cn Summary of Netherlands Peace Aims (March 1, 1943)

EN-C12 Summary of Danish Peace Aims (March 8, 1943)

EN-C13 Summary of Norwegian Peace Aims (March 15, 1943)

EN-C14 Summary of Czechoslovak Peace Aims (May 5, 1943)

EN-C15 Austrian Peace Aims: Views of Emigre Groups (July

26, 1943)

EN-C16 Views of Some European Socialists on Peace (November

20, 1943)

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EN-A30 Austria and the Peace Settlement (January 10, 1944) EN -A3 1 Germany and the Peace Settlement (first and second dis­

& 32 cussions) (February 28 and March 27, 1944) EN -A33 Germany and the Peace Settlement (third discussion)

(April 24, 1944)

In addition~ Discussion Digests of certain of the meetings held between June 2~ I94I~ and October 4~ I943~ were prepared and for­warded to the Department of State. A lso~ the following special reports were submitted:

C-I A Central-Eastern European Economic Bloc and Czecho­slovak Interests (August 7, 1941)

C-2 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Social­Democratic presentation) (September 12, 1941)

C-3 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Center presentation) (October 4, 1941)

C-4 Macedonia and the Postwar Settlement (November 21, 1941)

C-5 The Future of Hungary (December 3, 1941) EN-C6 Chatham House Studies on the European Settlement

(April 2 I, 1942) EN-C7 Political Trends in France and United Nations Policy

(January 25, 1943) EN -C8 Political Alignments and the Outlook for Detnocratic Re-

construction in Germany ( February 10, 1943) EN-C9 Summary of French Peace Aims (February 23, 1943) EN-CIo Summary of Belgian Peace Aims (March I, 1943) EN-ell Summary of Netherlands Peace Aims (March I, 1943) EN-CI2 Summary of Danish Peace Ain1s (March 8, 1943) EN-C I 3 Summary of Norwegian Peace Aims (March 15, 1943) EN-CI4 Summary of Czechoslovak Peace Aims (May 5, 1943) EN -C 15 Austrian Peace Aims: Views of Emigre Groups (July

26, 1943) EN-CI6 Views of Some European Socialists on Peace (November

20, 1943)

STEERING COMMITTEE

SC-B1 List of Memoranda Issued December 1939-December

1941, with an Analysis of Recommendations (December

31, I940

SC-B2 List of Memoranda Issued in 1942 with Recommenda-

tions or Conclusions (dated December 31, 1942, but not

listed among documents issued in 1942)

SC-Bjt Index of Memoranda Issued to December 31, 1942

(March 15, 1943)

SC-B4 List of Memoranda Issued in 1943 with Recommenda-

tions or Conclusions (December 31, 1943)

SC-B5 Index of Memoranda Issued During 1943, Supplement

to SC-Bj (March 15, 1944)

SC-B6 Index of Memoranda Issued During 1944, Supplement

to SC-B3 and SC-B5 (March 15, 1945)

SC-Cl Problems of International Air Transport; Special Meet-

ing (April 5, 1943)

SC-Ca Special Conference on the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals,

held at Princeton, New Jersey, October 20-22, 1944

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STEERING CO~fMITTEE

seBI List of Memoranda Issued December 1939-December 1941, with an Analysis of Recommendations (December 31, 1941)

SCB2 List of Memoranda Issued in 19-12 with Recommenda­tions or Conclusions (dated December 3 I, 1942, but not listed among documents issued in 19+2)

SCB3 Index of Memoranda Issued to December 31, 1942 (March 15, 1943)

SCB4 List of Memoranda Issued in 1943 with Recommenda­tions or Conclusions (December 31, 1943)

SCBS Index of Memoranda Issued During 1943, Supplement to SCB3 (A-farch 15, 1944)

SC-B6 Index of Memoranda Issued During 1944, Supplement to SCB3 and SC-B5 (~Iarch 15, 1945)

SCCI Problems of International Air Transport; Special Meet­ing (April 5, 1943)

SCC2 Special Conference on the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals, held at Princeton, New Jersey, October 20-22, 1944