Country Studies - The Status of Improved Cookstove Programs in Nepal

7/28/2019 Country Studies - The Status of Improved Cookstove Programs in Nepal

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The Status of Improved Cookstove Programsin Nepalby

Ganesh Ram Shrestha, Hari G. Gorkhaliand Kirk R. SmithCountry Studies No. 4

10 July 1991

Risk and Development ProgramEnvironment and Policy InstituteEast-West Center1777 East-West RoadHonolulu, Hawaii 96848 USA


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ContentsCountry Study No. 4: Nepal

A. Backgroun d 1B. Statu s of Improved Cookstoves and Institutional Efforts. 3C. Ongoing Efforts in 1991 5D. Current Status of the Wood Recommendations 1 0E. Observations and Conclusions 1 1


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In 1987, Dr . T imothy Wood o f Wr ight Sta te Uni vers i ty , work ing wi ththe U.S. NGO, Volunteers i n Technical Assistance, completed anassessment o f improved cookstove programs (ICPs ) i n Nepal f o r th e U .S.Agency fo r In te rna t ion al Development . T h i s assessment i s s t i l l va l i d i nmost respec ts . T h u s , our repor t f ocuses pr i nc i pa l l y on t he s t a t us o fICPs as o f ea r l y 1991, w i th onl y b r i e f mention o f the backgrounddiscussed more thoroug hly i n th e Wood assessment. A t th e en d, weexamine th e ex te nt t o which t h e recommendations o f th e Wood assessmentseem s t i l l t o be appropr iate .

A. Background

THE STATUS OF IMPROVED COOKSTOVE PROGRAMS I N NuAL1Ganesh Ram Shrestha and H a ri G. Go rk ha li

(Centre f o r Rura l Technology, P. O. Box 362 8, Kathmandu)with the assistance o f

Ki rk R. Smi th(East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848)

June 1991

Improved cookstoves programs were f i r s t begun i n Nepal d uri ng th eearl y 19503 us ing Ind ian models, th e Hyderabad and Magan chulas. T h eAgri-Engineering Workshop under th e Department o f Ag ric ult ure developeda mould wi th which inexperienced and uns ki l l ed people coul d makeimproved stoves. T h i s approach was extended as pa r t of the v i l l ag edevelopment se rv ic es o f t h e wTribhuvan Gram Bika sh Development,w whic hended in th e e ar ly 1960s. A l s o dur ing the 1960s, Mr . Jag at NarayanShreatha Conducted pionee ring in di vi du al work.

Eff ort s cont inued i n th e mid 1970s by t he Women's Trai nin g Centrein disseminat ing th e Lorena Stove from Guatemala, t h e U.S. Peace Corps,which tr ain ed a few volunteers i n improved stove c onstruct ion, and

1Thisr

Global Review and Ev alua tion o f Improved Cookstove Programs (1 99 0- 91 ).


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energet ic i nd i v i du a l e f f o r t s by M r . Raj das Shres tha . T h e M ri gendraMedical Trust s tar ted research on heal t h e f fe cts o f smoke inth is per iod w i th the col labo rat ion o f H.R. Vaid a and the Research Centerfor Appl ied Science and Technology (RECAST) a t Tribhuvan Un iv er si ty.These ef fo r t s faded out , main ly because o f la ck o f f in an ci a l suppor t .

By 197 9, however, e ve r-i nc rea sin g wood demands and s eri ou sshortages o f fuelwood combined wi th the de ter ior at i on o f Nepalese fo re stresources t o arouse th e government 's (H MG ' ) a t te nt io n as w el l as th ei n t e res t o f i n t e r na t i o na l agenci es i nvo lved i n na t u ra l r esourcesdevelopment. T h e Nat io nal Planning Commission Nepal fo r th e f i r s t t imeincluded fuelwood problems i n i t s Six th p lan (19 81- 85) , under whichsolut ions t o th e fuelwood problem were to b e developed. T h e SeventhPlan ( 1986 - 90 ) ac t u a l l y sp ec i f i ed a t a rg e t o f 160, 000 I Cs , o f Which l essthan 25% was achieved. ( T h e Eighth Plan has no t been re leased as y et ) .During most of the 1980s, the major i ty of IC ( improved cookstove)ac t iv i t i es were under taken by two organizat ions:

The Research Cent er f o r 422lied Science and Technol2gy o f TribhuvanUnivers i ty (RECAST) i n i t i a t e d a program in 1979 t o design, develop, andf i e l d t e s t I Cs . P i l o t - s c a l e demonstrat ion and d i ssemi nat i on w ere a l sounder taken. I t s e f f o r t s were encouraged by t he s i gn ing o f a cont rac twith t h e HMG/UNDP/F10 and t h e Community Fo re st ry Development Program(CFDP) i n S eptember 1981 .

