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International College For Girls (Autonomous)

Department of Zoology

1

SFS, GURUKUL MARG, MANSAROVAR, JAIPUR

COURSES OF STUDY

FOR

M.A./M.Sc. EXAMINATION

I Semester Examination November 2008

II Semester Examination April 2009

III Semester Examination November 2009

IV Semester Examination April 2010

Syllabus applicable for the students seeking admission to the MA/M.Sc. Zoologyy

Course in the academic year 2008-09.



2

SEMESTER I

PAPER-I Biosystematics, Taxonomy &Evolution ( ZOL 121)

UNITS TOPICS TEACHING

HOURS

UNIT

I

Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy

• Importance and applications of biosytematics in biology

• Material basis of biosystematics-different attributes

• Trends in biosystematics-

Chemotaxonomy

Cytotaxonomy

Molecular taxonomy

10

UNIT

II

Dimensions of speciation and taxonomic characters

• Dimensions of speciation – types of lineage changes,

production of additional lineage

• Mechanisms of speciation in panmictic and apomictic

species

• Species concept- Species category, different species

concept, subspecies and other infra specific categories

• Theories of Biological classification , Hierarchy of

categories

• Taxonomic characters – different kinds, origin of

reproductive isolation

15

UNIT

III

Procedure keys in taxonomy

• Taxonomy procedures-Taxonomic collections,

preservations, curetting process of identification

• Taxonomic keys-Different kinds of Taxonomic keys, their

merits and demerits

• Systematic publication-Different kinds of publications

• Process of typification and different zoological types

• International code of Zoological nomenclature(ICZN) – its

operative principles, interpretation and application of

important rules, Zoological nomenclature, formation of

scientific names of various taxa.

• Evaluation of biodiversity indices:

• Shannon-Weinner index, dominance index

15

UNIT

IV

Concept of evolution and theories of organic evaluation with

an emphasis on Darwinism.

• Micro and Macro-evolution

• Neo-Darwinism

• Hardy –Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium

• A detailed account of Destabilizing forces:

10



3

(i) Natural selection

(ii) Mutation

(iii) Genetic drift

(iv) Migration

(v) Meiotic drive

UNIT

V

Genetics of quantitative traits in populations

• Analysis of quantitative traits

• Quantitative traits and natural selection

• Genotype-environment interactions

• Inbreeding depression and heterosis

• Molecular analysis of quantitative traits

• Phenotypic plasticity

• Molecular phylogenetics

• How to construct phylogenetic trees

• Phylogenetic inference-Distance methods, parsimony

methods, maximum likelihood method

• Immunological techniques

10

Total Teaching Hours 60

Suggested Reading

� Principal of animal taxonomy; G.G Simpson; Oxford IBH Publication Co.

� Elements of taxonomy; E.Mayer;

� The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W.Northern & Co.

� Threatened Animals of India, B.K.Tikadar. ZSI Publication, Calcutta. S

� Genetics and Origin of Speices. Dohnzhansky, Th., F.J.Alaya, G.L.Stebbines

and J.M.Valentine. Surjeet Publication, Delhi.

� Evolutinary Biology, Futuyamma, D.J.Suinuauer Associates, INC Publishers,

Sunderland.

� A Primer of Population Genetics. Hart,D.L.suinuaer Associates, Inc,

Massachusetts.

� Genes and Evolution. Jha A.P.John Publication, New Delhi

� Species Evolution-The role of chromosomal change. King,M. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

� Evolution and Genetics Merral, D.J.Holt, Rinchart and Winston, Inc.

� Evolutinary Genetics. Smith,J.M. Oxford University Press, New York.

� Evolution. Strikberger, M.W.Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston London



4

Paper II: Cell Biology (ZOL-122)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Cell Theory

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Bio-membranes

• Molecular composition and arrangement functional

consequences

• Transport across cell membrane: diffusion ,active transport

and pumps.

• Co-transport by symporters or antiporters

9

UNIT

II

Cytoskeleton

• Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules-

structure and dynamics

• Cell movements-Intracellular transport,role of kinesin and

dynein

9

UNIT

III

Cell –Cell Signaling and Cell Interaction

• Introduction

• Cell surface receptors

• Second messenger system

• MDP kinase pathways

• Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus

Cell junctions

Cell adhesion

15

UNIT

IV

Cell cycle

• Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

• Regulation of CDK – cyclin activity

Chromosomes, Chromatin, and the Nucleosomes

• Chromosome sequence and diversity

• Nucleosomes

15

UNIT

V

Intracellular protein traffic

• Protein synthesis on free and bound polysomes

• Uptake into ER

• Membrane proteins, Golgi sorting, Post translational

modifications

Apoptosis

• Definition ,mechanism and significance

12




5

Suggested Reading

� Cell and Molecular Biology; De Robertis and De Robertis; Saunders College

� Cell Biology; Powar, C.B.; Himalaya Publications.

� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D; Benzamin/ Cummings

� Molecular Biology of the Gene. I.D Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A.

