Country Study on Haiti Spring 2012

7/28/2019 Country Study on Haiti Spring 2012

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Haiti


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About This Document:

Tasking from Professor Zidek to analyze the stability of Haiti and suggest where 100 million ayear for the next 5 years in US foreign aid can be most productive. The analysis employed open sourceinformation with an emphasis on internet-based collection. The collection and analysis for this projectwas conducted throughout the duration of the term and concluded on May 14, 2012.The country study evaluates the following aspects and their relation to stability:

Economic

Geographic

Military

Political

Social

TechnologicalThe country study utilizes the following analytic techniques:

Analysis of Competing Hypotheses

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Analysis

Link Chart Analysis

Multi-Criteria Decision Making AnalysisThe project was carried out based upon the requirements and directions set forth by Professor

Zidek in his instruction of the 2011-12 Spring Term RIAP 178 Advanced Intelligence Analysis class.

__________________________Pia A. Frascatore

(Analyst)


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Table of Contents:

Situation

Recommendations

Discussion

Military

Political

Social

Economy

Technology: Transportation, Communications

Geography

Comments

Sources

Annexes

A-Link

B- IPB

C-MCDM

D- ICP

E- Acknowledgements

Sourcing for cover graphics:

Council for a parliament of the world's religions, David Rickey


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http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/news/index.php/2010/07/a-church-for-the-21st-century


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Situation

One of the poorest and least developed countries in the world, Haiti1 Unfortunately this statement is a valid

assessment of Haiti. The condition in Haiti has been described as acute, on chronic condition, Haiti was in poor

shape before, but the 2010 earthquake has crippled any progress they had made in development2. In response to

the tragedy the international community pledged 4 billion dollars3. The wariness of independent donors, has led

to only 2.3 billion having been received two years after the disaster4. Haitis political instability stems from a

long history of military coups, and embezzlement. However the current democratically elected government, is a

accomplishing little as far as strengthening international confidence, each victory over shadowed by political

infighting and scandal. The population is very active and vocal about their discontent at the situation, going so

far, as to take political matters in their own hands, forming a civilian militia to patrol streets and boarders. The

UN abhors this development but has been unable to disarm citizens. President Martelly has also been unable to

convince the gatherings to disband. In the mist of this uncertainty The Cholera Epidemic is increasing in

severity5. This has raised tensions between the general populous and the UN; because rumors that the UN caused

the Cholera epidemic by bringing in soldiers from previously in affected areas.

Recommendations

The are many delegations who will support the development of Haitis, medical , educational , and general

welfare, however what will really help Haiti as a country, to truly become stable as a nation would be for the

people to have confidence in their government. This can only be accomplished by the government taking steps to

address the problems that plague their country. The

availability of funds and trained workers limit what the

government of Haiti is capable of accomplishing on their

own, my recommendation is that they do not work on their

own. The best way for them to contribute to the

development would be to proactively harness the productive

power behind the international interest and ensure it is


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utilized to Haiti full benefit.

The Haitian government has yet to be proven incompetent; they have been proactive in the effort to stabilizeHaiti, focusing on tasks that can only be accomplished by the government, amending the constitution, ensuring

peaceful relations with the Dominican Republic, working to expand education. True stability will only come

from a strong nation, strong nations must be unified and this can only come from having confidence in ones

government. Haitis main limitation is funding for government projects as the majority of aid goes to foreign run

independent endeavors. I would like to see the Haitian Government take control of the foreign forces at work

within their borders; stating that they are not too proud to receive help, but are still capable of deciding what is

best for Haiti. This vision would be most realistically realized as a bureaucracy, tasked with taking a census of

need in the country, then assigning foreign aid workers, funding and programs, to the areas that need that service

that most. This can be expanded to include other benefits, such as a mandatory percentage of Haitian workers,

and training programs for Haitian workers, so that when foreign services withdraw and international interest

wanes, the country will be in a strong position to continue recovery and development. I recommend allotting 20

million a year for the next 5 years to this cause.

Transportation is a major problem in Haiti as the earthquake destroyed the minimal infrastructure that was in

place previously. Delivering aid to now isolated communities has been a reoccurring issue in the recovery

efforts. Haiti relies on imported petroleum products and 78% of the population lives in poverty, making the idea

of the general population being able to own and operate automobiles unrealistic. I would instead recommend a

rail system, specifically one that utilizes designs from Japan, as a fellow island frequented by earthquakes and

tropical storms. These would not have to be maglev trains, as the entirety of Haiti is comparable to the state of

Michigan6, so speed shouldnt be necessary. The train line should cut between the top 10 cities: Port-au Prince,

Gonaives, Port-de-Paix, Cap-Haitian, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie, Petit Goave; to ensure

transportation to non-coastal areas of the country. In the long run this system will not only enable aid to be

delivered but also, enable decentralization of the economy, transportation of goods, cheap transportation for the

general populous and an evacuation route in case of future emergencies. 80 million a year for the next 5 years

should cover constructions costs of such a system.