The Communtly_Formtr z_Develument Pr2gram iCFDP1 operated i n 37out o f 7 5 d i s t r i c t s i n N e pa l d u r in g i t s f i r s t p ha se (1 9 8 1- 8 8 ) a n d wast he f i r s t f o r e s t r y p r o j e c t i n i t i a t e d i n N e pa l w i t h a s p e c i f i c commitmentto th e development and disseminat ion o f ICs . C FD P performed i t s ownmonitor ing and eva lua t ion and r e l ie d on RECAST fo r tec hni cal backup.During t h e f i r s t p ha se , n e a r l y 25 ,0 0 0 I C s w er e i n s t a l l e d . I t wasdecided t h a t th e second phase o f CFDP (199 0-96 ) would not includ e I Csbecause these were be tt er disseminated through the pr iv at e s ect or andhad t oo l a rg e an adm i n i s t ra t i ve overhead . T h e recent f u e l short ages i nNepal , however, have rek indled some int er es t i n ICPs wi th in th e Mi nist ryof Fore st ry , bu t no p lans have ye t been developed.


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A recent review o f the f i r s t phase o f CFDP,by IntegratedDevelopment Systems, Co. ( IDS, 1990) had generally negative f indingsabout th e s tove component. T h e s e were blamed on poor desig n, h ig hmaintenance, longer cooking t imes, breakage, and "insuff icient stovepromotion and extensi on." O f those recei vin g I Cs , o nl y 47% were foundto be present users , and on ly 20% of these use i t exc lus iv e ly . O v e r a l lfuel savings per IC was found t o be o nly 11%. T h e major i ty consideredthe IC to be more convenient and le ss smoky, but onl y h al f found i t t obe b e t t e r o v e r a l l t h an t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s t o ve . I n s u f f i c i e n tpar t i c ipa t ion by loca l users was s i t e d as a pr inc ip a l reason fo r ICPpoor performance.

Using a shadow wage o f NES 16. 8 pe r man-day o f gather ing ti me , ID Sdetermined th e C'DP ICP to have a in te rn al ra te o f r etur n ( IRR) o f 10%)compared t o over 20% fo r th e publ ic and pr iv at e pl antat i on par ts o f theprogram. I n add i t io n, th e IC? IRR was sensi t ive to assumpt ions, suchthat , f o r example , j u s t a 20$ increase in costs would e l iminate a l lbenef i ts .

In th e 1980s, as shown i n Table 1 , th er e were a lso a number ofsmal ler ICPs, sponsored and run by a range o f n at io nal , b i l at e ra l , andnon-government agencies.

B. S t a t u s o f I lesroved Cookstoves and In st i t ut io na l Ef for ts:

At present , de ta i le d and re l i ab le data about many of the ICPs ar enot av ai l abl e s ince many o f the projects /programs ar e no lon geroperat ing e tove promotion ac t i v i t i es . A s shown in Tab le 1 , i t seems,that by 1991, eomewhat lees than 40,000 ICs had been instal ledthroughout th e nat ion through the e f f or ts o f d i f fe re nt organizat ions andprojects (


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The number o f ICs c urr ent ly in use i s not exa ct ly known. T h eest im at es g i ven i n t he t ab l e re f e r t o es ti mat ed usage a t t he end o f eachprogram. I t was est imated by Wood (1 98 7) , f o r example, th a t more than55 percent o f th e stoves ins ta l l ed dur ing t he 19805 were no longer inuse. Th os e remain i ng were repor t ed t o be gradua l l y f a l l i n g i n t o d i suse ,through lac k o f f l u e maintenance, acci dent a l in te rn al breakage, andnormal wear and te a r . A number o f reasons have been ide nt i f ie d th atl imited wide scals disseminat ion:

- th e p ot holes were to o smal l t o accommodate th e l ar ge po ts used i nmany households;

- i n many cases , t he ba f f l e was t oo sm al l t o achi eve good hea t t rans f e r ;- t h e i n s e r t s w e re t o o h ea vy ( 1 8 k g p e r u n i t ) a n d t o o f r a g i l e f o rmassive d isseminat ion i n Nepal . T h e r e i s considerable breakage,especia l ly in th e f lange o f t he chimney sect ion dur ing t ranspor tat io nfrom product ion cent res t o the p lace o f use.