Steiz and AM Weiner The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc., California.

� Molecular Cell Biology, J. Darnell H.Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific

American Books, Inc., USA.

� Molecular Biology of the cell. B.Alberts, D.D.Bray, J.Lewis, M.Rafif, K.

Roberts and J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing inc., New York. Gene IV,

Benjamin Lewin. Oxford University Press, UK.

� Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. A comprehensive desk reference,

R.A.Meyers (Ed.), VCH Publishers, Inc., New York.

� Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, J.Sambrook, E.F.Fristsch and T.

Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.

� Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology, P.D.Dabre, John Wiley& Sons

Ltd. New York.

� Molecular Biology Lab Fax, T.A.Brown (Ed.), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd.,

Oxford.



6

PAPER III: Structure and Function of Invertebrates (ZOL-123)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Basis of classification (brief account)-:

• Symmetry, coelom, segmentation, embryogeny and level of

organization

Locomotion

• Flagella and ciliary movement in protozoa

• Hydrostatic movement in coelenterate, annelida and

echinodermata

12

UNIT

II

Nutrition and digestion

• Filter feeding in polychaeta, mollusca and echinodermata

Respiration

• Organs of respiration – gills, lungs and trachea

• Respiratory pigments

• Mechanism of respiration

12

UNIT

III

Excretion

• Organs of excretion: coelom, coelomoducts, nephridia and

Malphigian tubules

• Mechanism of excretion

• Excretion and osmoregulation Trends in Neural Evolution

• Primitive nervous system -coelenterata and echinodermata

• Advanced nervous system- annelida, arthropoda

(crustacean and insecta) and mollusca (cephalopoda)

12

UNIT

IV

Invertebrate larvae

• Larval forms of free living invertebrates

• Larval forms of parasites

• Significance of larval forms

12

UNIT

V

Minor Phyla

(Ctenophora,Rhyncocoela,Entoprocta,Rotifera,Bryozoa,Phoronida)

• Concept and significance

• Organization and general characters

12


Suggested Reading

� The Invertebrates; Hyman.L.H.; Mc Graw Hill Co New York

� Invertebrate structure and function. ; Barrington.E.J.W. ThomasNelson & Sons

Ltd.London

� Invertebrate Zoology,III edition.; Barnes.R.D.



7

� The invertebrates. Vol.1. Protozoa through Ctenophora, Hyman, L.H. McGraw

Hill Co., New York.,/li>

� Invertebrate structure and function. Barrington, E.J.W. Thomas Nelson and

Sons Ltd. London.

� Evolution of Metazon life cycle, Jagerstain, G. Academic Press, New York &

London.

� The Invertebrates. Vol.2. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill Co., New York.

� The Invertebrates. Vol.8. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill Co., New York. and

London

� Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia

� A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd.,

London

� The Invertebrates srnaller colomate groups, Vol.5. Hyman, L.H. McGraw Hill

Co., New York.

� Animal Parasitism. Cad. C.P.Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.

� Student Text Book of Zoology. Vol.I.II and III. Sedgwick.A. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad.



8

PAPER IV: Biochemistry (ZOL-124)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Biocatalysis

• Classification and nomenclature of enzymes

• Mechanism of enzyme action

• Enzyme kinetics

• Inhibition of enzyme

• Isoenzymes and co-enzymes

• Energy consideration

• Biological oxidation and reduction

• Fundamental reactions of biological oxidation

• Redox potential and electron transfer system enzymes

10

UNIT

II

Carbohydrates

• Definition , general properties, classification and configuration of

carbohydrates Metabolism

• Catabolism of glycogen and glucose, details of glycolysis , kreb cycle

and cori cycle

• Phosphogluconate pathways(pentose phosphate pathway)

Synthesis of glycogen; glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis

14

UNIT

III

Lipids

• Definition, general properties and classification

• Structure and importance of -:

1. Simple lipids- fats and wax

2. Compound lipids- phospholipids, glycolipids,

aminolipids and sulpholipids

3. Steroids- cholesterol, bile acids, steroid hormones

4. Lipoproteins

Lipid Metabolism- Beta oxidation and Lipogenesis.

Inborn errors of metabolism

12

UNIT

IV

General properties and classification of proteins

• Amino acid structure and classification

• Structure of protein-Primary,Secondary,Tertiary and

Quartenary

• Ramachandran plots

• Globular and fibrous protein- motif in globular proteins

• Protein sequencing

14

UNIT

V

Protein metabolism

• Amino acid degradation:Deamination reaction- Oxidative and

non oxidative deamination reaction, transamination and

transdeamination, Decarboxylation, Ornithine cycle of urea

formation , Fate of carbon skeleton of amino acids(Metabolism

of individual amino acid excluded)

10




9

Suggested Readings:

� Biochemistry; Voet &Voet ; John Wiley & Sons

� Outlines of Biochemistry; Conn, E.E. and Stumpf P.K. ; John Wiley, New

York.