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Discussion

Military:

In Haitian culture the military is a symbol of, strength and self-

reliance. It is the power to defend their people, against the

Dominican Republic, and to announce their freedom as a nation to

the world; despite the historical short comings.

12 Haiti has a long history of military dictatorships, dating back to just

after the island of Hispaniola divided into two countries. In the most recent

successful rule was established in 1964 when the popularly elected

president Franois Duvalier, became the dictator known as Papa Doc.

When his time came to an end, Papa Doc was responsible for the deaths of

over 30,000 persons; his son Baby Doc inherited the dictatorship as well

as the Tontons Macoutes, a militia designed to maintain order and power.

Baby Doc was over thrown in 1986 by a military coup; this was followed

by many short lived governments and military coups, until the American

occupation of 1995. At this point the army was disbanded and

redemocratization began7.

3Haiti has not yet revived their military legacy; instead their borders and cities are patrolled by the

national police force, commanded by National Police Chief Mario Andresol8. The national police force

is 8,000 strong, to manage a population of 9.6 million9. There is a subset of the police force that acts as

a Coast Guard, but their equipment is limited and outdated10. The UN supports expanding the current

system to 16,000 officers11.

1 Former Exiled Dictator Baby Doc Duvalier Holds News Conference - Pictures - Zimbio. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.zimbio.com/pictures/FOvZgvM8XOg/Former+Exiled+Dictator+Baby+Doc+Duvalier+Holds/sLsCRTQJAv2

2 My victims. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.wehaitians.com/my%20victims.html3 In pictures, Haiti: the struggle for survival in Port-au-Prince | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2010/jan/18/haiti-natural-

disasters


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The UN has 8,000 of their own troops operating

in Haiti, operating under Force Commander, Major

General Luiz Eduardo Ramos Pereira (Brazil)12.

The UN is having problems with civilian support,

two of the troops from Pakistan have been charged

and convicted of the raping of a young boy13, and

it is generally believed that the UN caused the Cholera outbreak by bringing in soldiers from already

infected areas.

4The public greatly supports the reinstatement of the army14, it was in fact one of President Martellys

campaign promises. He has sent a proposal through parliament, however even those members who

wouldve liked to see a military in Haiti again, had to cast down the $95 million plan for lack of

funds15. Although Martelly argued that the army could control boarders, put down civil unrest, and

provide employment, the idea was refuted16.

The public didnt take kindly to the lack of progress on this issue and took matters in their own hands.

Veterans and civilians occupied abandoned military

bases, training with small arms, including machine

guns, and patrolling their areas17. Despite many

attempts from both the national government and the

UN, the groups refuse to disband18.

5Political

6Political

4 Haitis wannabe soldiers say they met with leader - seattlepi.com. (n.d. ). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Haiti-s-wannabe-soldiers-say-they-met-with-leader-3557504.php

5 Google Image Result for http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg. (n.d.). Retrieved May16, 2012, from http://www.google.com/imgres?q=martelly&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1280&bih=479&tbm=isch&tbnid=b2H5sr3KBWIveM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Martelly&docid=Kt82eCb2qSeSdM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg&w=220&h=349&ei=xhCzT6qOFIGg6QHLnsjrAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=231&sig=104865053207399792148&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=94&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:74&tx=31&ty=21

6 Google Image Result for http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg. (n.d.). Retrieved May


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Martelly was popularly elected in May 2011. He made some

remarkable accomplishments in his time in office, quelling relations

with The Dominican Republic

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. The international airport has been

restored and the landscape of Port-au Prince is changing as shops and

hotels emerge from the rubble, the government expanded free

education to 1 million children. He has even managed to build a

hospital in Mirebalais, remote in the northern part of the country20.

Haiti is in the process of amending their constitution in order to ensure the stability of the country in

the future; the changes have yet to be approved.

This is not too say that Martelly has a perfect record, even by a politicians standard he is not a fair

player. He appointed much of the parliament when the second elections were not in his favor21,

ensuring the majority for his party. His stubbornness drove away Prime minster

Gary Connolly, who was a member of an alternate party and endorsed by

former President Clinton. Gary stepped down for he believed the

infighting was causing the country harm22. Martelly has endorsed Laurent

Lamothe to be the new PM. Lamothe has passed through the senate, but

is not yet the official PM. The government funded recovery plans have

been halted until the

new PM is sworn into office.2324

Political turmoil has cause international uncertainty in Haiti. Martellys trips to Miami25 for surgery

on his shoulder26 and for a lung clot that nearly killed him27, with no PM to take control of the

16, 2012, from http://www.google.com/imgres?q=martelly&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1280&bih=479&tbm=isch&tbnid=b2H5sr3KBWIveM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Martelly&docid=Kt82eCb2qSeSdM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg&w=220&h=349&ei=xhCzT6qOFIGg6QHLnsjrAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=231&sig=104865053207399792148&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=94&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:74&tx=31&ty=21

Laurent Lamothe


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government in his absences. Senator Moise Jean-Charles, a close ally of Martellys, has had threats

against his life28. There are rumors in circulation that Martelly and some senators are receiving pay-offs

in a plot with The Dominican Republic2930.