- t hese i ns er t s , i n m ost cases , cou l d not be produced l oc a l l y ;

- sk i l l e d t echn i c i ans ( po t t e rs ) w ere needed t o p roduce and i ns t a l l ;

- th e ICs could n ot provide both space heat ing and cooking, espec ia l lyfor households i n the h igher h i l l s and mountains;

- t hey cou ld not hand le t he en t i re range o f f u e l t ypes t ha t peop l e burn( agr i cu l t u ra l b i om ass and i n du st r i a l r es i dues , f o r example );

- i t w as d i f f i c u l t t o r e p l a c e b ro ke n p a r t s o f t h e s to ve s; a n d- most ICPs lacked energet ic d isseminat ion st rate gies i nvol v ing th eloc al o rga niz atio ns and women use rs.

See Wood (19 87) f o r fu rt he r discussion o f th ese and oth er problems.


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C. O g g o i m Ef for ts i n 1221

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Table 2 shows those N epa l i organiza t ions now ac t i ve ly involved i nIC R&D and promot ional e f f or ts . A l t ho ug h th ere are no large -scal ed issemi na ti on e f f o r t s s t i l l i n opera t i on , t her e a re severa l sm a l lenerget ic e f fo r t s and others p lanned:

The Sma ll Farmer DeV4122Ment Program iSFDP1 of the Ag ri cu lt ur alDevelopment Bank o f Nepal (ADBN) was st ar te d i n 1975/7 6 w it h supportfrom UNDP/FAO fo r 2 p i l o t p ro je cts . B y July 1990, th er e were 459 f i e l do f f ices cover i ng 14 ,530 groups i n 75 d i s t r i c t s . T o he l p promote a rangeof improved technologies, including ICs, the SFDP emphasizesmobi li zat ion o f lo ca l user groups.

Production Cr ed it f o r Ru ra l Women iPCRW1 i s a program o f th e WomenDevelopment Div is io n (WDD) o f th e Mi ni st ry o f Local Development (MLD).I t was s t a r t ed 1982 w i t h t h e ob j ec t i ve o f a l l ev i a t i ng pover ty andimproving the so ci al wel f are o f ru ra l women. T h e program has beenimplemented i n 42 d i s t r i c t s and a n estimat ed 164,0 00 women havebenef ited. I C s have been a component of these ef fo r t s .

The Cen tre f o r Ru ra l Technology_ICRT1 WOW es ta bl is he d i n Kathmandu(1989) as a pr iv ate- sect or organizat ion wi th a ims to ass ist people andagencies i n th e development, promotion, and dissemination o f appropria tet echnol og ies su i t ed t o r u r a l cond i t i ons. C u r r e n t l y , i n con junct i on w i t hthe PCRW and SFDP, CRT has been i nvo lve d i n a UNICEF-assisted p ro je ct"Chi ldren, Environment and Sustainable Development i n Nepal". O n e o fthe ac t i v i t ie s i s t o choose and promote ICs i n 30 s electe d PCRW/SFDPprojec t a rea s t o reduce fuelwood demand and t o improve householdsan i t a t i on .

Real iz ing th e const ra ints t o I C development i n ru ra l areas o fNepal, CRT has promoted a new type o f stov e developed b y RECAST. T h i s"Tamange IC i s a high-mass c la y sto ve s im i l ar t o th e New Magan IC , bu tw it h an i m por tan t add i t i o n . A m et al t r i pod i ns er t i s used t o g i v estrength such t ha t la rg e p ots and vigorous s t i r r i n g can be accommodated.


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I n cont ras t t o t he cerami c i nse r t , how ever, t h e m et al t r i pod i ns er t i sfam i l ia r , cheap, l i g h t ( 3 kg ) , unbreakable, and can be made i n manylocal areas.

