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1 COVENANT UNIVERSITY OMEGA SEMESTER TUTORIAL KIT (VOL. 2) PROGRAMME: ARCHITECTURE 400 LEVEL
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COVENANT UNIVERSITY
OMEGA SEMESTER TUTORIAL KIT (VOL. 2)
P R O G R A M M E : A RC H I T E C T U R E
400 LEVEL
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DISCLAIMER
The contents of this document are intended for practice and learning purposes at the
undergraduate level. The materials are from different sources including the internet and the
contributors do not in any way claim authorship or ownership of them. The materials are also
not to be used for any commercial purpose.
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LIST OF COURSES
ARC423: Law of Contract and Tort
ARC425: Building Structures VI
ARC426: Building Components & Methods VI (Working Drawing & Detailing)
ARC427: Introduction to Professional Practice
*ARC429: Building Information Modelling II
*Not included
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COVENANTUNIVERSITY
CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA.
TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc Architecture
COLLEGE: Science and Technology
SCHOOL: School of Environmental Science
DEPARTMENT: Architecture
SESSION: 2015/2016 EMESTER: Omega
COURSE CODE: Arc 423 CREDIT UNIT: 2
COURSE TITLE: Law of Contract and Tort
INSTRUCTION: Answer Questions 1 or 2 compulsory and any other two question, 3
questions in all.
TIME: 2 hour
1. (a). List the ranking of court system and Jurisdiction in criminal and civil law in Nigeria, state the
heading and jurisdiction of each court. Name two special courts that are available in Nigeria.
(13 Marks)
(b). Name four distinct system of law in Nigeria, explain each and differentiate between any two of
them. (12 Marks)
(c). Explain the law of Equity.
(5 Marks)
2 (a) What constitute the law of contract? Explain the types of penalties that can be paid in breaching a
contract and give 3 types of the penalties.
(11 Marks)
(b) Explain the types of contract available in common law? Explain express contract, implied contract,
bilateral contract, unilateral contract.
(14Marks)
(c) Explain what subordinate legislation (by-law) is.
(5 Marks)
3. (a) What is crime, examine the two categories of crime and give two differences between Tort and crime.
(10 Marks)
(b) Explain offer and acceptance in contract law. (6
Marks)
(c) How can an offer be terminated? (4Marks)
4. (a) Explain tort with an example , give two purposes of tort in the society and give two examples of
remedies in Tort.
(10 marks)
(b) Explain the doctrine of precedence and give two objectives of precedence.
(6 Marks)
(c) Explain the principle of privity of contract.
(4 Marks)
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5 (a) What is case law, what are the Limitations of arbitration with customary law and what are the
exception to
privity of contract.
(10 Marks)
(b) Explain Mistake and Misrepresentation in law of contract.
(4 Marks)
(c) Explain these types of mistakes, common mistake, mutual mistake and unilateral mistake.
(6 Marks)
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COVENANT UNIVERSITY CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: Science and Technology
DEPARTMENT: Architecture
SESSION: 2014/2015 SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE: Arc 423 CREDIT UNIT: 2
COURSE TITLE: Law of contract and Tort
COURSE COORDINATOR: Arc. F.O Jegede
COURSE LECTURERS: Dr. Dare Abel and Arc F.O Jegede
MARKING GUIDE
(1) (a)
The Supreme Court.
The court of Appeal.
The Federal high court.
The sharia court of Appeal of the Federal capital territory.
The customary court of Appeal of the Federal capital territory.
The state court.
Tribunals. (Listing all gives 7marks, 1 mark for each)
i. Supreme Court: Its jurisdiction and power derives from the constitution of the
federal republic of Nigeria which includes, hearing of appeals from the president of
Nigeria and supported by a number of justices of the Supreme Court by not
exceeding 21 as may be prescribed by an act of national assembly.
The chief justice and other justices of the Supreme Court are appointed on the
recommendation of the national judicial council and subject to confirmation by the senate
of the national assembly of the federation.
ii. The court of appeal: The court is headed by the president of the court which is usually
appointed by the president of Nigeria as recommended by the national judicial council and
confirmed by the senate.
The court is deemed to be consists of at least 3 justices of the court of appeal.