Mr. Farmer, the Former Deputy to Clinton the United Nations special envoy for Haiti, and Professor

of Public Health at Harvard Medical School, recommends that Haiti take control of the aid entering the

country31. Martelly has put little effort into following this recommendation. Former Prime Minister

Michle Pierre-Louis says that foreign aid, and NGOs should be allowed to operate freely to reduce

command-action response time32.

Opinions of the government directly reflect the living conditions of the person. Those still living in

the effects of the earthquake, are desperate to find some way to prosper. Many, still living in degraded

conditions post-earthquake, have sided with the civilian militia and accused Martelly of not doing

enough33.

Social

One of the ways Haiti has failed to develop as a modern nation is gender rights. Women are seen as

second class citizens in the majority of the country. Although they have the right to vote34, women are

expected to marry and stay home with their families. However this is only seen in poorer

communities3536, and may be because only 52% of

children can go to school37, due to the traditionally high

tuition38. With the exception of Martellys new system,

which will expand public schooling to 1 million

children39.


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Although 53% of the population is illiterate, Haiti is a nation of

articulate individuals, proactive in expressing their rights. Although the

international community sees the UNs presence in Haiti as a positive and

necessary force, the haitian population hasnt taken kindly to it. They see

the UNs presence as an invasion and occupation of their country. The

presence of the UN troops, is a constant reminder that their own country

is not allowed to form a military and thus incapable of operating without

the UNs aid. A few scandals have made the situation worse. Starting

with the widely believed accusation that the UN brought Cholera to

Haiti40, beget accidentally, by bringing in troops from previously infected

areas. The UNs position has been further compromised by the

prosecution of two pakistani soldiers for the rape of a young boy41.

The poverty rate is disastrous in Haiti, 78% of the population lives on less than two dollars a day42.

This have an exponentially destructive effect of the society, as issues cannot be remedied because of

insufficient funds, new developments arise that cause more costly problems. For example the sewer

system in Port-au-Prince was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake, this resulted in unsanitary conditions,

and could not be remedied in a timely fashion. This caused the Cholera epidemic, which requires an

efficient healthcare system to counter act the escalating situation43. Even before the earthquake medical

services left much to be desired. There are only 1.3 beds for each thousand persons in the country44. It

was expected that 1 out of 8 children would die

before age 545. Wealth disparity is a major

contributor to this cycle. Haiti has a long history

of the government embezzling money, and a

Gini coefficient of 0.5946 proving that they are

far from eliminating corruption.


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7Economy

Haiti is home to a diverse but limited economy. Port-au-Prince

generates 65% of the GDP, highlighting the centralization of their

economy. Industry is 16% of the economy; it includes: textile

production, sugar refining, flour milling, cement making and light

assembly (contracted by US in their care package, biased on imported parts). Agriculture is 25% of the

economy, 11.56% of land mass is utilized for this

purpose, despite 28% of the land is arable. Crops

include coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, mangoes, and

sorghum.

Haiti is reliant on imported goods, for food,

manufactured good, machinery, transport

equipment, fuels and raw materials used in production. As

haiti lacks both the resources and infrastructure to produce

such products on scale that would allow them to be self

sufficient. It is crucial that they maintain good relations

with trade partners especially the US, The Dominican

Republic, and China; while Canada and France, should be

smaller considerations.

Service is by far the largest sector of the economy toping out at 59%. President Martelly wishes to

expand this sector by increasing the tourism market47. The reconstruction of Port-au-Prince already

reflect this decision, as shop and hotels are the first things to raise from the rubble48.

7 Rebuilding Haitis economy Haitians train for work in the garment industry- CNNMoney.com | Rapadoo Observateur.(n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://rapadoo.com/2011/01/21/rebuilding-haitis-economy-haitians-train-for-work-in-the-garment-industry-1-cnnmoney-com/


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When the earthquake struck in 2010, the

international response was pristine, pledging 4

billion dollars to combat the crises. Two years

later only 2.3 billion dollars of aid has been

delivered. This has inhabited Haitis recovery,

halting what projects the government was

heading. The inconsistency stems from the

international communitys, uncertainty in

Haitis political stability, however this reflects poorly on

the donors. The US itself has delivered less than a third of

what we promised in 2010, and while our citizens have

been by far the most generous independent donors, our

actions do not inspire trust in our reliability for the future.

This may lead Haiti to look towards other options, some

we may not approve of. As relations with Cuba grow

stronger, over the fight against Cholera49, we may wish to reassess, if we are more uncomfortable with

Haiti or Cubas government.

