WHO Director-General Roundtable with Women Leaders on Millennium Development Goal 5 Mexico Country profile For Demographic and Health Surveys, the years refer to when the Surveys were conducted. Estimates from the Surveys refer to three or five years before the Surveys. Lead the fight for MDG 5 4. Causes of maternal deaths 1997–2002 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. The most frequent causes of maternal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean (for 1997–2002) were haemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding), hypertensive disorders (high blood pressure) and obstructed labour. There are no country-specific data for Mexico. Mexico and the world 5. Total fertility The total fertility is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. The total fertility rate can be separated into the births that were planned (wanted total fertility rate) and those that were unintended (unwanted total fertility rate). In Mexico, a survey conducted in 1987 indicated a total fertility rate of 4.0 per woman. Demographic and health data 1. Maternal mortality ratio: global, regional and country data, 2005 A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. The maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births per year. The ratio in Mexico is 60 per 100 000 live births, lower than the average of 130 per 100 000 live births in Latin America and the Caribbean and the average of 400 per 100 000 live births globally. 2. Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N), 2005 The lifetime risk of maternal death is the estimated risk of an individual woman dying from pregnancy or childbirth during her adult lifetime based on maternal mortality and the fertility rate in the country. The lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes in Mexico is 1 in 670, lower than the average of 1 in 290 for Latin America and the Caribbean and the global figure of 1 in 92. Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html). Source: Khan KS et al. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet, 2006, 367:1066–1074. Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en). Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/ search/start.cfm). 3. Total population (in thousands) 1 105 342 (2006) Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N) 2 670 (2005) Total maternal deaths 2 1 300 (2005) Sources: 1 World Health Organization 2008, World Health Statistics 2008 Geneva, Switzerland (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf). 2 Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html). Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html). Total fertility rate (per woman) . . Latin America and the Caribbean Haemorrhage 20.7% Other causes 20.4% Ectopic pregnancy 0.5% Anaemia 0.1% Obstructed labour 13.3% Hypertensive disorders 25.5% Sepsis/infections including HIV/AIDS 7.6% Abortion 11.9% Deaths per 100 000 live births Mexico Latin America and the Caribbean World 60 400 0 100 200 300 400 500 130 Lifetime risk of death (1 in N) 1/670 1/290 1/92 0 1/500 1/250 3/500 1/125 1/100 3/250 Mexico Latin America and the Caribbean World
Transcript
WHO Director-General Roundtable with Women Leaderson Millennium Development Goal 5
MexicoCountry profileFor Demographic and Health Surveys, the years refer to when the Surveys were conducted. Estimates from the Surveys refer to three or five years before the Surveys.
Lead the fight for MDG 5
4. Causes of maternal deaths 1997–2002A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. The most frequent causes of maternal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean (for 1997–2002) were haemorrhage (uncontrolled bleeding), hypertensive disorders (high blood pressure) and obstructed labour. There are no country-specific data for Mexico.
Mexico and the world
5. Total fertilityThe total fertility is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. The total fertility rate can be separated into the births that were planned (wanted total fertility rate) and those that were unintended (unwanted total fertility rate). In Mexico, a survey conducted in 1987 indicated a total fertility rate of 4.0 per woman.
Demographic and health data
1. Maternal mortality ratio: global, regional and country data, 2005
A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy from any cause related to the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. The maternal mortality ratio is the number of maternal deaths per 100 000 live births per year. The ratio in Mexico is 60 per 100 000 live births, lower than the average of 130 per 100 000 live births in Latin America and the Caribbean and the average of 400 per 100 000 live births globally.
2. Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N), 2005
The lifetime risk of maternal death is the estimated risk of an individual woman dying from pregnancy or childbirth during her adult lifetime based on maternal mortality and the fertility rate in the country. The lifetime risk of dying from pregnancy-related causes in Mexico is 1 in 670, lower than the average of 1 in 290 for Latin America and the Caribbean and the global figure of 1 in 92.
Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html).
Source: Khan KS et al. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet, 2006, 367:1066–1074.
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
3. Total population (in thousands)1 105 342 (2006) Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in N)2 670 (2005) Total maternal deaths2 1 300 (2005)
Sources: 1World Health Organization 2008, World Health Statistics 2008 Geneva, Switzerland (http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf). 2 Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html).
Source: Maternal mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007 (http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/maternal_mortality_2005/index.html).
Tota
l fer
tilit
y ra
te (
per
wo
man
)
.
.
La
tin
Am
eri
ca
an
d t
he
Ca
rib
be
an
Haemorrhage
20.7%
Other causes 20.4%
Ectopic pregnancy 0.5%
Anaemia 0.1%
Obstructed labour 13.3%Hypertensive
disorders 25.5%
Sepsis/infections
including HIV/AIDS 7.6%
Abortion 11.9%
Dea
ths
per
100
000
liv
e b
irth
s
Mexico Latin America and the Caribbean
World
60
400
0 100 200 300 400 500
130 Lif
etim
e ri
sk o
f d
eath
(1
in N
)
1/670
1/290
1/92
0
1/500
1/250
3/500
1/125
1/100
3/250
Mexico Latin America and the Caribbean
World
Mexico
9. Adolescent pregnancy rate by urban versus rural location
In Mexico, a survey conducted in 1987 reported that 4% of women 15–19 years old were pregnant with their first child. The rate was higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
8. Adolescent pregnancy rate by age for girls 15–19 years old
Adolescent pregnancy is pregnancy in an adolescent girl (girls 10–19 years old). The adolescent pregnancy rate indicates the proportion of adolescent girls who become pregnant among all girls in the same age group in a given year. In Mexico, according to a survey conducted in 1987, women aged 17 years had the highest rate of adolescent pregnancy.
7. Perinatal mortality rate, 2005
Perinatal mortality refers to deaths of fetuses in the womb and of newborn babies early after delivery. It includes (1) the death of a fetus in the womb after 22 weeks of gestation and during childbirth and (2) the death of a live-born child within the first seven days of life. The perinatal mortality rate reflects the availability and quality of both maternal and newborn health care. In 2004, the perinatal mortality rate in Mexico was estimated to be 16 per 1000 pregnancies.
6. Proportions of births by urban versus rural location
The total number of births (in thousands): 2 131 (2005)
There are no country-specific data on births by urban versus rural location for Mexico.
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Preg-nancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Preg-nancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
2
Source: World population prospects: the 2006 revision. CD-ROM edition – extended dataset in Excel and ASCII formats. New York, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2007 (United Nations publications, ST/ESA/SER.A/266). Source: Ahman E, Zupan J. Neonatal and perinatal mortality: country, regional and global estimates 2004. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007
10. Adolescent pregnancy by subregionAdolescent pregnancy rates vary between different parts of Mexico, with the lowest overall rates in Zona I and the highest in Zona V. Adolescent pregnancy rates can vary for many reasons including cultural norms, socioeconomic deprivation, education, access to sexual health information and contraceptive services and supplies.
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
% o
f w
om
en (
15-1
9 ye
ars
old
) p
reg
nan
t w
ith
th
eir
firs
t ch
ild
5.15.0
2.73.7
2.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
16.0
2004
per
100
0 p
reg
nan
cies
Lead the fight for MDG
12. Family planning: modern contraceptive use by age group
Modern contraceptive methods include oral and injectable hormones, intrauterine devices, diaphragms, hormonal implants, female and male sterilization, spermicides and condoms. According to a survey conducted in 1987, contraceptive use increased by age group and peaked among women 35–39 years old.
16. Utilization of skilled birth attendants
Data from a survey in 2006 showed that 93.3% of births by women 20 years and older whose last child was born alive in 2000 received hospital care in their last delivery.
14. Contraceptive use by subregionAccording to a survey conducted in 1987, contraceptive prevalence varied from 36% in Zona III to 57% in Zona II.