� Principles of Biochemistry; Smith; Mc Graw hill, New York.

� Biochemistry; Stryer, L; Freeman Publications.

� Textbook of Medical Biochemistry; Ramakrishnan, S. Prasanan, K.G and

Rajan, R.: Orient Longman, Madras

� Biochemistry, D.Voet and J.G.Voet, John Wiley & Sons, (2nd

Edition), 1995.

� Principles of Biochemistry, Lehninger ,Nelson and Cox, (3rd

Edition), 1999.

� Principles and Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edited by

Keith Wilson and John Walker, Cambridge University Press, (6th

Edition),

2007.

� Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by W.H. Elliot and Daphne C. Elliot,

Oxford University Press, (3rd

Edition), 2005.

� Biochemistry, J. David Rawn, Panima Publishing Corporation, 1st Indian

Reprint, 2004.

� Physical Biochemistry, D Friefelder, W.H. Freeman & Company, 17th

Reprint,

1999.

� Understanding Chemistry, CNR Rao, University Press, Hyderabad 1999.

� A Biologist's Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry,

K.Wilson & KH Goulding, ELBS Edition 1986.

� Essentials of Molecular Biology, David Friefelder, Jones and Barllett

Publications,7th

Reprint, 2001.

� Instant Notes- Biochemistry (1st Indian Edition), B.D. Hames and N.M.

Hooper, Viva Books Pvt, Ltd., , 2001.



10

Invertebrates

� Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives

from various groups.

Phylum Protozoa- Polystomella, Formanifera, Opalina, Paramecium(Fission & conjugation)

Vorticella, Euglena, Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium.

Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucosolenia, Euplectella

Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa), Millepora, Physalia, Pennatula, Metridium,

Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Aurelia.

Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria

Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech, Polygordius, Chaetopterus, Neries,

Heteroneries, Arenicola.

Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Hippa, Belostoma, Limulus,

Eupagurus, Julus, Scolopendra, Praying mantis.

Phylum Mollusca- Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella, Pinctada, Cypraea, Octopus,

Nautilus.

Phylum Echinodermata- Echinus, Holothuria, Antedon, Asterias

Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma

Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,

Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnaria,

Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria

Dissections:

� Cockroach: General anatomy,Reproductive system,Nervous system

� Mytilus Nervous system

� Sepia Nervous system

� Echinus Aristotle’s lantern

Biosystematics, taxonomy and evolution

� Composition and assessment of the taxonomic diversity/biodiversity in a habitat

(e.g. grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)

� Estimation of gene and genotypic frequencies in light of Hardy-Weinberg law based

on facial traits/thumb prints, ABO blood group data etc.

� Project: Preparation of models showing the status of certain taxa or species in a

particular habitat.



11

Cell Biology

� Preparation of different cell types: Liver Hepatocytes , Adipocytes, Spleen cells

� Study of Polytene chromosomes in salivary glands of Chironomus larva/Drosophila

� Light microscopic examination and preparation of tissue sections.

� Study of mitotic and meiotic chromosomes from permanent prepared slides.

� Preparation of slides for mitotic study.

� Preparation of slides for meiotic study in the testis of grasshopper.

� Preparation of multipolar nerve cell from the spinal cord of a mammal.

� Barr body preparation in buccal epithelial cells.

Biochemistry

� Qualitative analysis of Lipid, protein and Carbohydrate samples

� Colorimetric/Spectrophotometric estimation of :

• Carbohydrate-Glucose,glycogen,cholesterol etc.

• Protein

• Phospholipids

• Nucleic acids: DNA,RNA

� Analysis of enzyme activity

� Study of temperature effect on enzyme act



12

SEMESTER II

PAPER I: General Physiology (ZOL-221)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Digestion

• Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates,

proteins and lipids-intestinal absorption-co-ordinationof

digestive activities- assimilation and partitioning of food

energy

Physiology of movement

• Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle

• Muscle contraction

• Physical properties of muscle

15

UNIT

II

Respiration

• Gases in external environment. Respiratory organs and

their ventilation. Respiratory pigments, BMR- transport of

respiratory gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide),nervous and

chemical control of respiration

Circulation

• Vascular pumps.Cardiac muscle properties. Heart beat and

its regulation, coagulation, cardiac rhythm, Role of

haemoglobin.

15

UNIT

III

Osmotic and ionic regulation

• Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic

and terrestrial vertebrates, air breathing vertebrates

Excretion

• Vertebrate kidney and formation of urine-nitrogen

excretion- renal regulation of acid base balance

10

UNIT

IV

Information processing in sensory and nervous system

• Structural elements – electric,chemical events and

information processing membrane,generator,receptors and

action potential,synaptic transmission, neurotransmitters

10

UNIT V Chemical correlation and neuroendocrinal control

• Endocrine glands and hormones

� Pituitary

� Thyroid

� Adrenal

� Pancreas

� Parathyroid

• Hormonal control of male and female reproduction and

implantation, parturition and lactation in mammals.