Although there is a strong presence of international

aid, the majority of it is being spent by independent

agencies50. While these agencies are unified it their

wish to help, there is no coordinating force to bind

them, leading to discrepancies and redundancies is aid

disbursement 51.


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8Technology

Development in Haiti is sporadic in

nature. The mountainous landscape

prevents a grid system from being a

legitimate option; transmissions have

become a welcome alternate. Cellphones, Radio and the internet are prevalent in Haitian society while

gas stoves have yet to make themselves available to the general population, the unrealistic price of

imported oil may affect this, as do the other restrictions of Haiti being the island nation that it is. A grid

system is unrealistic so radio is the prevailing form of entrainment and information, while TVs remain

a luxury item. Opinions and facts are often confused when radio is involved; as illustrated by an off

handed comment by a senator resulting is a nationwide panic (only relatable to the 1938 reading of the

war of the worlds52) resulting in the complete shutdown of the country on April 1st 201253.

Weather conditions and the need to import most technology,

these restrictions have effects on the island itself, the persistent

use of wood fires, has led to deforestation so apparent it can be

seen from a satellite image,

Haiti now has 35% cell coverage, and some cities have

adopted the use of cellphones as credit cards; to prevent the

spread of cholera through dirty money54. Radio is the main source of information and entertainment, as

TVs are generally a luxury item55. This may have influenced former pop singer Martelly being elected

president.

8 The EKTA Foundation, Microsoft and Inveneo Commit to Building Haiti Back Better, Through Broadband Technology| Inveneo.org. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.inveneo.org/cgi-building-haiti-back-better


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Many new technologies are being utilized in the aid and recovery effort in Haiti. Lifestaws, personal

water filtration systems, are being distributed to help prevent the spread of Cholera56. A modular home

that has been designed, to be shipped in a flat box and assembled on sight, is adding to the efforts to

reduce the occupancy in refugee camps

57

. One Laptop per Child is attempting to bring education to

areas, isolated from proper schooling58.

Transportation in Haiti is limited at best,

there are two main highways to connect

Port-au-Prince to the rest of the country59,

and these were damaged during the earth

quake impeding travel. There is no public

transportation is Haiti; there population at

78% poverty, this severely restricts the majority of the populations ability to travel.

9

Haitis unique landscape creates optimal conditions for

alternate fuel sources; which could enable the country to

reduce their dependence on imported oil. The quickly

running streams created by the mountainous terrain are well

suited to providing hydro-power to surrounding

communities. Haitis proximity to a volcanic fissure is ideal

for geothermal power. The high altitudes and exposure to

tropical storms make wind-power a viable option as well.

9 HaitiXchange Teledjl Forum | Greetings from Haiti - 12-10. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.haitixchange.com/index.php/forums/viewthread/5776/


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Geography:

1011

Neighboring

countries include Cuba

and The Dominican

Republic60. President

Martelly has been able

to quell relations with

The Dominican Republic61. Relations with Cuba are also friendly, as they have helped provide medical

support for the Cholera Epidemic62.

The Majority of the population is centered around Port-au-Prince, with more refugees arriving each

day, to gain the benefits of the foreign aid invested in the area. Port-au-Prince is by far the largest city

in the country, the epicenter of all industry in Haiti, and unfortunately also the epicenter of the

earthquake that devastated the country causing 8 billion dollars in damage 63. Part of the nations

recovery plans is to decentralize rebuilding satellite communities in areas less prone to disaster64.

Most of the country is mountainous, cut by only two under maintained highways, for all but the most

determined travelers Haiti is uncrossable65; which may have led to the centralization of development in

Haiti. The coast line is littered with ports, each an opportunity for a satellite community, prospering

with a self-sustaining economy. Haiti has other developed areas including: Port-au Prince, Gonaives,

Port-de-Paix, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie. Most travel to these places is done by

ship to port, as road travel can be perilous66.

10 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html

11 Haiti Maps - Perry-Castaeda Map Collection - UT Library Online. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/haiti.html


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As Haiti is located just south of a fault line it will remain high risk for major earthquakes. This needs

to be put into consideration for Haitis development and the decentralization (by means of developing

alternate communities)it is essential; and well as finding a means to transport cheap alternate fuel for

cooking, as current practices cause deforestation, which makes the ground unstable increasing the

effects of an earthquake67.


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Comments

The attention caused by the earthquake ensures that, the worlds attention is still on Haiti, with that,

comes news reporters, and researchers. There were many experts reviewing the country so the analyst

had access to many comparable reports by experts which made gauging, political actions, recovery

plans, and international dealings, a feasible task for a non-expert.

Gauging popular opinion and reactions to events can be difficult, there are enough foreign reporters

of the ground to confirm events, but none of them seem to have a strong grasp on the general public

they are reporting about. Local news leaves much to be desired, as the most common way to receive

information is radio and English translations of these programs are hard to come by. These are by far

not the greatest problems with radio as the main source of information. Opinions and facts are often

confused when radio is involved; as illustrated by an off handed comment by a senator resulting is a

nationwide panic, only relatable to the 1938 reading of the war of the worlds68, the complete shutdown

of the country on April 1st 201269. No force is concerned with taking public opinion polls on the ground

and mass media being often misleading in Haiti, one must rely on blogs to gauge social standing. While

blog are good sources for gauging the opinions of the author, but one must infer, how much of the

population they represent.


