CounsellingAn Introduction
Lecture byM/s NandiniLecturerD.A.V College for GirlsYamuna NagarHaryana.
WHAT IS COUNSELLING
“Counselling is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals , families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education and career goals.”
(American Counsellors Association, 2010)
Counselling is a one to one helping relationship that focuses on a person’s growth and adjustment and problem solving and decision making needs
(Gibson and Mitchell,2010)
Nature• It’s a helping process• Counselling involves a professionally trained counsellor• It involves one or more than one individual seeking help• It is not advising or suggesting• The counsellor creates an environment conducive to self
disclosure and change• The counsellor acts like a catalyst in bringing about
desired change in the client but doesn’t change himself/herself in the process
Modifyingbehaviour
Surface issues
here & now
preventive
Short term
conscious
Helper centered
Guidance Counselling Psychotherapy
Long term
Personality reconstruction
Deep seated issues
There & then
restorative
unconscious
Helpee centered
Aims of counselling
• Insight• Relating with others• Self awareness• Self acceptance• Self actualization• Enlightenment• Problem solving• Psychological education• Acquisition of social skills
• Cognitive change• Behaviour change• Systemic change• Empowerment• Restitution• Generativity and social action MC LEOD,2003
Outcomes of counselling
Resolution of problem in living
i.e. understanding of the problem and
action to change the situation in which the
problem arose
Learning
i.e. acquisition of new skills & strategies that
make the client equipped to handle a
similar problem in future
Social inclusion
i.e. Encouragement for contribute to the well being and social good
Goals of counselling
Gibson and Mitchell(2008) identify the following goal of counselling
1)Developmental goals2)Preventive goals3)Enhancement goals4)Exploratory goals5)Reinforcement goals6)Cognitive goals7)Physiological goals8)Psychological goals
Effective Counsellor
empathy
Respect
genuineness
wellness
Cultural competence
The ‘it ‘ factor
Compatibility with and
belief in theory
Cognitive complexity
Verbal skills
Attending skills
COUNSELLOR’S SKILLS
encouragers
Open ende
d questions
paraphrasing
probing summarizing
Self disclosure Non verbal behaviour that convey
counselor’s listening skills, interest, respect and undivided attention
towards client
Eye contact
Adequate personal
space
Appropriate Tone of voice
Open body postures
Counselling processStage IRapport building/relationship establishment
A client seeking counselling has a number of apprehensions regarding counselling, counsellor’s skills and trust etc
• The development of comfortable , trusting and facilitatative relationship is achieved through use of listening skills ,empathetic understanding ,cultural sensitivity and good social skills(hackney and cormier,2010)
Core conditions for building rapport are• Unconditional positive regard(respect)• Empathy • Congruence(genuineness)Initial dialogues between the counsellor and
client are aimed at warming up the client towards self disclosure of self identified problems
Counsellor however begins to identify and delineate the issues presented by the client
Forming comfortable and
positive relationship
Explaining counselling process and mutual
responsibilities
Facilitate communication
Identify and verify client’s
concerns
Plan with the client to obtain
assessment data
Counsellor’s goals
Client’s goals
Understanding the process and own responsibilities
Cooperate in assessment of the problem and the self
Share reasons for seeking counselling
STAGE II -PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLORATION
Due to rapport build up, client will be more receptive to in depth discussion & exploration of their concerns
Appraisal techniques like standardized tests etc can be used
The goal is to help the client develop self understanding that there is need for change
Real work occurs in this stage all the following occur in this stage
Stages in stage II• Problem definition including
components/contributory factors severity of the problem, recency and longevity
• Exploration of the problem can involve using psychological test with informed consent
• Integrating the information in form of a profile and exploration of changes and barriers to these changes are focused on
Stage III PROBLEM SOLVING• EFFECTIVE GOAL SETTING occurs at this stageGibson and Mitchell 2008 suggest the following steps at this stage1)Problem definition from a perspective arrived at by the counsellor and
client together2)Listing of all possible solutions largely, by the client with occasional
suggestion from the counsellor3)Exploring consequences of solutions4)Prioritize the solutions from best possibility to the least likely to produce
desired resultTo facilitate client’s understanding, counsellor may use techniques of
repetition, mild ,confrontation, interpretation, information and encouragement
Stage IV SOLUTION APPLICATION AND TERMINATION
The client has the responsibility for applying the determined solution &the counsellor for determining the point of termination. As the client applies the solutions, the counsellor maintains contact for follow –up, support and encouragement. the counsellor gives an indication that the next session would be about wrapping up and may conclude by summarizing the main points
• COUNSELLING PROCESS
RAPPORT BUILDING
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
PROBLEM SOLVING
SOLUTION APPLICATION AND TERMINATION
Individual counselling
Group counselling
Individual assessment
Career assistance
Placement & follow up Referral
Consultation
PREVENTION
Research and evaluation
ACTIVITIES OF A COUNSELLOR
SCOPE OF A COUNSELLOR’S WORK
SCHOOL COUNSELLOR
REHABILITATION COUNSELLOR
CAREER COUNSELLOR
CORRECTIONAL COUNSELLOR
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
COUNSELLOR
GERONTOLOGY COUNSOLLOR
ADOLESCENT COUNSELLOR
SUICIDE PREVENTION COUNSELLOR
DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION COUNSELLOR
HIV /AIDS PREVENTION COUNSELLOR
Freudian psychoanalysis
• Counsellor’s role is directive &is to help client bring unconscious material conscious &restructure personality
Roger’s person centered approach
• Counsellor’s role is of non –directive facilitator who helps the client to gain self understanding
Behavioural approach
• Counsellor’s is active directive coach or teacher & helps the clients in extinction of undesirable behaviours and acquisition of desirable ones
Cognitive behavioural
approach
• Counsellor is active , directive coach who helps the client to change irrational thoughts to rational ones
Approaches to counselling
Freudian psychoanalysis
• Free association, dream analysis, play therapy and projective tests may be used
• Client is seen as weak and uncertain
Roger’s person centered approach
• Core conditions of empathy, respect and genuiness on counsellor’s part are sufficient conditions to bring about change
• Clients are seen as good , capable of self understanding, insight , growth and change
Behavioural approach
• Progressive relaxation, behavior modification, behavioral experiments, systematic desensitization etc are used
• Client’s problems are seen in terms of adaptive or maladjusted behaviour
Cognitive behavioural approach
• Role paying, assertive training, desensitization, operant conditioning, suggestion, behavioral experiments etc are used
• Clients are seen as people having potential for both rational and irrational thoughts
Special concerns in Counselling
Substance abusers Older adults women
Aids patients
Abuse victims
Business & industry
People with disabilities
• Counselling is a profession for humane and strong individuals with both an artistic and scientific approach………..
I’m ready