By Ap r i l 1991, ov er 500 such stoves had been ins ta l l ed by t ra inedlocal techn ician s wi th tec hni cal assistan ce from CRT and ADBN indi f f er en t SFDP/PCRW area s. Ba s ed on f i e l d observat ions, t h e Tamang hasgained po pu lar i ty among ru r a l housewives as compared t o e a r l i e r ins erte dprefabricated ceramic stove mainly because o f th e fo l lo wing reasons:

- t h e com pl et e s t ove can be made by s k i l l e d l o ca l peop l e w i t h l oc a lm at er ia ls su ch a s r o c k , b r i c k , mu d, b r a n , a nd i r o n , w hi ch i s a l r e a d ybrought i n f o r o the r purposes;

- i t c an b e made i n d i f f e r e n t s i z e s a s p e r f a m i l y r eq ui re me nt s an di n s t a ll e d i n t h e d e s i r ed l o c a t i o n ;

- i t s mud br i ck chimney can be made l oc a l l y ;

- i t s i r o n t r i p o d i s f i x e d i n t h e groun d w hi ch makes t h e s t o ve st ro n gand durable; an d

Based on f i e l d inte rv ie ws, 30 - 35% o f fue lwood i s saved and k i tchensare less smoky.

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About 35 lo c a l art is ans inc lud ing 6 women stove promoters weret ra in ed i n 1 99 0 t o c o ns tr uc t t h e I Cs a t v a r io u s p r o j e c t s i t e s . I t i 3planned t h a t an add i t i o na l ba t ch o f 80 l o ca l a r t i sa ns ( t echn i c ians ) w i l lbe t ra i ned t o i n s t a l l 950 stoves dur ing 1991. C R T has emphasizedconst ruct ion by th e user and has publ ished s imple and pra ct i ca ltechnical guidelines on improved household cookstoves with mud brick


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chimneys fo r the use by the pro jec t o f f i c i a l s , l o ca l a r t i san s , and groupleaders who are involved in IC promotion and disseminat ion act ivi t ies inrural areas.

CRT is a l so developing a program to ass ist i n the in st a l la t i on offue l -e f f i c i en t in s t i t u t io na l s toves f o r community cooking as we l l as f orsmal l -scale indus t r i a l use such as i n the e f f i c i en t use o f fue lwoodenergy f o r bo i l in g Lok ta, a raw mate ria l f o r making hand-made paper i ns el ec te d a r ea s o f t h e we st er n d i s t r i c t s . A s p a r t o f i t s i n t e g r at e drural development focus, CRT has been per forming the ro le o f fa ci l i t a to ror cata lys t to serve as clearinghouse f o r informat ion disseminat ion,fa c i l i t a te communicat ion/contacts among research ers, developers,promoters, and us ers .

United Mission of Nual OMNI has had modest ICPs in two areas ofthe country (Jumla and Andhi !Chola) . Ex c ep t f o r th e cost o f t ransp ort ,the ICs ar e f u l l y subsidized by UMN. E y e problems ar e common in theseareas, t o the exten t t ha t many young men cannot qua l i fy fo r pol i ce orarmy servic e. T h e s e problems are of t en at t r ib ute d t o the smoke insidehomes. Nev er t hel ess UMN has found th at ICs ar e g enera l ly not h ig h onthe l i s t o f p r i o r i t i e s f o r u s er s. I n a d d i ti o n , i n J u ml a, u se rs w er econcerned tha t ICs would not prov ide suf f i c i en t l i gh t and heat i n th e i rhomes, b u t d i d l i k e t h e r e d uc t io n i n b ur n r i s k f o r c h i l d re n . I n t h efuture, UMN plans t o t r y Int roducing ICs th at ar o placed under hoodsb u i l t i n t o t h e w a l l s .

