The University of Jordan Faculty of Nursing Maternal-Child Health Department Second Semester 2014-2015 Course Information Course Title: Scientific Research Methods Course Number: 0733454 Credit Hours: 3 credits Prerequisite: None Time: Sect.1 14.00- 15.00 Sun,Tue.Thur Sect 2. 15:30-17:00 Mon & Wed Sect. 3 16:00-17:00 Sun,Tue.Thur Classroom: Room 5, Medical Sciences Hall 1 Faculty Member: Prof. Inaam Khalaf, Prof. Muayyad Ahmad, Dr. Lubna Abushaikha Office Location and Tel: Second floor, 23177 Email and Website: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]Office Hours: By appointment Course Des cription Introduction to nursing research; Basic concepts of research: Research nature, Purposes, Defining a nursing researchable problem, Formulating hypotheses, Stating objective; Research methodology: Research design, Research sample, Research tools, Methods of data collection, Ethical considerations; literature review; Data analysis; Presentation of findings, Conclusions, Recommendations; The applicability and implementation of 1
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The University of Jordan
Faculty of NursingMaternal-Child Health Department
Introduction to nursing research; Basic concepts of research: Research nature, Purposes, Defining a nursing researchable problem, Formulating hypotheses, Stating objective; Research methodology: Research design, Research sample, Research tools, Methods of data collection, Ethical considerations; literature review; Data analysis; Presentation of findings, Conclusions, Recommendations; The applicability and implementation of the research process to nursing and health related problems; Designing a research proposal.
Course Goal
The goal of this course is to introduce the undergraduate nursing student to the research process as presented in professional nursing literature. It aims at introducing the basic concepts of research, its nature, purposes, methods, literature review and data collection, analysis & utilization. Emphasis will be on the applicability and implementation of the research process to nursing and health related problems. The course provides the students with the opportunity to prepare for research projects.
On successful completion of the course, you will be able to:
Knowledge and Understanding
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the historical evolution of and future direction for nursing research at a national and international level.
2. Explain the role of research in the development of nursing knowledge. 3. Describe current research priorities in nursing at the national and international
levels.4. Explain components to research process: problem statement, hypothesis,
review of literature, methods and designs, measurement, analysis of data, and utilization of research findings.
5. Describe the process of the literature review in conducting nursing research.
Cognitive and Intellectual Skills:
6. Analyze ethical issues involved in nursing research.7. Explain briefly the relationships among nursing theory, nursing research, and
nursing practice.8. Describe the qualitative and quantitative approaches of scientific research.9. Explore the use of populations and samples in conducting research studies. 10. Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of measurement in conducting
research. 11. Compare and contrast the various types of data-collection methods.
Subject Specific Skills:
12. Believe in the importance of accountability for the utilization of nursing research in clinical practice to promote, maintain, restore, and reorganize health, or to support death with dignity.
13. Develop different types of nursing research problems for different nursing research studies design.
14. Apply critical thinking skills in the evaluation of published nursing research.15. Communicate in writing an understanding of the steps of the research process
by developing a limited nursing research proposal.16. Analyze nursing research articles for applicability of findings to clinical
practice.17. Use the principles of conducting a research study in order to analyse and
evaluate published nursing research studies.
Transferable Skills:
18. Apply the major steps of the research process to conduct a research to study a nursing problem.
19. Critique research reports according to the major steps of the scientific research.
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20. Subscribe to the responsibility of the professional nurse to incorporate research findings that influence the health status of the client who are adapting to internal and external stressors.
21. Recognize unethical nursing research.22. Act as a patient advocate during research investigation.23. Critique the ethical aspects of a research study.24. Develop different types of hypotheses for different nursing research studies
design. 25. Analyze the various methods used to present research findings in nursing.26. Communicate an understanding of the role of research as the scientific basis
for therapeutic nursing interventions.
Learning Activities/Teaching MethodsThe methods of instruction may include, but are not limited to:1. Lectures2. Discussion and problem solving3. Individual assignments4. Group Work (Application Exercises)
Learning ResourcesThe Resources of instruction may include, but are not limited to:1. Power point2. Boards3. Books & Articles
1-13 Critiquing a quantitative research abstract using the criteria in the critique chapter in the textbook.