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Source Reliability: 8

Analytical Confidence: 7.1


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Annex A

Link chart


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Haiti is a turbulent country with strong cultural ties, which reflect their political history. This leads to

the ideal of a strong militarized nation when one speaks of being self-reliant; this has led to civilian

militarization, and occupation of decommissioned military basses.70 The UN is appalled by the idea on

unauthorized gunmen patrolling the streets of Haiti

71

. While Haitian s, see UN intervention as an

invasion, one that may have caused the cholera outbreak72.

The current political situation is a constant battle between the players need to gain power and the

countries need to move forward. The earthquake has caused near irreparable damage, two years later,

very little has been done in terms of solidifying Haitis recovery strategy, each cause, operation, and

country; operate as separate endeavors.

Haiti is stranded between poverty and development, the country has cell coverage but paved roads

are rare. Haiti has a severely corrupted economic system, Gini 0.5973. The economy is centered on the

service market and industry gaps leave 40% of population unemployed74. Haitis has natural resources

but lacks the means to exploit them.

Cholera is becoming more widespread, amidst the lack of infrastructure75. Taking in account the

deteriorating social structure, I would think if Haiti cannot make large steps forwards it will simply

cease to be a country.


Analytical Confidence: 9


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Annex B: IBP

Earthquake:

76

Population:


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Economy(blue overlay of major cities):

Travel Restrictions:


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The Majority of the population is centered around Port-au-Prince. Port-au-Prince is by far the largest

city in the country, the epicenter of all industry in Haiti, and unfortunately also the epicenter of the

earthquake that devastated the country causing 8 billion dollars in damage 77. Most of the country is

mountainous, cut by only two under maintained highways, for all but the most determined travelers

Haiti is uncrossable78; which may have led to the centralization of development in Haiti. The coast line

is littered with ports, each an opportunity for a satellite community, prospering with a self-sustaining

economy. In fact Haiti has developed areas other than Port-au-Prince, beget underdeveloped. The top 8

major cities, clockwise starting from Port-au Prince, (most clearly seen on the population map) are as

follows: Port-au Prince, Gonaives, Port-de-Paix, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie. As

Haiti is located just south of a fault line it will remain high risk for major earthquakes. This needs to be

put into consideration for Haitis development, the decentralization, by means of developing alternate

communities, is essential; and well as finding a means to transport cheap alternate fuel for cooking, as

current practices cause deforestation, which makes the ground unstable increasing the effects of an

earthquake79.




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Annex C

MCDM

Pia Frascatore, Advanced Intelligence Analysis

18 April 2012

Country X Most Likely To Benefit By Economic and Health Investments Over The Next 5 Years

Executive Summary:

Due to popular support and, the strong executive branch support in Haiti, it seems the country will be focusing on education

and supplementing the economy with tourism. As there will be cooperate funding for the development of Haiti as a

destination, our support in this area should be recommendations that American companies to invest. Education will draw

foreign investment from across the board, international conglomerates, NGOs and national governments will be drawn to

this area if only to be able to say that they gave school books to the children of Haiti. Expansion of the police force Is the

next most likely course of action, if this is perused, The United States should contribute what arms and equipment may be

useful, however funding for this venture shouldnt be a problem for Haiti, as this is the UNs current pet project on the

ground. Infrastructure and the effective utilization of the NGOs (and their considerable funding), are tied as the next course

of action, these are not lime light problems in a time of crises, however they could be crucial to not only Haitis recovery but

also their development past the crisis, where funding will not be as easy to come by.

Requirement:

How will Haiti continue recovery plans? Where should 100 million dollars for the next 5 years go?

Possible Courses Of Action:

COA 1: Haiti will develop a military

COA 2: Haiti will expand their police force

COA 3: Haiti will focus on Education

COA 4: Haiti will focus on healthcare

COA 5: Haiti will focus on Infrastructure decentralized towns

COA 7: Haiti will focus of agriculture

COA 8: Haiti will focus of transportation


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COA 9: Will adopt reforms to prevent embezzling money

COA 10: Haiti will adopt command structure to organize active NGOs efficiently

Screening Criteria:

COA must not deter investors and grants

Remaining COAs (After Screening Applied):

COA 2: Haiti will expand their police force

COA 3: Haiti will focus on Education

COA 4: Haiti will focus on healthcare

COA 5: Haiti will focus on Infrastructure decentralized towns

COA 7: Haiti will focus of agriculture

COA 8: Haiti will focus of transportation

COA 9: Will adopt reforms to prevent embezzling money

COA 10: Haiti will adopt command structure to organize active NGOs efficiently

Evaluation Criteria:

Eval A: Popular Support ((Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)

Eval B: Parliamentary Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)

Eval C: Presidential Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)

Eval D: International Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)


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Matrix:

Sources:

COA 1/2, Eval: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11643348

COA 3, Eval : http://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135119772/education-a-top-issue-for-voters-in-haiti

COA 4: Same as COA 1 and 2

COA 5: Eval A:http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/haitis-economy/

COA 6:http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-4818-haiti-economy-in-davos-the-president-martelly-explains-the-potential-of-

haiti-to-investors.html

COA 7: Eval A:http://guardian.co.tt/business/2012-04-15/cardi-revive-haiti%E2%80%99s-agricultural-sector

Eval B: http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-4373-haiti-agriculture-colombia-will-help-the-haitian-coffee-growers.html

COA 8: Eval: http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/

http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations

Eval B: http://www.rand.org/news/press/2010/08/13.html

COA 9:Eval A:http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-

49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679

Eval B:http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm

COA 10: Eval http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/haitis-economy/


http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm


28/42

Annex D

ICP

Country Haiti ICPCreated By:

Pia Frascatore

Purpose

Source Name

Title ID

Type of Source Intelligence Type Periodicity

Utility Time Source Reliability

Comments

All

BBC Online

BBC 1

Online Newspaper Open Source As needed

Highly Useful 12:00 AM 7

Military updates, UN relations

CIA - The World Factbook

CIA - The World Factbook 2

Government Website Open Source Often

Highly Useful 10




Highly Useful 10




Highly Useful 10


29/42

Discovery Service: Haiti's Rise From the Rubble

5

Journal Open Source Once

Useful 7

Discovery Service: Haiti's Rise From the Rubble6

Online Journal Open Source Once

Useful 7

http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm

33

Research Center Open Source Once

Highly Useful 7

http://radiometropole.ht/

No translations 46

Online News Source Open Source Once

Not Useful 8

http://realtruth.org/articles/100210-004-americas.html

49

Online Newspaper Open Source More than Once

Useful 6

http://reason.com/archives/2012/03/12/port-au-princes-aid-economy

Port-au-Prince's Aid Economy - Reason Magazine 26

Online Magazine Open Source Once

Not Useful 6


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http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/HAITIEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22251393~pageP

Haiti - Country Brief 8

Corporate Website Open Source Often

Highly Useful 8

http://www.chicagotribune.com14

Online Newspaper Open Source Occasionaly

Useful 6

http://www.defend.ht/

35

Online News Source Open Source Weekly

Highly Useful 7

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/haiti

10


Highly Useful 7

http://www.haitian-truth.org/

45


Useful 7

http://www.haitilibre.com/

34

Online News Source Open Source weekly

Highly Useful 7


31/42

http://www.lemoniteur.fr/

38

Online Newspaper Open Source Often

Useful 8

http://www.miamiherald.com/36

Online Newspaper Open Source Weekly

Highly Useful 8

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/

27


Highly Useful 7

http://www.npr.org

29


Highly Useful 9

http://www.nytimes.com/

11

Online Newspaper Open Source Weekly

Useful 7

http://www.rand.org/news/press/

52

Online News Source Open Source Often

Highly Useful 8


32/42

http://www.redcross.org/haiti

50

Institutional Website Open Source Often

Highly Useful 8

http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/HaitiRN1.2.pdf43

Institutional Website Open Source Once

Useful 7

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1982.htm

Haiti 32

Government Website Open Source Once

Useful 9

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1982.htm

Haiti 7


Highly Useful 10

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/leadership.shtml

51

Institutional Website Open Source Often

Highly Useful 8

Economics

Haiti : Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review

23


Useful 8


33/42

Haiti in the Balance : Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do About It

Haiti in the Balance : Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do About It 24


Highly Useful 8

http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm55

Online News Source Open Source More than Once

Useful 7

http://www.caribjournal.com/2012/03/06/haiti-to-receive-131-million-in-reconstruction-help-from-european-union/

Haiti to Receive $131 Million in Reconstruction Help from EU 25


Useful 7

http://www.economist.com/

28


Highly Useful 8

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/haitis-novel-decentralization-program-gives-a-voice-to-the-heartland-hundreds-

54


Useful 7

Geography

haiti - Google Maps

47

Corporate Website Open Source Once

Highly Useful 10


34/42

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=5620

Haiti earthquake January 2010: damage assessment - JRC - European Commission 48


Highly Useful 9

Militaryhttp://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php

31


Useful 8

http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=13851

Political Science Quarterly: Fall 1997: "Disobedient" Generals and the Politics of 44


Highly Useful 8

Political

http://blackagendareport.com/content/puppet-dictator-and-president-haiti-today-and-tomorrow

The Puppet, the Dictator, and the President: Haiti Today and Tomorrow | Black Agenda 40