Stm_tb2_Cbl1gniu_US4 (STC) added an IC? i n 1984 t o i t s integratedrura l development program begun i n 1981, wi th th e ob ject iv es o f reducingfuel use and smoke le ve ls . A modif ied Nada Stove (mud body, po tt er yf l ue , damper) has been promoted. I n 1987, an evalu at ion was conductedby RECAST wi th th e f oll owi ng re su lt s:

- - Bo i l i ng water t es ts revea led a 22$ PHU;- - 65% I C s s t i l l i n u se ;- - P ot ho les were too smal l f or loc a l needs;- - Users missed the l i gh t and heat g iven o f f by t r ad i t io na l s toves;


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- - Flu e i n many homes was no t cleaned re gu lar ly ; and- - Users claimed some fu e l sa vings.

Another RECAST eval uat i on i n planned f o r 1991 f o r th e 1000 ICs in st al le din 1990.

Households cont r ibu te 15 Rs o f the 20 Rs lab or charge, w i t h theremainder (5 Rs) and m ate r ia ls (7 0 Rs) donated by STC. T h e ICP dependon Non-formal Adul t Educat ion Centres se t up i n each Panchayat . O n ef a c i l i t a t o r i s t r a i n e d i n e ac h A d u l t E d c l a s s , who t h e n t r a i n s t h o s e i nclass who are int ere st ed . T h e nomadic groups o f p otte rs a re encouragedt o make and s e l l f l ue par t s .

RECAST now has f o u r s t a f f working on IC s and has developed a t o t a lo f 8 I C s (m ud , m e t a l , b r i c k , a nd 5 c e ra m i c -i n s e rt I C s ) . L i k e t h e o t h e rgroups in Nepal , however, RECAST i s now pr in ci pa l l y focused on t hem et al - t ri pod ra t her t han ceram i c - I nser t I C3 . I n a p ro j ec t n inded by t heFAO Regio nal Energy Program, Bangkok, RECAST i s embarking on a p i l o ts tudy t o p romote k i t chen improvement . T h i s w i l l i nc l ude I Cs , b u t a l solat r in es and compost ing, as we l l as improved k i tchen ve nt i l a t io n,l i gh t i ng , and w orki ng a reas . RE CA ST i s a l so mov ing i n t o i n s t i t u t i o na lICs f o r te a shops and an iaproved t ea dry ing stove t ha t can be used f orother purposes durin g t he seasons when te a ha rvest ing i s not occurr in g.

RECAST has al so take n up sev era l ICP e valua t ions i n rece nt ye ars,including those f o r th e CFDP and Save th e Chi ldren as w el l a s one f ort he Tera i Fores t ry Pro j ec t i n assoc i a t i on w i t h consu lt a t i on f o r I CPimprovement (Sulpya, 1 990 ) . C oo ki ng tes ts in dicate d t ha t those ICsbu i l t t o the new speci f icat io ns saved more th at one- th i rd fu e l comparedt o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s to ve s i n t h e a r e a .

NeRal -Austral ia Forestrz Proje2t started disseminat ingpref abr i ca t ed c l ay s t oves i n 1983 . T h e y f cund t ha t t hese were notsui ted t o h i l l r eg ions because o f t he s t r a i n experi enced by t he t ype o fcooking and because o f breakage during tr ans por t . T h e s e were moresuccessful in th e Te ra i , however. N o w focusing on t ra in ing a few dozen


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local women each ye ar t o bu il d mud stov es. R e c e n t s urvey found 100% o fmud stoves s t i l l i n u se a f t e r 6 months. Women complain about chimneyc lean ing but apprec ia t e l ow er hea t and eye i r r i t a t i on .

USAID has i n i t i a t e d a new integ rated f or es tr y program th at w i l lhave an i mpor tan t I C component. O r i g i n a l l y ca l l i n g f o r a ra t he r Largepor t ion o f the to ta l e f f o r t , th e stove component has now been scaledback to a le ve l commensurate wi t h a six-month ef f o rt by an expa tr i ateexper t , T im Jones, f rom ITDG in t he UK, who arr ive d i n A pr i l 1991. H i sm ai n respons i b i l i t y i s t o ac t as a ca t a l ys t t o b r i ng t oge t her t hedisparate groups w it hi n th e Kathmandu b i l a t e r a l , NGO, and donorcommunities who have i n t e re s t s i n I Cs . I t i s hoped t ha t i n t h i s way amore coordinated and vigorous ICP can be developed f o r th e c oun try.