Week 14
Final exam 50% 1-22 Multiple choice
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True/FalseShort answersProblem solving
Total 100%
Grading System
Mark Range Grade0-34 F
35-46 D-
47-49 D
50-52 D+
53-56 C-
57-60 C
61-64 C+
65-69 B-
70-74 B
75-79 B+
80-83 A-
84-100 A
Passing Grade: 47
Course Policies
Should be explained to students at the first meeting:
1. Class Attendance:a. Students must attend all classes of this course.b. Any student with absence of 15% of the classes of any course, will be
illegible to sit for the final exam and will be given the university zero (F grade) in this course.
c. In the case (b) above, if a student submits an official sick report authenticated by university clinic or an accepted excuse by the Dean of his/her faculty, the student will be considered as withdrawn from the course, and a "W" will be shown in the transcript for this course.
d. Students are not allowed to come late to classes. Any student coming late will not be allowed to attend the class and he/she will be marked absent.
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2. Exams: a. Failure in attending a course exam other than the final exam will result in
zero mark unless the student provides an official acceptable excuse to the instructor who approves a make-up exam.
b. Failure in attending the final exam will result in zero mark unless the student presents an official acceptable excuse to the Dean of his/her faculty who approves an incomplete exam, normally scheduled to be conducted during the first two weeks of the successive semester.
3. Assignments & Projects: Abstract critique should be submitted to the faculty member on the due
date. Zero mark will be given for late submissions unless the student has an acceptable excuse approved by the instructor of the course.
4. Exam Attendance/Punctuality:a. A student who is late more than 10 minutes will not be permitted to sit the
exam (first, second or mid exams).b. A student who is late more than 30 minutes will not be permitted to sit to
final exam, and no student will be permitted to leave the exam center before the elapse of 30 minutes.
5. Cheating: Cheating is an attempt to gain marks dishonestly and includes; but not limited to:
Copying from another student’s work. Using materials not authorized by the institute. Collaborating with another student during a test, without permission. Knowingly using, buying, selling, or stealing the contents of a test. Plagiarism which means presenting another person’s work or ideas
as one’s own, without attribution. Using any media (including mobiles) during the exam.
Course References
Required Textbook
1. Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2014). Foundations of Nursing Research (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
2. Khalaf, I. (2013). Development of nursing research in Jordan (1986–2012). International nursing review, 60(4), 461-468.
Recommended references
For good research articles, please refer to the following journals: This list is non-conclusive.
1. Nursing Research2. Applied Nursing Research3. Clinical Nursing Research4. Western Journal of Nursing Research5. Educational Review- Researching Health Issues in Education
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6. Advances in Nursing Science7. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship8. International Journal of Nursing Studies9. International Nursing Review10. Scandinavian Journal of Caring sciences.
Course Units and Objectives
The Course is divided into a number of units, with each unit having several objectives, as follows:
Unit 1: On successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:Introduction & Development of Nursing Research
1. Demonstrate knowledge of the historical evolution of and future direction for nursing research.
2. Explain the role of research in the development of nursing knowledge. 3. Determine current research priorities in nursing at the national and
international levels.4. Describe the nurse’s role as a consumer of research. 5. Define nursing research including all of its attributes. 6. Identify three sources of nursing knowledge.7. Describe the most important characteristics of scientific research.8. Compare two broad purposes for conducting research.9. Describe the importance of nursing research for nurses. 10. Discuss four goals for conducting nursing research. 11. Compare qualitative and quantitative research.12. Contrast the various Roles of nurses in research.13. Recall some of the historic events in the development of nursing research at
national and international level.
Unit 2:Ethical Issues in Nursing ResearchOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Discuss some of the unethical studies that have been documented in the literature.
2. Trace the development of ethical codes and guidelines.3. Appreciate the role of institutional review boards.4. Describe the process of ensuring that subjects participating in a study have
been protected from violation of human rights.5. Define informed consent and its key elements.6. Explain the role of institutional review boards in safeguarding the rights of
subjects participating in a study.7. Explain how to evaluate the ethical implications of a research report.8. Recognize unethical research not following the IRB process. 9. Act as a patient advocate during research investigations.10. Critique the ethical aspects of a nursing research study.