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iii. The federal high court: Presided by a chief judge and comprising such number of Judge
of the federal high court as may be prescribed by an act of the national Assembly.
iv. Shari court of appeal: Consist of Grand Kadi, At least 3 Kadi .
v. The customary court of appeal: At least 3 Judges of the court. Have a president and such
other number of Judges of the customary court of Appeal.
vi. State court: Consist of the high court of a state
• Sharia court of Appeal of state
• The customary court of Appeal of a state
• Their Jurisdiction covers function and duties as maybe conferred on them by state law
• Their power covers both civil and criminal proceedings involving or relating any
penalty. Being headed by the same heads in sharia, customary, high court of court of
the state.
vii. Tribunals: Established and constituted for special purposes.
• Issues that borders on economic political, civil and criminal matter e.g. election, labor
dispute, crisis, mismanagement, injustice, a head that chairs the tribunals.
(Explaining the jurisdiction of each court and the headings gives 4 marks)
• Special courts: Court Marshall and National industrial court. (2 marks)
(TOTAL OF 13 MARKS)
(b) Four distinct system of law in Nigeria
i. Common law: law of post colonial independence.
• A common -law legal system, is a system characterized by case law which is law
developed by Judges through decision of courts and similar tribunals.
• Body of precedent is called “common law” and it binds future decisions.
• The common- law system prevails in England, the United States and other countries
colonized by England. Common law courts base their decision on prior judicial
pronouncements rather than on legislative enactments.
• Common law is generally uncodified
ii. Customary law: Which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practice,
including the dispute resolution, meetings of pre-colonial Yoruba land secrete societies and the
Ekpe and Okonko of Igbo land and Ibibio land.
iii. Sharia law: use only in the predominantly Muslim north of the country. Kano, kastina,
Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe and Kebbi.
v. Statute law: Sometimes referred to as legislation or “black letter law”.
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Statute law is formal written law passed by legislatures.
Different from Judge- made common law or case law.
They are law that are formally established to deal with specific situation, and written down
in code book.
When the legislature makes a law, it is considered statute law or statutory law. E.g. laws on
property and divorce. Either these laws are made by state legislatures or federal legislature.
(2 marks for each law type, total of 8 marks)
Differences between statute law and common law.
The legislature, unlike the court, does not have to have a “case” before it to make a law, if
the legislature has the authority to make a law about something and it believes that it is a
good idea to make a law, it is permitted to do so. Judges, on the other hand, can only make
law when a case comes before them and they make law in the form of establishing precedent
in that particular case. (4 marks)
(TOTAL OF 12 MARKS)
(c) Equity: Is the set of legal principle that supplement strict rules of law where their
application would operate harshly.
• Equity is commonly said to “mitigate the common law” allowing courts to use their
discretion and apply justice in accordance with natural law.
• A historical criticism of equity as it developed was that it had no fixed rules of its own,
with the Lord Chancellor occasionally judging in the main according to his own
conscience. (5 marks)
(2) (a) Law of contract: An agreement which the law will enforce or recognize as
affecting the legal rights and duties of the parties.
Can be defined as a promise or set of promises the law will enforce.
Not all agreements will be enforced by law e.g. social and domestic agreements are
generally not binding in law. (3 marks)
PENALTIES:
Damages: when a party to a contract has committed a breach of contract the most
readily granted type of remedy by courts is paying damages. (2 marks)
• Penalty and liquidated damages: the parties to a contract may agree in advance to fix
the sum payable as damages by either or both parties in the event of breach of the
contract. Whether such an agreement will be upheld and enforced by the courts,
depends on whether it is regarded as a liquidated damages clause or a penalty clause (6
marks)
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• General and special damages: where the losses claimed are for specific items with
clear or known monetary values, these are referred to as “special” damages e.g. buying
of a defected vehicle from a car dealer. The claims will contain items such as vehicle
license for one year N3000, repair N4000, loss of earning at N9000. all these will be
treated as “special” by the court.
• but if the court itself has to estimate or assess the damages , even when this is based
on the principles discussed above, the resultant figure is automatically termed , general
“damages”
• Nominal damages: whenever a party has committed a breach of contract, the injured
party is entitled to nominal damages, even though he has suffered no actual damages
the violation of his right will entitled the plaintiff to nominal damages without proof of
any loss incurred by him as a consequence of the breach.