15. Women 20 years and older who received antenatal care, 2006
Antenatal care visits include all visits made by pregnant women for reasons relating to pregnancy. In 2006, 94% of women 20 years and older whose last child was born alive in 2000 had been attended by a physician.
13. Contraceptive use by urban versus rural location
In Mexico, a survey conducted in 1987 showed that 19% of currently married women were using modern contraception and that contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than in rural areas.
Intervention coverage for mothers and newborns
11. Unmet need for family planning, 2006 19%
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
Source: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.
Source: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.
3
The unmet need for family planning is the proportion of all women who are at risk of pregnancy and who want to space or limit their childbearing but are not using contraceptives.Source: World contraceptive use 2007. New York, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2007 (http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/contraceptive2007/contraceptive2007.htm).
% c
urr
entl
y m
arri
ed w
om
en u
sin
g
mo
der
n c
on
trac
epti
ves
15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49
Age (years)
% c
urr
entl
y m
arri
ed w
om
en
usi
ng
mo
der
n c
on
trac
epti
ves 53.1
56.6
35.9 37.8
47.2
% w
om
en w
ho
gav
e b
irth
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2
1: Percentage of women 20 years and older whose last child was born alive in the year 2000 at the time of the survey (2006) and was attended by a physician.
2: Percentage of women 20 years and older whose last child was born alive in the year 2000 at the time of the survey (2006), with four or more consultations by a skilled health worker and blood pressure and blood tests performed.
94.2
67.3
% o
f b
irth
s as
sist
ed b
y sk
illed
bir
th a
tten
dan
t
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2006
93.3
% c
urr
entl
y m
arri
ed w
om
en
usi
ng
mo
der
n c
on
trac
epti
ves
19.0
52.4
27.2
Mexico
17. Utilization of skilled birth attendant by wealth quintile, Mexico 2006
Whether a woman delivers with the assistance of a skilled attendant is highly influenced by how rich she is. Among women 20 years and older with a live birth in 2000, fewer women in the lowest wealth quintile received hospital care in their last delivery than women in higher wealth quintiles.
21. Caesarean section by state, Mexico 2006
Caesarean section rates also vary between states within countries. A 2006 survey in Mexico showed the lowest caesarean section rates to be in Chiapas and Guerrero (26%) and highest rate in Baja California (52%).
19. Place of delivery
Delivery in a health facility can reduce maternal and neonatal death and morbidity. Data from the National Survey on Health and Nutrition in 2006 showed that most births in Mexico (93%) occurred in a hospital. About 7% of births occurred at home, with the associated risks.
20. Caesarean section rates by urban versus rural location, 2006
Caesarean section is a surgical procedure in which incisions are made through a woman’s abdomen and womb to deliver her baby. It is performed whenever abnormal conditions complicate vaginal delivery, threatening the life and health of the mother and/or the baby. Very low caesarean section rates, in particular in rural areas, could indicate an unmet need for access to adequate health system infrastructure, which needs to be met if maternal deaths are to be reduced. According to a national survey in Mexico in 2006, the caesarean section rate was 38%: 39% in urban areas and 27% in rural areas.
18. Skilled birth attendant by state, 2006The percentage of women giving birth with the assistance of a skilled attendant tends to vary by subregion within countries. Data from a survey in 2000 in Mexico showed that the proportion of women (aged 20 years and older) who had a live birth and received skilled care during delivery was lowest in Chiapas (74%) and highest in Baja California Sur and Distrito Federal.
22. Low birth weight
Babies weighing less than 2500 g at birth are considered to have low birth weight. Low-birth-weight babies often face severe short- and long-term health consequences and tend to have higher mortality and morbidity. In Mexico, data from 2006 indicate that the percentage of babies weighing less than 2500 g at birth was 7.2%.
Sources: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico. Sources: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.