10




13

Suggested reading

� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Chatterjee, M.N and Shende, R.; Jaypee

brothers.

� A Textbook of Animal Physiology; Berry,A.K.; Emkay Publisher, Delhi.

� Text Book of Medical Physiology; Guyton A.C.;

� Animal Physiology Mechanisms and Adaptation. Eckert, R.W.H. Freeman

and Company, New York

� Biochemical Adaptation. I-fochachka,P.W. and Somero, G.N. Princeton,

New Jersey.

� General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of

Indian.

� Animal Physiologyl: adaptation and Environment, Schiemdt Neilsen.

Cambridge

� A regulatory Systems Approach. Strand, F.L.Physiology: Macmillan

Publishing Co., New York.

� Practical Biochemistry, Pummer, L. Tata McGraw Hill

� Environmental and Metabolic Animal Psysiology, Prosser, C.L.Wiley-Liss

Inc., New York.

� Environmental Psysiology, Willmer,P.G.Stone, and I.Johnson. Blackwell

Sci. Oxford, UK.

� Adaptation to Envioronment. Essays on the Psysiology of Marine

Animals. Newell, R.C. (ed.) 1976. Butterworths, London, UK.

� Psysiological Ecology: An evolutionally approach to resource use.

Townsend, C.R. and P. Cawlow. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, UK

� Optima for Animals. Alexander, R.M.N. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton,

NJ

� Comparative Physiology: Life in water or land. Dejours,P., L. Bolis,

C.R.Taylor and ER. Weibel (eds.). Liviana Press, Padova, Italy

� Animals and Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation.

Johnson, I.A., & A.F.Bennett (eds.) Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge,

UK.

� Physiological Animal Ecology. Louw, G.N.Longman Harloss, UK.

� General and Comparative Endocrinology, E.J.W.Barrington. Oxford.

Clarendon Press.

� Comparative Vertebratic Endocrinology. P.J.Bentley. Cambridge

University Press.

� Text Book of Endicrinology, R.H.Williams. W.B. Saunders.

� Endocrine Physiology. C.R.Martin. Oxford Univ. Press.

� Comparative Endocrinology, A. Gorbman et al. John Wiley & Sons



14

PAPER II: Tools & Techniques (ZOL-222)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Principle and application of :-

• Light microscopy and micrometry

• Phase contrast microscopy

• Interference microscopy

• Polarized microscopy

• Fluorescence microscopy

• Transmission electron microscopy

• Scanning electron microscopy

• Confocal scanning microscopy

15

UNIT

II

Principle and application of :-

• Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient

• Electrophoresis:Paper ,agarose,PAGE, isoelectro-focussing points and

capillary electrphoresis

• Chromatography:Paper,TLC,GLC,HPLC,ion-exchange and affinity

chromatography

• Freeze techniques:Freeze –drying,Freeze substitution,Freeze fracture

and freeze itch

• X-ray diffraction Lamberts – Beer’s Law and

colorimetery,spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,, ESR,IR,

spectrophotometery

• Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter

15

UNIT

III

Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology

• Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes

• Tracer techniques in biology

• Radiation dosimetry

• Auotoradiography

• Geiger Muller counter

• Scintillation Counter

10

UNIT

IV

Principles and technique of :-

• Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves

• Sequencing of nucleic acids

• Blotting techniques(southern,northern and western)

• Polymerase chain reaction

• Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries

10

UNIT

V • Hybridoma technology

• Embryo sexing

• Assisted reproductive technologies

• Cell culture techniques:-

1. Cell proliferation measurements

2. Cell viability testing

3. Culture media preparation and cell harvesting

methods

10




15

Suggested Reading:

� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd

edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th

edition), G Karp,

John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005.

� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,

� Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000

� Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J

Ninfa., D P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998

� Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003

� Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th

edition), K Wilson and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007

� Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004

� Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

New York, 2003

� Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd

edition), R K Scopes, Spring

International, 2004

� Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G G Hames, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

2005



16

PAPER III: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (ZOL-223)


HOURS

UNIT

I

DNA Replication

• Prokaryotic & eukaryotic DNA replication

• Mechanics of DNA replication

• Enzymes and accessory proteins involved in DNA

replication

• DNA Repair mechanism

9

UNIT

II

Transcription

• Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription

• RNA polymerases

• General and specific transcription factors

Post transcriptional modification in RNA

• 5’ cap formation

• Transcription termination

• 3’ end processing and polyadenylation

• Splicing

• Nuclear export of mRNA

• mRNA stability

11

UNIT

III

Translation

• Genetic code

• Prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation

• Translational machinery

• Mechanisms of Initiation, Elongation and termination

• Regulation of Translation

• Co and post translational modifications of protein

Recombination and repair

Holiday junction, Gene targeting, Gene disruption

FLP/ FRT and Cre/lox recombination

Rec A and other recombinases

12

UNIT

IV

Molecular mapping of Genome

• Genetic and physical maps

• Physical mapping and map based cloning

• Southern and fluorescence in situ hybridization for genome

analysis

• Chromosome micro dissection and micro cloning

• Molecular markers in genome analysis: RFLP,RAPD and

AFLP analysis

• Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes

Brief account of Antisense and Ribozyme technology

14



17

UNIT

V

Principle and technique of genetic engineering

• Cutting and joining of DNA molecules

• Analysing DNA sequences

• Cloning strategies, gene library and cDNA

• Application of recombinant DNA technology

o Recombination selection and screening

o Nucleic acid probes and their application

o Impact of recombinant DNA technology

Transgenic animals and knock outs

• Bioethics

14


Suggested Reading

� Molecular Biology of the gene; Watson J.D.; Benzamin/ Cummings.