• Exemplary damages: These are damages awarded against the defendant as a
punishment, so that the assessment goes beyond mere compensation to the plaintiff.
(2 marks for each type of
damages)
(TOTAL 11 MARKS)
b) Two basic type of contract at common law.
Formal contracts
Simple contracts (2 marks)
i. A formal contract: is a contract made by deed. It is also known as a contract under
seal
• A contract under seal or deed must be in writing or may be typed on paper or parchment.
• A deed is supposed to be executed, i.e. completed and given full legal effect by the
signing, sealing and delivering it by the party executing, to the other party.
• By various laws in Nigeria a person executing a deed must now either sign or make his
mark, in addition to sealing, if the deed is to be valid. (1 marks)
ii. Simple contract: These may be defined as all contracts other than formal contracts
required being under seal, they may be in writing, or may be oral.
• The major distinction between a contract under seal (deed) and a simple contract is that
unlike the formal, only a party who has furnished consideration can bring an action to
enforce a simple contract. In other words the validity of the simple contract is derived
from the presence in it of consideration.
Simple contract can take both the oral and written form. Indeed in some special case,
the law prescribes that the contract or a memorandum of it must be in written in order
to be enforceable. However, such contracts must be distinguished from contract under
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seal or deed. For in the case of formal contract, there must be a seal. This is not present
in ordinary written contracts. (1marks)
Express contract: A contract is described as express when their terms of the contract are
clearly stated.
• Example: X invites tenders from contractors for the building of a house, and picks one
out of several tenders. The contract is then awarded to the owner of that tender. All the
material terms will usually be clearly spelt out in such an agreement, and the contract
comes into existence after much correspondence and negotiation on price, duration of
construction, materials to be used. (2 marks)
Implied contract: the terms are not expressly stated. The court in such circumstances will
normally construe the existence of a contract from the conduct of the parties, rather than
from their words or correspondence e.g. a passenger of a bus. Example: Two parties
evidently acting on the terms of an unsigned contract over a reasonable period of time. An
assumption by the court that both parties mutually approved the terms of the unsigned
document. (2
marks)
A bilateral contract: consist of an exchange of promises: the offeror promising to do
something in exchange for the offeree promising to do something else in return. E.g.
building a house. (2 marks)
Unilateral contract: By contrast, if a consideration (the mutual promises) consists of
actual performance in return for a promise, it is called a unilateral contract and the
performance is referred to as executed consideration. E.g. product performance, finding a lost
object with reward.
only one party , the offeror or promisor , is under a contractual obligation at any relevant period
in a unilateral contract. e.g. cases in which the offeror or promisor offers a reward for
information on arrest of a criminal, leading to the location of lost one , or a reward for the
finding and return of a lost object to the offeror (2 marks)
(TOTAL 14 MARKS)
(c) Subordinate legislature: It is often used to refer to a legislative instrument made
by an entity under a power delegated to the entity by the parliament.
• It can be necessary for legislative power to be deemed for any of the following reasons.
- To save pressure on parliamentary time.
- The legislation is too technical or details to be suitable for parliamentary consideration
- To deal with rapidly changing or uncertain situations
- To allow for swift action in the case of an emergency (5 marks)
3. (a) Crime: An action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by
law.
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-A crime is an act (something you do) or omission (something you don't do)
-A person, who has violated a law or has breached a rule, is said to have committed a
criminal offense.
-Is an act that breaks a law that relates to how to behave in society?
The harm cause by the act is seen to be against society as a whole, not just a specific
person (2 marks)
Two main categories of crime
i. Property crime.
ii. Violent crime.
Property crime
- This is committed when someone damages, destroys or steals someone else’s
property, e.g. car, vandalizing a building. (2 marks)
Violent crime
- This occurs when someone harms, attempt s to harm, threatens to harm or even
conspires to harm someone else.
- Violent crime are offences which involve force or threat of force, such as rape,
robbery, or homicide
- Some crimes can be both property crime and violent at the same time, e.g.
carjacking someone’s vehicle at gunpoint. (2
marks)
Differences between Tort and crime (4 marks)
(TOTAL 10 MARKS)
(b) - Offer: An offer may be defined as a definite undertaking or promise, made by one
party with the intention that it shall become binding on the party making it, as soon as it is
accepted by the party to whom it is addressed
The person making the offer is known as the offeror, and the person to whom it is
addressed, the offeree.