Blog Open Source Once

Not Useful 5

http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm

Haiti - Government and Politics 42Research Center Open Source Once

Highly Useful 7

http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47515

Q&A: "The Elites Are Like a Huge Elephant Sitting on Haiti" - IPS ipsnews.net 39


Not Useful 6


35/42

http://www.electionguide.org/election.php?ID=1704

IFES Election Guide - Election Profile for Haiti 37

Research Center Open Source Once

Useful 8

http://www.haiti.org/Welcome to the Embassy of Haiti In Washington DC 41


Useful 8

Social

Haiti : Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper : Joint Staff Advisory Note

9


Useful 8

Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report

Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report 20


Useful 8

Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel

21


Useful 8

http://ueh.edu.ht/

Universit d'Etat d'Hati 30


Useful 7


36/42

http://www.haiticonference.com/

Sustainable Haiti Social Venture Capital/Social Enterprise Conference 13


Useful 7

http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/04/united-nations-still-denies-its-troops-brought-cholera-to-haiti.htmlUnited Nations Still Denies its Troops Brought Cholera to Haiti - The Daily Beast 56


Useful 7

https://secure.clintonbushhaitifund.org/page/contribute/support-

Clinton Bush Haiti Fund | Support the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 16


Useful 8

Pamphlet Architecture, Volume 31 : New Haiti Villages

12


Useful 7

Time.com

Bill Clinton: What Haiti Needs - Video - TIME.com 15

Online Magazine Open Source Once

Useful 7

Technology

Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile

53

Online Journal Open Source Often

Highly Useful 8


37/42

http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-01/news/31270678_1_president-michel-martelly-haitian-government-mario-andresol

With little openness, rumors rule in Haiti - Philly.com 22


Useful 7

One Laptop per Child (OLPC): Participate > Ways to Give19

Corporate Website MASINT Once

Not Useful 8

TOMS helps Haiti | TOMS Blog

18


Not Useful 8

Vestergaard Frandsen : LifeStraw

17


Not Useful 8


38/42

Annex E

Acknowledgements

The production of this report was autonomous; however I would like to give credit to those who

assistance allowed me to complete this project. I would first like to thank the department of Intelligence

studies at Mercyhurst University for providing the software and online resources that enabled my

analysis. I would also Thank Professor Zidek, for his instruction inanalytical techniques. Last but not least I would like to thank our Grad-

advisors for their limit-less patience for the nearly nonsensical questions of

stressed freshmen.

Thank you

Pia Frascatore


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1 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html

2 Haitis Poverty Stirs Nostalgia for Old Ghosts - New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/world/americas/23haiti.html?_r=1

3 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations

4 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from

http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations5 Vaccinations Begin in a Cholera-Ravaged Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/world/americas/vaccinations-begin-in-a-cholera-ravaged-haiti.html


7 Political Science Quarterly: Fall 1997: Disobedient Generals and the Politics of Redemocratization: The ClintonAdministration and Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=13851

8 (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php9 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/

10 (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php11 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/12 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from

http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/13 BBC News - Two Pakistani UN soldiers jailed for raping Haitian boy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17351144

14 Haitis former soldiers demand reinstatement of army | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6,2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/01/haiti-soldiers-demand-reinstatement-army?newsfeed=true

15 President Michel Martelly Seeks to Re-create Haitis Army - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2012,from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/world/americas/president-michel-martelly-seeks-to-re-create-haitis-army.html?pagewanted=all


17 A new Haitian army? Fears abound - chicagotribune.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/site/newspaper/news/sc-nw-haiti-military-0310-20120309,0,4003387.story

18 Haiti - Rogue Force Refuses to Disband - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/world/americas/haiti-rogue-force-refuses-to-disband.html

19 Haiti - Politic : Results of the visit in Dominican Republic of President Martelly - HaitiLibre.com, Haiti News,The haitian peoples voice. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5261-haiti-

politic-results-of-the-visit-in-dominican-republic-of-president-martelly.html20 First year for Haitis President Michel Martelly yields modest gains despite big obstacles - The Washington Post.

(n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/first-year-for-haiti-leader-yields-modest-gains-despite-big-obstacles/2012/05/12/gIQAAGLZKU_story.html

21 Haiti: President Claims to Have Authority to Revoke Elected Municipal Seats. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012,from http://www.defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2742-haiti-president-claims-to-have-authority-to-revoke-elected-municipal-seats

22 Garry Conille Resigns as Haitis Prime Minister - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/25/world/americas/garry-conille-resigns-as-haitis-prime-minister.html

23 Can Haiti become a tourist spot again? - New York Daily News. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-04-09/news/31314508_1_haiti-earthquake-tourist-first-cruise-ship

24 New hotels arise amid ruins in Haitian capital - BusinessWeek. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm

25 As Haitian President Martelly recuperates in Miami, armed ex-soldiers stormed parliament grounds - Haitian Link -MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/04/17/2754435/as-haitian-president-martelly.html