� Molecular Biology of the Cell (2nd Edition) B. Alberts, D. Bray, J. Lewis, M.

Raff, K. Roberts, and J.D. Watson, Garland publishing. Inc., New York, 1994.

� Molecular Cell biology (2nd Edition) J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D.Baltimore,

Scientific American Books,USA,1994.

� Cell & Molecular Biology, (8th

edition), E D P Roberties & E M F Roberties,

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

� The cell, (5th

edition), R C Swanson and P C Webster , Prentice hall of India

Pvt. Ltd., 1990

� Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd

edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John

Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

� Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th

edition), G Karp,

John Wiley & sons, Inc., 2005

� The cell. A Molecular Approach, (4th

edition), G H Cooper and R E Hausman,

ASM Press, 2007

� Gene VII, Indian eds. Lewin, B. Oxford university press, Bombay



18

PAPER IV: Environmental Science & Wildlife Management (ZOL-224)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Biogeochemical cycles(C,O,N,P,S)

Population ecology

• Natality and mortality,Population age,

distribution,population growth curves,Density indices of

abundance,Factors affecting population growth, population

regulation

14

UNIT

II

Environmental pollution –air, water, soil and green house effect

Concept of sustainable development

10

UNIT

III

Principles of conservation

• Water conservation- rain water harvesting

• Soil conservation

• Biological indicators and their role in environmental

monitoring

12

UNIT

IV

Wildlife – definition, zoogeography of India and world with

reference to reptiles, birds and mammals, reasons for conservation

and destruction of wildlife, value of wildlife in modern

civilization

Indian species at risk- endangered , vulnerable, rare and

intermediate (with examples)

12

UNIT

V

Habitat diversity, habit analysis-quadrants, transects and grids

Indian wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and biosphere

reserves(definition and differences)

Wildlife (protection) Act of1972. IUCN and Red data book.

CITES(Convention on international trade in endangered

species)Appendices I &II

Biodiversity Act 1982,Biosafety

Conservation

• Remote sensing in conservation of forest and wildlife

• Radiotelemetry in wildlife management

12


Suggested readings:

� Environmental Biotechnology, Basic concepts and application ,Thakur I.S.,I K

International Pvt.Ltd.

� Fundamentals of ecology; Odum.E.P.; W.B.Saunders, New Delhi.

� Environmental management; Sandhu, D; India Environment society, New Delhi

� Principles of Wildlife management; James, A. Bailey; John Wiley & sons

� Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,

International eds.

� Environmental Science, Santra S.C., New Central Book Agency Pvt Ltd.,

Kolkata

� Environmental Science, Cunningham and Saigo



19

General physiology

� Comparision of RBC and WBC in different groups of Vertebrates. � Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.

� Determination of MCV,MCH,MCHC of the given sample of blood � Demonstration of the following in blood:clotting time,erythrocyte

sedimentation rate,haemolysis and crenation

� Determination of Haematocrit value of blood sample.

Tools and Techniques � Microscopes

� Surgical techniques Adrenalectomy,Thyroidectomy,castration

� Standardisation of occulometer and measurements of tubular diameter,cell

heights.

� To study the structure & function of Centrifuge.

� To study the principle of UV & visible light spectroscopy.

� To study the principle of cyclomixer.

� Flow cytometry

� To observe the sub cellular fractionation of rat liver.

� Measurement of diameter of thyroid follicles.

� Alizarin preparation.

Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

� Chromosomal counting in bone marrow cells of a mammal

� Isolation of RNA

� Restriction digestion of DNA

� Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA

� Separation of amino acids on paper & thin layer chromatography

� Separation of protein on SDS PAGE

Environmental Science and Wildlife Management Water Evaluation Analysis

� Determination of chloride the given water sample.

� Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.

� To determine the acidity of water.

� To determine the alkalinity of water.

� To estimate total solid in water.

� To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.

� To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.

� To determine the BOD of given water sample.

� To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.

� To estimate the hardness of water.

� To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.

SEMESTER II

PRACTICALS

(ZOL-225)



20

Soil Analysis

� Determination of organic matter in soil sample.

� Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.

� Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.

� Determination of leaf area index.

� Determination of residual chloride in water sample.

� Determination of moisture in soil.

� Determination of minimum size of quadrant.