(3 marks)
- Acceptance: For an acceptance to be valid it must be a final expression of assent to
the terms of the offer.
• There must be positive evidence from which the court can infer acceptance. It must not
be subjective in nature. In other words, the person accepting must indicate it either by
words, in writing or by conduct.
• A mere intention to accept or silence cannot constitute an acceptance.
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• Acceptance must be communicated otherwise it will not be valid. The communication
must be in such a form that it can be objectively determined. It must be externally
manifested, either by words, conduct, writing, or by one of the modern modes, and
communications. (3 marks)
(c) An offer can be terminated in four ways
1. By revocation
2. By lapse of time
3. By the death of the offeror or offeree
4. By rejection (4
marks)
(4. ) (a) Tort: When a civil wrong is done for which the remedy is a common law action for
unliquidated damages, and which is not exclusively the breach of a contract, or the breach of
trust or other merely equitable obligation, it is said to be tort. The word ‘tort’ means “wrong”.
Any unjustifiable interference with the right of another person may be a tort.
Tort is a breach of a civil duty imposed by law and owed towards all persons.
Tort is a field which pervades the entire law, and is so interlocked at every point with property,
contract and other accepted classifications. (Two definitions
with explanation give 3 marks)
Example: Where a wrong is done and the state prosecutes such offender, the person who has
been affected by the wrongful act is often left without compensation or remedy. Reparation is
not made for the injury he has suffered, even though the wrongdoer may have been convicted,
fined and or sentenced to a term of imprisonment, e.g. stolen property. Payment for the wrong
is tort. (1 marks)
The purpose of the law of tort: is to remedy injury or wrong, by giving a person the legal
right to sue in civil law for compensation.
To prohibit a person from doing wrong to another person and where a wrong is done to afford
the injured party, right of action in civil law, for compensation, or other remedy, such as:
An injunction directing the wrong doer who is known as a tortfeasor to stop doing the act
specified in the court order and so forth.
To prohibit tort and where a tort is committed, the law of tort provides a remedy for it by an
award of damages or other appropriate relief.
The law of torts protects personal and property interests from being harmed by other persons.
Since everyone (based on civil law) is under a duty not to breach the interests of another person
but where a person interferes with the interest of another person, without legal justification, or
excuse, the law of tort intervenes to apportion blame and award damages or other appropriate
remedy. (4 marks for 2 purposes marks)
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Remedies are: Award of damages: that is monetary compensation.
• Injunction
• Others such as, an order to abate a nuisance, for specific restitution of a chattel of
which the plaintiff has been dispossessed, and so forth. (2
marks with two remedies given)
(TOTAL 10 MARKS)
(b) The doctrine of precedence: Fundamental principle of common law, it is a form of
reasoning and decision making formed by case law.
It says that precedents not only have persuasive authority but also must be followed
when similar circumstances arises
Any principle announced by a higher court must be followed in later cases
The courts are bound within prescribed limits by prior decisions of superior courts
Judges are also obliged to obey the set up precedents established by prior decisions.
This legal principle is called stare decisis. (2
marks)
Two Objections:
- It helps to maintain a system of stable laws. This stability gives predictability to
law and afforded a degree of security for individual rights.
- It ensures that the law develops only in accordance with the changing perception s
of the community and therefore it more accurately reflects the morals and
expectations of the community. (4 marks)
(TOTAL 6 MARKS)
(c) Principle of the Privity of contract: A contract cannot confer enforceable right or
impose obligations arising under it on any person, except parties to it.
Only parties to a contract can sue on it. It also follows that only those who have
furnished consideration towards the formation of the contract can bring an action on it.
Example if Mr. X promise Mr. Y for a consideration to render a service to Mr. Z, Mr.
Z cannot sue Mr. X if he (X) fails to carry out the promise. Mr. Z is not a party to the
contract. He is only a beneficiary. Only Y can sue to enforce it.