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Unit 3:Identifying Nursing Research ProblemsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Distinguish between a problem and the purpose of a study.2. Identify several characteristics of a good problem statement.3. Identify a problem statement in a journal article.4. Cite different sources of ideas for selecting a research problem. 5. Identify Sources Of Nursing Research Problems6. Determine Factors To Be Considered When Choosing An Appropriate Topic
For A Research Study7. List The Criteria To Be Considered When Writing A Research Question8. Discuss The Format For Writing A Research Question9. Write Research Questions For Proposed Nursing Studies10. Critique Problem Statements, Purpose Statements, And Research Questions In
Published Research Reports And Articles
Unit 4:Review of the LiteratureOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Determine the purposes for the literature review2. Recognize the need for becoming familiar with the library's services3. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources in research literature4. Describe the purposes of a literature review. 5. Identify the characteristics of a relevant literature. 6. Recognize the importance of grey literature7. Discuss print resources that may be used in locating literature references8. Discuss electronic sources that may be used in locating literature references9. Compare electronic sources that are useful for nurses when conducting a
literature review10. Compare advantages and disadvantages of print and computer database
sources for searching the literature. 11. Obtain references from online journals12. Conduct a literature search on a given topic13. Extract pertinent information from literature sources14. Critique the literature review section of research study
Unit 5:Theory and Nursing ResearchOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Identify the major characteristics of theories, conceptual models, and frameworks.
2. Describe how theory and research are linked in quantitative and qualitative studies.
3. Identify several conceptual models of nursing and other conceptual models frequently used by nurse researchers.
4. Distinguish between theoretical and conceptual frameworks
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5. Describe deductive and inductive reasoning processes in theory generation and development.
6. Identify theories used in nursing research7. Critique the study framework section of research reports
Unit 6:Hypotheses
On successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Determine the purposes of hypotheses in nursing research studies2. Identify sources or rationale for study hypotheses3. Describe classifications of hypotheses4. Distinguish between simple and complex hypotheses5. Compare null hypotheses and research hypotheses6. Differentiate nondirectional and directional research hypotheses7. List the criteria to be considered when formulating a hypothesis8. Write a nursing research hypothesis utilizing the format for writing hypotheses9. Compare and contrast inductive versus deductive hypotheses, directional
versus non-directional hypothesis, simple versus complex hypotheses, and statistical (null) versus research hypotheses.
10. Recognize the use of hypotheses in the testing of theories11. Determine the types of studies for which hypotheses are not needed12. Describe the appropriate use of stating of research questions.13. Define independent, dependent, and extraneous variables. 14. Critique study hypotheses and research questions in research reports
Unit 7:Quantitative Research DesignsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Define and explain the purpose of research design.2. Describe characteristics of a good research design.3. Compare and contrast significant quantitative/qualitative aspects of research
designs.4. Understand a selected group of designs from both quantitative and qualitative
perspectives. 5. Appreciate the process that underlies research design selection. 6. Differentiate between internal and external validity in experimental designs7. Identify six threats to internal validity8. Identify three threats to external validity9. Critique the design section of quantitative studies
Unit 9:An Overview of Qualitative ResearchOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research.2. Recall the types of qualitative research accurately.3. List all the steps in qualitative research. 4. Discuss each step in qualitative research appropriately.
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5. Identify two of the most common data collection methods used in qualitative research.
6. Recognize reliability and validity issues in qualitative research.7. Discuss the complexity of analyzing qualitative data.8. Identify sources for the presentation of qualitative research studies.9. Determine the benefits of combining quantitative and qualitative research
methods.10. Recognize the issues that may arise when combining quantitative and
qualitative research methods.11. Critique the design section of qualitative research studies.
Unit 10:Populations and SamplesOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Define population and sample including all attributes. 2. List the characteristics, uses, and limitations of each kind of probability and
non-probability sampling. 3. Distinguish between random selection and random assignment.4. Discuss the importance of a representative sample.5. Describe elements of power analysis.6. Determine which sampling technique to use in various types of research
studies.7. Enumerate factors to be considered in deciding the size of the sample.8. Discuss sampling error and sampling bias.9. Critique the sampling procedure described in research reports and articles.