� Determination of quadrate in field.

� Study of community of quadrate.

� Determination of dust holding capacity of leaves.

� Determination of bulk density of the given soil sample.

� Determination of water holding capacity of soil.

� Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil.

A visit to a sanctuary/National Park. (Preparation of Report)



21

SEMESTER III

PAPER I: Structure & Function of Vertebrates (ZOL-321)


HOURS

UNIT

I

1.Outline classification of vertebrates

2. Comparative study of various systems in vertebrate

groups(Pisces,Amphibia,Reptile,Aves,Mammal)

a) Vertebrate integument and its derivatives-

Development, general structure and functions of skin & its

derivatives(Glands, scales, feathers and hair)

10

UNIT

II

b) Circulatory System-

Evolution of heart

Evolution of Aortic arches

c) Respiratory system

14

UNIT

III

d) Skeletal system-

Form, function, body size and skeletal elements of the body,

Comparative account of skull, jaw suspensorium, vertebral

column,Limbs and girdles

12

UNIT

IV

e) Evolution of urinogenital system in vertebrates series

f) Sense organs

• Simple receptors

• Organs of olfaction and taste

• Lateral line system

• Electroreception

12

UNIT

V

g) Nervous system

• Comparative anatomy of the brain in relation to its function

• Cranial Nerves

12


Suggested Reading

� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.

� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.

� The chordata, Alexander, R.M.Cambridge University Press, London.

� The Biology of Himchordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and

Boyd. Edinhourgh.

� The Structure functions of nervous tissue. Bourne, G.H.Academic Press New

York.



22

� Structure and Habit in vertabrate evolution - carter, G.S.Sedgwick and Jackson.

London

� The Understanding of the brain. Eccles, J.C. McGraw Hill Co., New York and

London.

� Outlines of comparative anatomy of vertabrates. Kingsley, J.S. Central Book

Depot. Allahabad.

� Comparative anatomy of vertabrates. Kent. C.G.

� Chordata morphology. Malcom Jollie. East-West Press Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

� Analysis of vertabrate structure. Milton Hilderhrand. John Wiley and Sons., Inc,

New York

� The Chordates. Monielli. A.R.Cambridge University press. London.

� Evolution of chordata structure Smith. H.S. Hold Rinehart and Winstoin Inc.,

New York.

� Text Book of Zoology, Sedgwick, A.A. Students Vol.II.

� Vision in vertabrate. Tansley. K.chapman and Hall Ltd., Londo

� Morphogenesis of vertabrate. Torrey,T.W. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York

and London.

� Biology 01Æ vertarates, Walters.H.E. and Sayles. L.D.Macmillan and Co., New

York.

� Taste and smell in vertebrates. Wolstenholnf. E.F.and Knight, J.(Ed.) æ and A

Churchill. London.

� Vertabrate Body. Romer A.S. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

� Life of vertabrate, Young. J.Z. The Oxford University Press. London.

� Life of mammals, Young. J.Z. The Oxford University Press. London.

� Evolution of the vertabrates, Colbert. E.H. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.

� Vertabrate Paleontology. Romer. A.S.University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

� History of Primates Clark WK University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

� Elements of chordate anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall

Book Co., New York.

� An Introduction of vertarates anatomy. Messers. H.M.

� Comparative anatomy. montagna. W.John Wily and Sons Inc.

� Emroys and Ancestors. De Deer. 5G. Claredon Press. Oxford.

� Problems in vertabrate evolution. Andrews. S.M. Academic Press-New York.

� Chordata structure and function. Waterman. A.J.Macmillan Co. New York.

� Vertabrate evolution. Joysey.K.A. and T.S.Kemp. Oliver and Boyd. Edinbourgh.

� The Pylogeny of vertabrate. Lovtrup.S.JohnWiley and Sons. London

� Their habits and adaptations. Reptiles and Amphibians: Barbiur. T Hongton

Miffin Co., New York

� The biology of the Amphibia. Kingsley Noble G.Dover Publications. New York

� Arnphibia and their ways. Symth. The McMillan Co., New York. Andrevos.

S.M.Miles.R.S. and Walker. AD. Problems in vertebrate evolution. Academic

Press. New York.



23

� ern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.


HOURS

UNIT

I • The Gene bank sequence database

• Structure data base

• Sequence analysis

• Information retrevial from Biological database

• NCBI data model

• Sequence Alignment and database searching

12

UNIT

II • Practical aspects of multiple sequence alignment

• Phylogenetic analysis

• Predictive methods using Protein sequences

• Predictive methods using Nucleotide sequences

Of Mice and Men: Navigating public physical mapping

• ACEDB:A database for genome information

• Submitting DNA sequence to the database

12

UNIT

III • Computer Basics

• MS-Office

• Operating Systems(Unix and DOS)

• Hardware and Software

• Multimedia

• Network Concepts(LAN,WAN)