Only parties to a contract can sue on it. (4 marks)
(5) (a) Case law: - is a part of common law
- Consist of judgment given by higher (appellate) courts in interpreting the statute (or
the provisions of a constitution) applicable in cases brought before them. Called
precedents, they are binding on all courts (within the same jurisdiction) to be followed
as the law in similar cases. Over time, these precedents are recognized, affirmed, and
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enforced by the subsequent court decisions, thus continually expanding the common
law. (3 marks)
Limitation of arbitration with customary law
- The cultural diversity of the country, making customary practice differs in so many
respects on the same issue.
- The oral tradition of the customary system has place it in the “endangered species list”
- The pavicity of authoritative works on customary law has created yawing gaps from
the scholarship in this vital area of law
(3 marks)
• The exceptions to the principle of privity of contract: Agency and the assignment
of contractual obligations and novation are obvious examples. Others are contract of
insurance, contracts running with land, charter parties, and a special application of the
trust concept in equity. (4 marks for mentioning four exception )
(TOTAL 10 MARKS)
(b) Mistake: If one or both parties to a contract enter into it under some misunderstanding
or misapprehension, in what circumstances will they be permitted to repudiate the
obligations incurred under the contract and resile out of it , on the ground that had they
known the true facts they would never have entered into the agreement?. This is the
question that is raised by the subject of mistake.
An untrue statement, made by one party (to a contract) to the other, before or at the time
of contracting, with regard to some existing fact or to some past event which is one of
the causes that induces the contract.
(
2 marks )
• Misrepresentation: A statement constituting misrepresentation can form the basis of
an action in other areas of the law of contract. As we saw earlier, a misrepresentation
can either be a term of the contract or not a term of the contract. Where it is a term of
the contract, (for example because it is included in a document containing the terms of
the contract), a breach of such a term entitles the injured party to sue and claim damages
alone, or both damages and rescission of the contract. Such a party therefore does not
have to sue for misrepresentation, for which there is an inadequate provision of both at
common law and in equity. (2 marks)
(c) Types of mistakes
• Common mistake:-When it is alleged that there has been a common mistake, what is
meant is that both parties to the contract concluded it under the same (common)
mistakes or misapprehension, about some fact which lies at the basis of the
agreement. Both parties acted in the erroneous belief that a certain state of fact was in
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existence at the time the agreement was reached. Their mistake was therefore
“common” in a double sense; they were both mistaken, about the same thing. As we
shall soon see, in “mutual mistake,” they are also both mistaken but not about the
same thing. In unilateral mistake, only one party is mistaken. Example, bunt petrol
station.
(2 marks)
• Mutual mistake: - When the two parties are mistaken about each other’s terms in the
sense that one party makes to the other an offer which the other party “accepts” in a
fundamentally different sense from that that intended by the offeror, the mistake is
said to be mutual. It is mutual in the sense that they are both contracting out of
mistake, but the mistake is not about the same thing, i.e. it is not a common mistake.
Example wrong buying of an item.
(2 marks)
• Unilateral mistake:-The mistake is unilateral where only one party is mistaken or is
presumed to be mistaken. E.g if A, a rouge, walks into a car shop and presents himself
to the sales manager as the vice Chancellor of a university and picks a Peugeot 505.
(2 marks)
(6 marks for all three types)
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COVENANTUNIVERSITY
CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016, SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE ARC 425 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: BUILDING STRUCTURES VI
INSTRUCTION: Answer any FOUR questions. TIME: 3 HOURS
1(a) What properties of steel facilitate its use as versatile structural material (5 marks)
(b) In designing steel beams, all possible failure modes are considered. List and explain with
sketches where necessary five of these failure modes (10 marks)
(c) List and explain the steps to be followed in the design of steel beams (8 marks)
2(a) Explain the following as they affect the design of steel beams:
(i) Initial section selection (2.5 marks)
(ii) Strength classification (2.5 marks)
(iii) Section classification (2.5 marks)
(iv) Stress – strain characteristics (2.5 marks)
(b) Sketch the cross section of a steel universal beam and explain the aspect ratios (8 marks).
(c) Relate the limiting values of the aspect ratios to the classification of steel beams (5
marks).