The Mrigendra Me dic al Tru st IMMT1 has been i ntr od uc ing Tamang ICsin the Pharping region o f Kathmandu Val le y . I n addi t ion t oincorporating ICs i nt o t h e i r ge neral e f f or ts a t community improvement,MMT has bee n stu dy in g t h e e f f e c t s o f IC s o n smoke exposures among women.For example , i n a fo l low-up to a cross -sect ional s tudy done of thepot ent ial f o r IC s t o reduce smoke exposures t o cooks (Mountain Researchand Develo2ment (MRD), Nov. 1 986 , P. 29 3) , MMT rece nt l y publ ished t h e i rlongi tudinal s tudy o f exposures before and af t e r in t roduct ion of ICs(MRD, Nov. 199 0, p . 31 3) . B o t h studios showed th a t ICs seem to reducesmoke exposures t o one- th i rd o f t h e i r t r ad i t io na l le ve ls .

MMT re l i e s heav i l y on users ' g roups and v i l l ag e - l ev e l par t i c i pa t i onin i t s programs. MMT has al so conducted and publ ished medical researchon th e impacts o f stove smoke on chronic bron chi t is i n adul ts and acuteresp i ra t ory i n f ec t i ons i n ch i l d ren , bo t h c r i t i ca l hea l t h problems i nNepal . T h e i r work has indicated th at subst ant ia l hea l th improvementscan be associated wi th reduct ions i n smoke exposures under r ur al Nep al ic on di ti on s. T h e y p l a n f u r t h e r , mo re d e t a i l e d , s t u d i es o f t h i s k i n d .


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D. Cu rr en t St at us o f th e Wood Recommendations

In 1 98 7, T imo thy Wood made a number o f recommendations. To t h eextent th at the re i s ev idence, i t may be usefu l t o examine whether theyseem val id for the 19905.

Cookstove designs are inadeguate:been done t o develop and t e s t newmake ad di t io na l c ontr ibut ions andab le t o t a k e on t h i s r o l e .

Te3 t i a l has been i ns uf f i c i en t : N o syst emat ic t e s t p rocedures a r e ye t i nu s e .

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Li t t le add i t io nal work seems t o havedesigns. RECAST has not been able topriv ate-s ecto r NOOs have no t ye t been

H I & subsidies ar e sel f -d efe at i ng : T he re i s some movement away fromtot a l subsid ies but most programs s t i l l subsid ize IC3 t o some ext ent .

Need f o r be t t er extension 3erv icgg: T h e r e i s good evidence tha t each ofthe ICP3 now operat ing has qu i te sophist icated extension ef fo r t scompared t o t he pas t . T h e r e i s acut e se ns i t i v i t y o f t he need t o i nvo l ve113Ors and provide su f f ic ie nt resources f o r t ra in in g and par t ic ipa t io n.

Nat ional t a m e t a have bgeg ugrgal igt ic a44-20uRt2E2roduct ive: T h en at io n i s now a t t h e o t h e r e xt re me , i . e . , t h e r e a r e no t a r g e t s a t a l l ,indeed, no ICs a t a l l i n present HMG pro gra m, such as CommunityF o re s tr y. T h e r e a r e e a r l y i n d i c a t io n s o f g ro wi ng i n t e r e s t a g a i n ,however.

Take adyggt gm ot _gg l g t l gg 3 t gvg- t u l l 4 l gg t ra4 l t I gg g: T o some ex t en t ,the focus on t he Tameng stov e (s ee below) i s movement i n t hi s di re ct io n.Develgg sgace he at lg g stovgg: T h e sm al l UMN program t o t r y hoods seemsto be th e on ly movement in th is d i r ec t io n.

Reconsider th e New Mggan Chula: N o one seems t o be promoting t h is sto vea t p resent .


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Imorove the In se r t Stove: Becau se o f the bad experience wi th th eceramic ins er ts , pre sent in te re st i s focused on the Tamang.

Proceed caut iou sly wi t h th e Tamang i u n t i l fuelwood savings i s nrovenl :Most programs a re now promoting t h is sto ve because o f th e advantagesl i s t ed i n s e c t i o n C , a bo ve . I t i s n o t c l e a r , ho we ve r, w he th ersuf f i c i e n t i n - f i e l d t es t i ng and surveys have been done t o ve r i f ys i gn i fi c an t f u e l sa vi ng s. T h i s c l e a r l y remains a p r i o r i t y .