• Internet

• Web Servers, Web Access

• Security

• HTML,HTTP

12

UNIT

IV • Matrices and vectors(General idea – addition , subtraction,

scalar multiplication, multiplication of matrices)

• Exponential functions(definition & Graph)

• Periodic Functions( definition & Graph)

• Differentiation( Rules of differentiation)

• Integration(Rules of indefinite & definite integration)

10

UNIT

V • Central tendancy-Mean, median and mode

• Graphical & diagrammetic representation( pie chart, bar

diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve)

• Measures of dispersion, range, Q.D, standard deviation and

coefficient of variation

• Probability distribution(Normal)

• Elementary idea of sampling distribution

• Standard error

14

PAPER II: Bioinformatics, Computer Applications & Quantitative

Biology (ZOL-322)



24

Suggested Reading:

� Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences, (6th

edition),

W W Daniel, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1995.

� Essential Bioinformatics, Jin Xiong, John Wiley and Sons. 2006.

� Introduction to Bioinformatics, A Teresa and D P Smith, Prentice Hall,

1999.

� Statistical Methods in Biology, N T J Bailey, Cambridge University Press,

1995.

� Statistics for Biologist, R C Campbell, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

� Bioinformatics, A practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins,

(2nd

edition), A D Baxevanis, and B F Ouellette, John Wiley and Sons,

2002.

� Fundamentals of Biostatistics, Khan, Publishing Corporation, 1999

� Instant notes, Bioinformatics, Westhead, Parish, and Twyman, (1st

edition), Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd., 2003.

� Introduction to Bioinformatics, A M Lesk, Oxford University Press, 2002.

� Molecular databases for Protein sequence and Structure studies, J A

Sillince and M Sillince, Springer Verlag, 1991

� Practical statistics for Experimental Biologists, A C Swardlaw, John

Wiley and sons Inc., 1985

� Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov and Devereux, Stockton Press, 1989

• Tests of significance- t-test(1 population & 2 population

test), Chi-square( independence of attributes)

• Simple correlation (Karl Pearson method) & regression

• ANOVA( 1 way & 2 way classification)




25

SEMESTER III

PRACTICALS (ZOL-326)

Vertebrates

Specimen study

Class- Ascidiaceae

Herdmania, Botryllus, Pyrosomas, Doliolum, Salpa, Oikopleura

Class- Pisces Rhinobatus,Chimaera,Acipensor,Amia,Notopterus,Exocoetus,

Echeneis,Diodon,Triacanthus, Trichurius, Mastacembalus

ClassAmphibia

Ichythophis,Ambyostoma,Rhacophorus,Yeganophis,

Rana

Class- Reptilia

Chelone,Phyronosoma,Chameleon,Draco, Naja, Bungarus, Viper, Alligator

Class- Aves

-Koel(male & female),Indian tailor bird, Kite,Jungle Fowl,

Peacock,Emu,Ostrich,Penguin,Great Indian Bustard, Siberian Crane, Archeopteryx

Class- Mammalia

Loris,Indian Otter,Bat,Pangolin,Ornithorhyncus,Kangaroo,

Whale(any aquatic mammal),Rhesus monkey,Chinkara,Lion

BONES

SKULL

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

MANDIBLES

• Frog

• Fowl

• Rabbit

VERTEBRAE

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit



26

PECTORAL & PELVIC GIRDLE

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

LIMB BONES

• Frog

• Varanus

• Fowl

• Rabbit

DISSECTION

Scoliodon-

• Afferent, Efferent Blood vessels

• Eye muscles

• Internal ears

• Cranial nerves

Rat/ Mice-

• Arterial System

• Venous System

• Digestive System

• Endocrine System

• Cranial nerves

• Reproductive system

Computer Applications

� Exercise Related to Ms-Word.

� Exercise Related to Ms-PowerPoint

� Exercise Related to Ms-Excel

� Exercise Related to DOS

� Exercise Related to Unix

� Exercise Related to Multimedia

� Exercise Related to Web Access

� Exercise Related to HTML

� Exercise Related to HTTP

Quantitative Biology

� Preparation of frequency tables and graphs manually and with help of

computers.

� Calculation of standard deviation, variance and standard error of the mean.

� Calculation of Probability and significance between means using t-test and

ANOVA test.

� Chi square test for independence of attributes

� Plotting the slope of a line on a graph; calculation of the slope of a line

� Coefficient correlation and regression.

Bioinformatics

(As per the theory paper)



27

Suggested readings:

� The life of Vertebrates; Young J.Z.; Oxford University Press. Oxford.

� Colbert’s evolution of the vertebrates; Colbert E.H; John Willey and Sons.

� Modern text book of Zoology-Vertebrates; Kotpal R. L.; Rastogi Publications.

� Molecular Modeling for Beginners - by Alan Hinchliffe

� Molecular Modeling and Simulation - by Tamar Schlick

� Molecular Modeling - by Warren J. Hehre

� Naveen Prakash, Introduction to Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw

Hill.