3. A universal beam is simply supported between two columns. The beam in turn supports a
reinforced concrete slab in addition to a column load acting at the mid-span of the beam. The
column point load has both dead and imposed components of 12KN and 24KN respectively.
The slab load is uniformly distributed with dead load of 10KN/m and imposed load of
12KN/m. You are required to:
(i) Sketch the beam and loading conditions (5 marks)
(ii) Carry out an initial selection (5 marks)
(iii)Classify the selected selection (5 marks)
(iv)Design the beam to resist bending and shear considerations assuming that S275 steel is
used and the loads are inclusive of the self-weight of the beam (8 marks).
4(a) Distinguish between softwood and hardwood. (3marks)
(b) What factors determine the suitability of timber for structural use in buildings? (5marks)
(c) Distinguish between grade stress and permissible stress in structural design of
timber.(5marks)
(d) What are modification factors in structural timber design? (5marks)
(e) Discuss the key modification factors relevant to the design of simple flextural and
compression members in timber.(5marks).
5(a) Explain the concept of effective length in the design of compression members in steel.
With diagrams, explain four scenarios of effective lengths for columns under non-sway
conditions (8 marks).
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(b) Outline the processes followed in the sizing of steel columns (5 marks).
(c) An internal steel column is 5m long and has rigid joint. It is loaded concentrically with
1025KN dead load and 1200KN imposed load. With the column assumed to be fixed at top and
bottom, design the column under:
(i) braced condition
(ii) unbraced condition (10 marks).
6(a) A cantilevered structural steel beam 1m long supports characteristic dead and imposed
loads of 450KN/m and 270KN/m respectively. Select a suitable universal section in grade S275
to satisfy bending and shear considerations only (13marks).
(b) Carry out deflection check on the beam in (a) above given that modulus of elasticity of steel
E = 205KN/mm2 and second moment of area (x-x) of section I = 21500cm4 (10marks).
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COVENANTUNIVERSITY
CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016, SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE ARC 425 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: BUILDING STRUCTURES VI
INSTRUCTION: Answer any FOUR questions. TIME: 3 HOURS
MARKING GUIDE
QUESTION 1
a. i. Good strength
ii. Good ductility
iii. High stiffness
iv. Easy and fast to fabricate
v. It is relatively cheaper
vi. Easy to modify and dimensional control
vii. Relatively low self weight
b. Failure Modes in Steel Beams
i. Bending
ii. Local Buckling
iii. Shear
iv. Shear Buckling
v. Web bearing and Buckling
vi. Lateral Torsional Buckling
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c. The design process for a beam can take the following steps:
i. Determine design shear forces, Fv and bending moments, M, at critical points on the
element.
ii. Selection of UB or UC
iii. Classification of section
iv. Check shear strength, if not Ok, return to (2)
v. Check bending capacity, if not Ok return to (2) .
vi. Check deflection; if not OK return to (2)
vii. Check web bearing and buckling at supports or concentrated load, if not Ok provide
web stiffener
viii. Check lateral torsional buckling, if not Ok back to (2) or provide lateral and torsional
restraints
ix. Summerise results
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QUESTION 2
a. i. Initial Section Selection
To avoid bending failure, the design moment, M, should not exceed the moment capacity
of the section, Mc
M< Mc
Generally, the moment capacity for a steel section is given as Mc =py S
where; py = is the assumed design strength of the steel
S = is the plastic modulus of the section
Combining the above equations
S > M/ py
This can be used to select suitable universal beam section from steel tables; with the plastic
modulus of section S greater than the calculated value.
ii. Strength Classification
In the initial choice of section, a steel strength will have been assumed
If grade S275 steel is used, it may have been assumed that the strength is 275N/mm 2
By referring to the flange thickness T from the steel tables, the design strength can be
obtained from Table 9 of BS 5950
Steel
Grade
Thickness, less than or equal to
(mm)
Design Strength (N/mm
sq)
S275 16
40
63
80
100
150
275
265
255
245
235
225
S355 16
40
63
80
100
150
355
345
335
325
315
295
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S460 16
40
63
80
100
460
440
430
410
400
iii. Section Classification
Four classes of sections are identified in clause 3.5.2 of BS 5950. They are Class 1 plastic;
Class 2 Compact; Class 3 Semi-Compact; and Class 4 Slender.