Sources: Making Pregnancy Safer country profiles [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization, in press (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer; http://www.who.int/making_pregnancy_safer/en).Demographic and Health Surveys [web site]. Calverton, MD, MEASURE DHS, Macro International Inc. (http://www.measuredhs.com/aboutsurveys/search/start.cfm).
4
Source: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.Sources: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico Health Metrics Project, 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico and Harvard University.
% o
f b
irth
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
7.1
92.9
At hospital At home % o
f b
irth
s d
eliv
ered
by
caes
area
n s
ecti
on
37.6
0
5
1 0
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
27.4
38.8
Total Rural Urban
Rural: localities with less than 2500 inhabitants.
Urban: localities with 2500 to 99 999 inhabitants.
Metropolitan area: cities and metropolitan areas and cities of 100 000 and more inhabitants and/or capitals of states.
% o
f b
irth
s d
eliv
ered
by
caes
area
n s
ecti
on
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
Ag
uas
calie
nte
s
Baj
a C
alif
orn
ia
Baj
a C
alif
orn
ia S
ur
Cam
pec
he
Co
ahu
ila
Co
lima
Ch
iap
as
Ch
ihu
ahu
a
Dis
trit
o F
eder
al
Du
ran
go
Gu
anaj
uat
o
Gu
erre
ro
Hid
alg
o
Jalis
co
Méx
ico
Mic
ho
acán
Mo
relo
s
Nay
arit
Nu
evo
Leó
n
Oax
aca
Pu
ebla
Qu
erét
aro
Qu
inta
na
Ro
o
San
Lu
is P
oto
sí
Sin
alo
a
So
no
ra
Tab
asco
Tam
aulip
as
Tla
xcal
a
Ver
acru
z
Yu
catá
n
Zac
atec
as
39.1
51.5
44.8
31.9
38.239.3
25.5
34.2 34.6
30.9
36.4
25.8
37.6
46.1
41.2
38.6 37.836.3
46.8
27.0
34.8
31.5
42.3
27.6
39.038.2
31.9
38.9
42.8
35.5
39.9
37.038.2
32.2
0
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
10 0
12 0
Aguas
calie
ntes
Baj
a C
alifo
rnia
Baj
a C
alifo
rnia
Sur
Cam
pech
eC
oahu
ilaC
olim
aC
hiap
asC
hihu
ahua
Dis
trito
Fed
eral
Dur
ango
Gua
naju
ato
Gue
rrer
oH
idal
go
Jalis
coM
éxic
oM
icho
acán
Mor
elos
Nay
arit
Nue
vo L
eón
Oax
aca
Pueb
laQ
ueré
taro
Qui
ntan
a R
oo
San
Luis
Pot
osí
Sina
loa
Sonor
aTa
basc
oTa
mau
lipas
Tlax
cala
Vera
cruz
Yuca
tán
Zaca
teca
s
98.5
93.0
100.0
92.2
98.3
93.0
73.7
94.9
100.0 97.4 99.2
81.0
96.798.9
93.5
98.2
93.0 95.0
98.3
78.2
93.696.3
89.993.5 94.7
97.6
90.287.6
97.9
89.8 88.6
97.8
% o
f b
irth
s as
sist
ed b
y sk
illed
bir
th a
tten
dan
ts
% o
f b
irth
s as
sist
ed b
y sk
illed
bir
th a
tten
dan
ts
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
81.0
96.2 96.6 97.0
93.2
1st Quintil (Poorest)
2nd Quintil (Poorer)
3rd Quintil (Middle)
4th Quintil (Richer)
5th Quintil (Richest)
Sources: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.
% b
abie
s w
eig
hin
g le
ss t
han
250
0 g
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2006
7.2
Lead the fight for MDG
25. Equity – gap in coverage of four major interventions by wealth quintile
Coverage of four key interventions (family planning, maternal and newborn care, immunization and treatment of childhood illness) often varies by wealth quintiles. A coverage gap usually exists between the goal of universal coverage of everyone in these four intervention areas and actual coverage. Where the gap is larger, it means that there is less adequate coverage. The opposite indicates better coverage. In many countries, the coverage gap is highest for the poorest and is lowest for the richer members of society (wealthiest quintile). Achieving equity requires improving coverage levels in the poorest quintiles. There are no country-specific data on this coverage for Mexico.
24. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIVThe percentage of pregnant mothers living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) to prevent the transmission of HIV to their child (PMTCT) increased steadily between 2004 and 2006.
23. Anaemia in pregnancy
Anaemia refers to abnormally low levels (less than 110 g/l) of haemoglobin (iron-containing oxygen proteins) in the blood. Severe anaemia is an important contributing factor to maternal deaths due to haemorrhage during childbirth. The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 20% according to data available from 2006.
Equity
Resources
Source: WHO database on national health policies, 2008.
The work of at least 23 health workers (doctors, nurses or midwives) per 10 000 population is estimated to be necessary to support the delivery of the basic interventions required to achieve the Millennium Development Goals related to health. Globally, 57 countries have been identified with critical shortages below this minimum. These countries have a severe crisis in human resources for health. Of these 57 countries, 36 are in sub-Saharan Africa. Mexico, with about 29 health workers (as defined above) per 10 000 population, is one of the countries just above the threshold value of the countries facing this crisis daily, with mothers and children lacking access to proper maternal and child care, HIV/TB and malaria care, and sexual and reproductive health information and services, including skilled birth attendants. This, however, does not necessarily mean that it commands sufficient human resources to satisfy all the health needs throughout the country.
Increasing the human resources around the world and establishing a balance between the services needed and the personnel available, and their distribution, are key elements of a well-functioning health system and critical requirements for achieving Millennium Development Goals.
26. Reproductive health Yes Maternal health Yes
27. Financial flow (per capita expenditure on health, in US dollars) 2007 655
28. Human resources
Policies
Source: Countdown to 2015. Tracking progress in maternal, newborn & child survival: the 2008 report. New York, United Nations Children’s Fund, 2008 (http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&itemid=61).
Countdown to 2015. Tracking progress in maternal, newborn & child survival: the 2008 report. New York, United Nations Children’s Fund, 2008 (http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&itemid=61).
5
Source: Countdown to 2015. Tracking progress in maternal, newborn & child survival: the 2008 report. New York, United Nations Children’s Fund, 2008 (http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&itemid=61).
% p
reg
nan
t w
om
en li
vin
g w
ith
HIV
re
ceiv
ing
AR
Vs
for
PM
TC
T
5
0
3
6
9
12
15
2006
5
2004
No data
Source: National Survey of Health and Nutrition 2006, Secretariat of Health of Mexico.
2006
20.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
% o
f p
reg
nan
t w
om
en w
ith
an
aem
ia
Mexico
29. Ratification of treaties and support of international consensus
For further information contact:
Sources: Ratifications and reservations [web site]. Geneva, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2008 (http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/ratification/index.htm). Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4–15 September 1995. New York, United Nations, 1996 (http://www.un.org/womenwatch/confer/beijing/reports). Report of the International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5–13 September 1994. New York, United Nations, 1994 (http://www.un.org/popin/icpd/conference/offeng/poa.html).
Source: World Bank indicators [online database]. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2008 (http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPP&WSP=N).
Fixed-line and mobile phone subscribers (per 100 population) 74 (2006)
Internet users (per 100 population) 20 (2006)
Roads paved (% of total roads) 37 (2005)
Improved water source (% of population with access) 95 (2006)
Improved sanitation facilities (% of urban population with access) 91 (2006)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Yes
Convention on the Rights of the Child Yes
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Yes
International Conference on Population and Development Yes
Fourth World Conference on Women Yes
Child and Adolescent Health and DevelopmentTel: +41 22 791 3281E-mail: [email protected] site: www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/en
Reproductive Health and Research Tel: +41 22 791 3372E-mail: [email protected] site: www.who.int/reproductive-health