Unit 11:Measurement of Data Collection
On successful completion of the unit, you will be able to: 1. Compare and contrast the four types of levels of measurement.2. Discuss the issue of reliability, and distinguish among the various types.3. Discuss the issue of validity, and distinguish among the various types.4. Discuss the relationship between reliability and validity.5. Demonstrate an understanding of the concept of measurement6. Determine the appropriate level of measurement for data in selected studies7. Recall questions to be answered in the data-collection process8. Identify different types of data-collection methods9. Discuss the method of selection of a data-collection instrument10. List criteria for selection of a data-collection instrument11. Compare and contrast three types of reliability12. Compare and contrast four types of validity13. Explain four sources of error that may occur in data collection14. Critique the data-collection section of research reports
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Unit 12:Data-Collection Methods
On successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Identify common instruments and methods used to collect data in quantitative and qualitative research.
2. Distinguish between closed-ended and open-ended questionnaires.3. List the advantages and disadvantages of using questionnaires.4. Compare and contrast the different types of scaling techniques.5. Recognize the importance of questionnaires as a data-collection method6. Enumerate the general characteristics of questionnaires.7. Acknowledge the importance of interviews as a data-collection method.8. Recognize the necessity for training of interviewers before data collection.9. Differentiate among the three different levels of structure that can be used in
interviews.10. List guidelines to be used in the three phases of an interview.11. List the advantages and disadvantages of interviews as a data-collection
method.12. Recognize the importance of observation as a data-collection method.13. Determine the need for physiological and psychological data-collection
methods.14. Compare and contrast the various types of data-collection methods.15. Critique the data-collection methods used in research studies reported in the
literature.
Unit 13: Descriptive StatisticsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics.2. Compare and contrast the three measures of dispersion. 3. Identify the two broad classifications of statistics.4. Discuss four major groups of descriptive statistics.5. Determine appropriate descriptive statistics to use in presenting selected data.6. Construct graphs to present selected descriptive statistics.7. Evaluate a researcher’s choice of descriptive and inferential statistics in
published research. 8. Critique descriptive statistics presented in research reports.
Unit 14:Inferential statisticsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Differentiate between descriptive and inferential statistics.2. Determine appropriate inferential statistics to use in presenting selected data.3. Differentiate between parametric and nonparametric statistical methods.4. Evaluate a researcher’s choice of inferential statistics in published research. 5. Critique inferential statistics presented in research reports.
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Unit 15:Presentation and Discussion of Study FindingsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. Describe the methods used to present research findings.2. Discuss the findings of nursing research studies.3. Relate study findings to study Hypotheses.4. Discuss the conclusions of research studies.5. Determine the implications of research studies.6. Discuss the recommendations of nursing research studies.7. Critique the findings, conclusions, implications, and recommendations of
published research studies.
Unit 16:Critique of Research ReportsOn successful completion of the unit, you will be able to:
1. List factors to consider when interpreting research findings.2. Explain how to interpret results and discuss findings of a study.3. Discuss the guidelines for critiquing a quantitative research report.4. Critique selected quantitative research reports in nursing.