26 President Martellys Surgery In Miami Was Successful. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from


40/42

http://www.haitiobserver.com/messages.php/240127 Haitian Link | MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/haitian-link/28 Haiti-President: If I were to take something it wouldnt have been something this small... (n.d.). Retrieved May 6,

2012, from http://defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2917-haiti-president-if-were-to-take-something-it-wouldn-t-have-been-something-this-small

29 Haiti-President: If I were to take something it wouldnt have been something this small... (n.d.). Retrieved May6, 2012, from http://defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2917-haiti-president-if-were-to-take-something-it-wouldn-t-have-been-something-this-small

30 Dominican authorities investigating Haitian contracts of senator - Haiti - MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May6, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/04/02/2728451/dominican-authorities-investigating.html

31 EBSCOhost Discovery Service: Haitis Rise From the Rubble. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2012, fromhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679

32 EBSCOhost Discovery Service: Haitis Rise From the Rubble. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2012, fromhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679

33 Q&A: The Elites Are Like a Huge Elephant Sitting on Haiti - IPS ipsnews.net. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29,2012, from http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47515

34 Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389077

35 Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389118&p00=haiti36 Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from

http://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389077


38 Education A Top Issue For Voters In Haiti : NPR. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135119772/education-a-top-issue-for-voters-in-haiti

39 Rebuilding Haitis Schools | Around Campus | George Washington Today | The George Washington University.(n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://gwtoday.gwu.edu/aroundcampus/rebuildinghaitisschools

40 HaitiLibre.com: News Haiti Haiti news, Haitian News, the voice of Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.haitilibre.com/en/

41 BBC News - Two Pakistani UN soldiers jailed for raping Haitian boy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-1735114442 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/geos/ha.html43 Cholera Solutions for Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/opinion/cholera-solutions-for-haiti.html44 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/geos/ha.html45 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/geos/ha.html46 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/geos/ha.html47 Can Haiti become a tourist spot again? - New York Daily News. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from

http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-04-09/news/31314508_1_haiti-earthquake-tourist-first-cruise-ship

48 New hotels arise amid ruins in Haitian capital - BusinessWeek. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm

49 Vaccinations Begin in a Cholera-Ravaged Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/world/americas/vaccinations-begin-in-a-cholera-ravaged-haiti.html

50 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations

51 Haiti : Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper : Joint Staff Advisory Note. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10302941

52 Welles scares nation History.com This Day in History 10/30/1938. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation

53 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from


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http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html

54 Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389046

55 Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389046

56 (4) PIFP LifeStraws Distribution in Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=492378938920

57 Modular home comes delivered in a 10 foot box and is assembled like an IKEA house. (n.d.). Retrieved March9, 2012, from http://www.gizmag.com/house-arc-modular-home/21486/58 One Laptop per Child (OLPC): Participate > Ways to Give. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from

http://laptop.org/en/participate/ways-to-give.shtml59 haiti - Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://maps.google.com/60 haiti - Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://maps.google.com/61 Haiti - Politic : Results of the visit in Dominican Republic of President Martelly - HaitiLibre.com, Haiti News,

The haitian peoples voice. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5261-haiti-politic-results-of-the-visit-in-dominican-republic-of-president-martelly.html

62 Controversy Abounds in Haitian Reconstruction Investigations | The Indypendent. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012,from http://www.indypendent.org/2012/04/06/controversy-abounds-haitian-reconstruction-investigations

63 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/country-cooperation/haiti/haiti_en.htm

64 Nordenson, Guy and Associates Schuler, Matthias Holl, Steven Pamphlet Architecture, Volume 31 : New HaitiVillages, Princeton Architectural Press

65 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1134.html66 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1134.html

67 JSTOR: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jun., 2001), pp. 417-426. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012,from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3236856

68 Welles scares nation History.com This Day in History 10/30/1938. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation


70 Haitis former soldiers demand reinstatement of army | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/01/haiti-soldiers-demand-reinstatement-army?newsfeed=true

71 In Haiti, Ex-Troops Agitate for a New Army - WSJ.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303978104577364433503716486.html

72 Haiti, cholera and the U.N. | HAITIAN-TRUTH.ORG Proud to be Haitis most informative NEWS site. (n.d.). Retrieved

May 14, 2012, from http://www.haitian-truth.org/haiti-cholera-and-the-u-n/

73 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/geos/ha.html

74 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/geos/ha.html

75 Port-Au-Prince: A City Of Millions, With No Sewer System : Shots - Health Blog : NPR. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012,


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from http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/04/13/150501695/port-au-prince-a-city-of-millions-with-no-sewer-system?ps=cprs

76 Tectonic Plate Boundaries, detailed (US Geological Survey), Volcanoes of the world and volcanic features (Smithsonian

Institution Global Volcanism Program) , http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/virtualtour/global.php

77 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/country-

cooperation/haiti/haiti_en.htm

78 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1134.html

79 JSTOR: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jun., 2001), pp. 417-426. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from

http://www.jstor.org/stable/3236856

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