Class 1 Plastic
Cross sections in which a plastic hinge can be developed with significant rotation. Plastic
hinge develops in beams when the cross section has become plastic
If plastic design method is used in the structural analysis, all members must be this type
Class 2 Compact
Cross sections in which the full plastic moment capacity can be developed, but local
buckling may prevent development of a plastic hinge with enough rotation capacity to
permit plastic design.
Class 3 Semi-Compact
Cross sections that can develop their elastic moment capacity, but local buckling may
prevent the development of full plastic moment.
Class 4 Slender
This class of cross sections contain slender elements subject to compression due to moment
or axial load.
Limiting width to thickness ratios for elements for the four classes of cross sections are
given in the table below according to BS 5950.
Outstand Element of Compression Flange b/T≤ 9ε
b/T≤ 10ε
b/T ≤ 15ε
Web with neutral axis at mid-depth d/t≤ 80ε
d/t≤ 100ε
d/t≤ 120ε
Web where the whole cross- section is subject to axial compression only
n/a n/a d/t≤ 40ε
NOTE: ε= (275/ py ) 1/2
iv. Stress – Strain Characteristics
22
QUESTION 3
(i) Sketch
(ii). Initial Beam Selection
Total Point Load: 12 x 1.4 + 24 x 1.6 = 55.2 KN
Total UDL: [10 x1.4 + 12 x 1.6] x 6 = 199.2 KN
TOTAL LOAD = 254.4 KN
SHEAR
Fv = Ra = Rb = 254.4/2 = 127.2 KN
MOMENT
M = wl/4 + wl2/8 = 55.2 x 6/4 + 33.2 x 62/8
= 82.2 + 149.4 = 231.6KNm
Assuming Py = 275, Sx = 231.6 x 106/275 = 842,182 mm3 = 842 cm3
From the steel table, possible sections are:
a. 406 x 140 x 46 UB: Sx = 888
b. 356 x 171 x 51 UB: Sx = 895
c. 305 x 165 x 54 UB: Sx = 845
Select section b.
SECTION CLASSIFICATION
From the table, the selected section has the following properties
T = 7.3, T = 11.5. D = 355.6, d = 312.3, b/T = 7.46, d/t = 42.8
T = 11.5 which is less than 16mm.
b/T = 7.46 which is less than 9e = 9. Also d/t = 42.8 which is less than 80e = 80
Hence both web and flange are plastic.
SHEAR STENGTH
23
As d/t = 42.8 which is less than 70e = 70, shear buckling need not be considered.
Shear Capacity : Pv = 0.6 PytD = 0,6 X 275 X 7.3 X 355.6 = 428 KN
But Fv = 127.2 KN which less than 0.6Py = 0.6 x 275 = 165 KN (low shear)
MOMENT CAPACITY
Mc = PyS = 275 X 895 X1000 = 246 X 106 = 246 KNm
1.2PyZ = 1.2 X 275 X 796 X 103 = 262.7 X 106 = 262.7 KNm
Hence Mc = 246KNm which is less than 262.7 KNm. SECTION OKAY.
Moment due to imposed load = 231.6 KNm
Extra moment due to self weight Msw = 1.4 x (51 x 9.81/1000)x 6x6/8
= 3.15KNm
Total imposed moment = 231.6 + 3.15 = 234.75 which is less than moment capacity of 246 KNm.
THE SELECTED SECTION IS SUITABLE
QUESTION 4
a. (i) Softwoods: derived from tress with needle-shaped leaves and are usually evergreen, e.g.
fir, larch, spruce, hemlock and pine
(ii) Hardwoods: Obtained from trees with broad leaves and are usually deciduous, e.g.
ash, elm, oak, teak, iroko, ekki and greenheart
b. The suitability of timber for any given structural use depends on the following factors:
(i) Performance;
(ii) Cost;
(iii) (iii) Appearance; and
(iv) (iv) Availability.
c. Grade Stress: Stress grading is the process of assessing the strength of timber
Mechanical stress grading is based on the assumption that there is a direct relationship
between the modulus of elasticity and bending strength of the material
The procedure involves subjecting samples of structural timber to short-term load tests in
strength grading machine
The result is used to determine the value below which not more than 5% of the test result
fell
Grade stress is obtained by dividing the 5th percentile stresses by a reduction factor.