Develon in st itu tio na l IC s: B e i n g undertaken by RECAST and CRT.

Conduct survey of t radi t ional s toves: Apparent ly not yet p lanned.

Establ ish or s t rengthen programs of IC develument and tes t in g: T h i shas n o t be en d on e. I n d e e d , i f a n yt hi n g, su pp o rt f o r t h e I C e f f o r t s o fRECAST has decayed fu rt he r sin ce 1987 and no ot he r orga niza tion hastaken up t he tas k.

Establ ish an advisory_nrogram to serv e a l l cookstove orngrams: T h elev el o f communication among programs s t i l l needs improvement. A nadvisory committee with representat ives from th e major int ere ste d groupscould as si st , a s w el l as help ing l i n k some o f th e government agenciesand NGOs with complementary in te re st s and s k i l l s .

Egoand t h e leadershL o role of t h e CFDP: A s discussed above, CFDPc onsid ers i t s e l f n o l o ng e r t o b e i n vo l ve d i n I C s . I t i s a l s o n o l o ng e rc lear th at th is recommendation i s va l i d , s in ce recent th ink ing hasemphasized the importance of focusing on non-government organizations.

E. Observation g and Conclus ion'The br ig ht p ar t o f th is record i s th e substan t ia l advancement in

the ar t and sc ience of extension tha t i s represented by the presentdisseminat ion e f f or ts o f CRT/ 'DP/UNICEF, UMN, STC, and MMT. U s e r s 'p r i o r i t i e s a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n a r e w e l l i n t e g r a t e d i n e a ch o f t h es e


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pro jec t s. F ro m t h i s s t andpo i n t , Nepa l can be proud o f i t s p rogress i none of th e most cr i t i c a l components o f successful ICPs.

I t i s s t r i k i n g , h owe ve r, how l i t t l e t h i s s o p h is t ic a ti o n i n t h ehuman si de o f th e ICP equ at ion has been matched by soph ist i cat ion on th et ec h ni ca l s i d e . D e s i g n a nd t e s t i n g e f f o r t s r em ai n r e l a t i v e l yunsophisticated and, indeed, seem t o have ac tu al ly regressed i n recentyears. W h a t Nepal seems to need ar e t echn ical backup uni ts o fs u f f i c i e n t c a l i b e r t o m atch i t s h i g h - q u a l i t y " s o c i a l backup u n i t s . "

Ident i fy ing people and organizat ions having t he R&D sk i l ls andinterests and g iv in g them due recogni t ion and suppor t w i l l be ani mpor tant par t o f ach i ev i ng grea t e r penet ra t i on o f I Cs i n Nepa l . Su ohef f or t s , o f course, must be c lo sel y integrate d wi th o ther developmentac t i v i t i es , such as agro fore et ry , income generat ion, women's programs,and envi ronm ent a l and san i t a t i o n ac t i v i t i es a t t he grass - root s l e ve l .

There a r e many good suggestions i n t h e Wood assessment wi th reg ardthe s k i l ls needed by such technica l backup un i ts th at ar e even morere l evant t oday t han i n 1987 . I n add i t i on , t her e may be ways t o t akeadvantage o f th e advances made in ot he r Asian countr ies i n rece nt yearsi n t e c hn i c al backup c a p a b i l i t i e s . I n d i a , C h in a , a n d , t o a l e s s e rex t en t , S r i Lanka have deve loped i ns t i t u t i o ns t h a t m ight w e l l se rve asmodels and t ra in in g centers f o r upgrading Nepal 's ca pa bi l i t ie s .

I n t h i s r e s p e ct , i t i s c u ri ou s t o n o t e t h a t w h il e t h e r e s t o f SouthAsia seems t o be moving away from mud IC3 and toward ceramic in se rt sbecause o f qu al i t y con tro l problems w it h mud, most people i n Nepal seemt o be l i e ve t ha t Nepa l shou ld move i n t he reverse d i rec t i on . Wh at i shappening, however, i s not r e a l l y a move away f rom inse r ts , b ut ra th er amove toward an even strong er in se rt represented by t he metal t r ip od usedin th e Tamang IC . I s th e h ist ory o f Chinese ICPs shows, what mayeventually be needed in Nepal i s even more meta l p ieces to be t te r f i x ICcr i t i c a l d im ensi ons.