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Course Schedule / Calendar
Wk. No. Topic
Assignments/ workshops due
date
Reference in the textbook CLO
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Unit 1:Introduction & Development of Nursing Research
- Definition of nursing research- Sources of nursing knowledge- Scientific research characteristics- Purposes For conducting research- Goals for conducting nursing Research - Qualitative and quantitative Research- Importance of outcomes research-The various roles of nurses in research-The historic events in the development of nursing research-The priority areas For nursing research
Ch1
1, 2& 3
2 Unit 2: Identifying Nursing Research Problems
- Sources of nursing research problems- Factors to be considered when choosing an appropriate topic for a research study- The criteria to be considered when writing a research question- The format for writing a research question- Write research
Ch 5, 20 2, 16
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questions for proposed nursing studies- Critique problem statements, purpose statements, and research questions in published research reports and articles
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Unit 3:Ethical Issues in Nursing Research
- Presentation of unethical studies - The development of ethical codes and guidelines- The role of Institutional Review Boards- Identify the elements of informed consent-The role of the nurse as a patient advocate during research investigations-Critique the ethical aspects of a study
Ch 2, 20 5, 16
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Unit 4:Review of the Literature
- The purposes for the literature review- The Library's services- Primary and secondary sources in research literature- The importance of grey literature- Print Resources - Electronic sources - Obtain references From Online Journals- Extract pertinent information from literature sources- Critique the literature review section of research articles
Ch 6, 20 7, 16
13
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Unit 5:Theory and Nursing
Research- Definition of Theory, Concept, Construct, Proposition, Empirical Generalization, Model, And Conceptual Models- Four nursing conceptual models- The differences between Theoretical And Conceptual Frameworks- Deductive and inductive reasoning processes in theory generation and development- Theories used in nursing- Critique the study framework section of research reports
First test to be announced
Ch 7, 20 8, 16
Unit 6:Hypotheses- The purposes of hypotheses in research studies- Sources or rationale for study hypotheses- Classifications of hypotheses- Simple and complex hypotheses- Null hypotheses and research hypotheses- Nondirectional and directional research hypotheses- The Criteria to be considered when formulating a hypothesis- The format for writing hypotheses- The use of hypotheses in the
Ch 8, 20 9, 16
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testing of theories- The types of studies for which hypotheses are not needed- Critique study hypotheses and research questions in research reports
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Unit 7:Overview and
Quantitative Research Designs
- Criteria for Exploratory, Descriptive, And Explanatory Studies- Experimental Research- Internal and external validity in experimental designs- Threats to internal validity- Threats to external validity- True Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Pre-Experimental Designs- Types of Nonexperimental research designs- Types of settings in which research is conducted- Factors that influence the choice of research designs- Critique the design section of quantitative studies
Ch 9, 20 10, 16
8 Unit 8:An Overview and
designs of Qualitative Research
- Qualitative and Quantitative research- The types of
Ch 4, 10, 20 10, 16
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qualitative research- The steps in qualitative research- The most common data collection methods used in qualitative research- The reliability and validity issues in qualitative research- Data analysis of qualitative data- Sources for presentation of qualitative research studies- The benefits of combining quantitative and qualitative research methods- Common types of qualitative research designs
9 Unit 9:Populations and
Samples- Definition of population and sample- Target and accessible populationProbability and Nonprobability sampling procedures- Methods of probability sampling- Nonprobability Sampling- Sampling technique to use in various types of research studies- Factors to be considered in deciding the size of the sample- Sampling error and sampling bias- Critique the sampling procedure
Ch 11, 20 11, 16
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described In research reports and articles
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Unit 10:Measurement of Data Collection - The concept of measurement- The Levels of measurement- Questions to be answered in the data-collection process- Data-Collection Methods- The selection of a data-collection instrument- Criteria for selection of a data-collection instrument- Types of reliability- Types of validity- Sources of error - Critique the data-collection section of research reports
Ch12, 2012, 16
11 Unit 11:Data-Collection Methods- The importance of questionnaires as a data-collection method- The general characteristics of questionnaires- Items constructions for a questionnaire- The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires as a data-collection method- The importance of interviews as a data-Collection method-The necessity for training of interviewers before data collection
Ch 13, 20 13, 16
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- The levels of structure that can be used in interviews- Guidelines to be used In the three phases of an interview- The Influence of the interviewer on The Subjects’ Responses- The advantages and disadvantages of interviews - The Importance of observation as a data-collection method- The Physiological and Psychological Data-Collection methods- The various types of data-collection methods- Critique the data-collection methods used in research studies reported in the literature
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Unit 12: Descriptive Statistics
- Statistical symbols for population parameters and sample statistics- The classifications of statistics- Major groups of descriptive statistics- Appropriate descriptive statistics to use in presenting data- Critique descriptive statistics presented in research reportsUnit 13:Inferential Statistics- The purposes of inferential statistics
Ch 14, 15, 20 14, 16
12 Unit 14:Presentation and
Ch 16, 20 15, 16
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Discussion of Study Findings
- The methods used to present research findings- The findings of research studies- Relate study findings to study hypotheses- Statistical And Clinical Significance- The conclusions of research studiesThe implications of research studies- The recommendations of research studies- Critique the findings, conclusions, implications, and recommendations of published research studies
14 Assignment 1 deadline Week 14th 2-715 Application All All 16 Revision 1- 16