� Statistical Methods,Snedecor,H.W And Cochran,W.G.,Affiliated East-West

Press,New Delhi(Indian Ed)

� Biometery,Sokal,R.R. and Rolf F.J,Freeman San Francisco

� Statistical Methods, S.P.Gupta,Sultan Chand and Co.

� Introduction to Bioinformatics,Risk A.M.,Oxford University Press.

� Basic Statistics; B.L Aggarwal, New Age intervations Pvt ltd.

� Mathematics by R.D.Sharma (XI & XII)



28

SEMESTER IV

PAPER I: Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology (ZOL-421)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Introduction to animal development

• Problems of developmental biology

• Developmental patterns in Metazoans

• Development in unicellular eukaryotes

Spermatogenesis

Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation

• Morphology

• Endocrinology

• Oogenesis & vitellogenesis

• Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals

16

UNIT

II

Fertilization

• Prefertilzation events

• Biochemistry of fertilization

• Post fertilization events

Creating multicellularity

• Cleavage types

• Comparative account of Gastrulation

Early Vertebrate development

• Neurulation and ectoderm

• Mesoderm and endoderm

12

UNIT

III

Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous cell specification

• Cell commitment and differentiation

• Cell specification in nematodes

• Germ cell determinants

• Germ cell migration

• Progressive cell -cell interaction and cell specification rate

Body axes

• Establishment of body axis in mammals and birds

• Proximate tissue interactions

• Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila

Homeobox concept in different phylogenetic groups

12

UNIT

IV

Tetrapod limb development

Hormones as mediators of development

Environmental evolution and animal development

10



29

UNIT

V

Biology of sex determination

Cell diversification in early animal embryo

Stem Cells

Teratology

10


Suggested readings:

• An Introduction to Embryology : Balinsky, B.I. : W.B. Saudersm, Delhi.

• Development Biology. Berrill, N.J. McGraw Hill book Com. New York.

• Modern Embryology : Bodemer, C.W. : Holt Reinchart and Winstom, Inc. New

York, Chicago.



30

PAPER II: Ethology & Applied Zoology (ZOL-422)


HOURS

UNIT

I

Introduction of Ethology:-

• Aims of Behavioural research

• Diversity of animal behaviour

• Historical perspective

Concepts of Ethology

• Fixed action pattern

• ASE

• sign stimulus

• Innate releasing mechanism

12

UNIT

II

Brain and behaviour

Behavioural genetics

Reproductive behaviour patterns:-

• Courtship

• Mating

• Stickleback behaviour

• Parental care

12

UNIT

III

Social organization

• Dominance hierarchies

• Social competition

• Territoriality

Individual social interaction

• Animal communication

• Dance language of Honey bee

• Aggregation

12

UNIT

IV

Learning

• Definition and forms

• Development of learning

• Mechanism

• Imprinting

• Human Ethology –General aspects

12

UNIT

V

Elementary Knowledge of :-

• Sericulture

• Apiculture

• Lac culture

• Pisciculture

• Poultry keeping

• Dairy industry

• Elements of Pest control

12




31

Suggested readings:

• Manning An introduction to behaviour Edward. Arnold.LOndon

• Animal behafiour,Hindi,R.A. Publication Mc Graw Hill Co.New York.

• Animal Sodieties and Evolution : Scientific Ameridan Publications

• Animal behaviour : Mac Farlnd D. Publications.ELBS

• Animal behaviour : Werlace, R.A. Publ. Goodyear Publishin Co lne.

• Grizimek's eneyclopaedia of Ethology.

• Hand book of Ehological method Laharen.Publ.Garland STPM Press

• Reena Mathur: Animal behaviour, Rastiogi Publications Meerut



32

SEMESTER IV

PRACTICALS (ZOL-426)

Genes & Differentiation • Study of development of Frog:

• Preserved Material available:

• Egg, cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud, Hatching, Mature tadpole

larva, Metamorphic stages, Froglet

• Histological slides: cleavage,Blastula, Gastrula, Neurula, Tail bud stage

• Study of development of Chick

• Whole mounts: 18, 21, 24, 33, 72 & 96 hrs of incubation period embryos

• Study of the embryo at various stages of incubation in vivo by making a window

in the egg shell

• Exercise to demonstrate developmental stages of living embryo after removal of

blastoderm from the egg

• Study of various foetal envelopes in a 10-12 day old chick

embryo(Amnion,Chorion,Allantois,Yolk sac)

Ethology

• To study the food preference and feeding behaviour of Tribolium.

• To study the light response of Tribolium.

• To study the process of learning in rats with the help of animal maze and analyse

the result of the experiment.

• To study the communication in Earthworm by chemical stimuli i.e. extruding a

substance called “Pheromone” that can transmit message.

• To study imprinting during critical period.

• Study of social organization of Rhesus (Macaca mulata) and Langurs (Presbetis

entellus).

• A visit to Zoo: To study the behaviour

Applied Zoology

• A visit to:

o Poultry farm

o Dairy Industry/Distillary plant

***

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