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Organization T o t a l Stovesdisseminated EstimatedS t ov e s i n U s e Y e a r s

1 C O M M U M i t Y Forestry 2 5 0 0 0 10000 81-88Development ProjectL U N P P / f i g a l n la. B e g n a s , Rups Tel. 1 0 0 70 86-87Watershed Management

3. P h e w * Ta l Watershed 1 0 0 70 86-87

Integrated H i l l 1 5 0 46 81-86Development Project

5. N e p a l / A u s t r a l i a 3 6 0 0tuutcz_lc21221_ -50S

83 -

6. R e s o u r c e Conservation 1 0 0 0and Ut i l i zat ion Pro ject1244/PI____225 81-85

7 . 4 A pp ro pr ia te Technology 2 8 0 30 81-84Units (USAIM/ 0311)

8. T o r s i Community 1 9 3 0 1156 84-87Forestry Project1 5 1 G 1 - -9. T i t l a l l Watershed 3 5 0 84 82-85____Muarstut M i n t 114/4210. C o m m u n i t y Water 1 7 0 0 884 83-87Er2,1221 (U NIC IF/ SATI)11. S P D P / A D M U N I C I F 3 8 0 0 WA 83-90

12. S a v e t h e Chi ldren 1 5 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 155 o f 213 84-90ESDI - i g g &I - - - - -

13. J u m l a and Andbi [ bo laProjects ( S W ) 1 7 0 40% 87-90 M m m

14. P h a r p i n g (MMT) 2 0 0 90% 88-90

15. E h a t h h e t e m i P r oj ec t (LWS) s m e l l M K = MP Mr

16. t a i n c h a n r P ro je ct (FPAPC) s m a l l Emi.

17. t a l i t p u r (MOP?) s m a l l . M i n n

18. R e d Cross s m a l l

Table 1Efforts of various Organizations/Agencies Di re ct ly Involved inthe Prosotion and Dissemination o f Improved cookstoves i n Nepal(1981-1990)

-

____T2 -141Q22_


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Sources f o r Table 1:1. Ass ess men t o f Cookstove Programs i n Nepal (Wood, 1987 )2 . M a j o r Agro Fores try Ac t i v i t i e s o f NOOs i t Nepal : A Survey

(Jeannette & Rayachhetry, 1 990 )3. Ag r i c u l t u r a l Development Bank, Review Report , (ABDN, 1990)4. Im pr ov ed Cooking-Stoves i n Nepal (K.M. S ulpya, 199 1)5 . I n t e r v i ew s ( February and M arch , 1991 ) .Abbreviations:

ADBN: A gr ic ul tu ra l Bank o f NepalCARE: ( t h e inte rna t io nal c har i ty )EEC: Europea n Economic COMM1S3i011FAO: Food and Agr ic ul tu ra l Organizat ion o f the Uni ted Nat ionsFPAPC: Fa mi ly Plann ing Associ atio n and Pa ra si te Contr olIBRD: Worl d BankLWS: Lu th er an Wor ld S er ci ceMHPP: Mi ni st ry o f Housing and Physical Planning (earthquake r e l i e f )MMT: Mrig end ra Medic al Tr us tSATA: Swis s B i la t e ra l Ai d AgencyS'DP: Sm al l F armers Development ProgramUMN: Un it ed Mission s o f NepalUM?: Un it ed Nati ons Development ProgramUNICEF: Unit ed Natio ns Ch ild ren 's FundUSAID: United States Agency for International Development


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Figure 2 : Ev o l u t i on o f Improved Cooks tove Des igns in Nepal

1981/82 Double Va i l Stove)14' -.6-

1981/82TERIiiove

1984/85 Modified TERI Stove

mo.m i l t - -1989/90 Improved OnePothole Mud Stove

1952 Hydrabad Chub

1989/90 Improved TwoR1ng Mud Stove

1983 Modified In se rt stove

1978/79 Lorena Stov e

1981/82 Insert Stove

1985/86 ?assay Stove

1983 New Ne pa li Chub

Source: KM . Sulpy a,199 1.

1983 Mud-n-Brick Stove

i 1989/90 Tamang Stove


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Country Studies - The Status of Improved Cookstove Programs in Nepal

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