Sixteen strength classes of timber exist. These are : C14, C16, C18, C22, C24, TR26, C27, C30,
C35, C40, for softwoods, with C14 having the lowest strength characteristics
D30, D35, D40, D50, D60 and D70 for Hard woods
These strength class designations indicate the bending strength of the timber
Strength class TR26 is for use in the design of trussed rafters
The design of timber elements to BS5268 is based on the permissible design philosophy
The grade stresses of timber are calculated based on specific service and loading conditions.
24
To take account of the actual conditions that individual members will be subjected to during
their life span, the grade stresses are multiplied by modification factors known as K-factors.
The modified stresses are termed Permissible Stresses
d. Modification Factors
There are over 80 K-factors in BS5268. However, in this course we shall consider those
modification factors relevant to the design of flexural and compression members only.
(i) K2 : Moisture Content factor
(ii) K3 : Duration of Loading factor
(iii) K5 : Notched ends factor
(iv) K7 : Depth factor
(v) K8 : Load-sharing system factor
(vi) K12 : Compression member stress factor
e. (i) Moisture Content
The strength and stiffness of timber decreases with increasing moisture content. This is
taken into consideration by assigning structural timber to a service classes. There are three
service classes.
Service Class 1
Moisture content of the material at temperature of 20 0 C and relative humidity exceeding 65% for
few weeks per year
Timbers used internally in a continuously heated buildings normally experience this environment
Most timber structure will attain an average moisture content of not more than 12%
Service Class 2
Moisture content at the temperature of 20 0 C and relative humidity exceeding 85% for a few weeks
per year
Timbers used in covered buildings will normally experience this environment
Most timber elements in this situation will attain an average moisture content of not more than
20%.
Service Class 3
Due to climatic conditions, this class of timber has higher moisture content than Service Class 2
This is applicable to externally used and fully exposed timber elements.
Duration of Loading
The stresses in Tables 8 and 10 apply to long term loading
When the applied load acts for a shorter period e.g. snow and wind, the grade stresses can be
increased.
Table 17 of BS5268 gives the modification factor K3 by which these values should be multiplied for
various load combinations
25
Duration of load Values of K3
Long Term (dead + permanent imposed) 1.00
Medium Term (dead+ snow, dead+ temp. imposed 1.25
Short Term( dead +Imposed + wind, dead+ imposed+
snow+ wind 1.50
Very short term (dead + imposed + wind) 1.75
QUESTION 5
a. Effective length in compression members such as columns and struts is a function of the
actual length of the member and the characteristics of the end restraints. There are two
categories of effective lengths: Non swat mode and Sway mode
Non sway mode:
Total restraint at the ends: Effective length Le = 0.7L
Partial restraint at the ends: Le = 0.85L
Restrained in direction at one end: Le = 0.85L
No restraint at all: Le = 1.0L
Sway Mode
Effectively held in position and restrained at one end the other end not held: Le = 1.2L
Ditto but partially held in direction: Le = 1.5L
Not restrained in direction: Le = 2.0L.
b. Processes in the sizing of steel columns
(i). Determine the design axial loading
(ii). Calculate effective length
(iii). Select initial section
(iv). Determine that column is not slender
(v). Estimate the compressive resistance of column such that it is more than the design axial
load calculated in (i).
C (i). Braced Condition
Design axial load: Fc = 1025 x 1.4 + 1200 x 1.6 = 1435 + 1920 = 3355KN.
Effective Length: Le = 0.7 L = 0.7 X 5 = 3.5 m.
Selection of Section
26
Using trial and error the following section is selected.
254 x 254 x 107 UC
From the table: Py = 275, Ry = 65.7, Ag = 13700 mm2, b/T = 6.3, d/t = 15.4
Hence slenderness ratio = Le/Ry = 3500/65.7 = 53.
From the steel table Pc = 215N/mm2
Also, b/T = 6.3 which is less than 15e = 15 and d/t = 15.4 which is less than 40e = 40.
Hence section is not slender
Compressive strength P = AgPc = 13700 x 215/1000 = 2946 KN which is less than 3355KN.
Section NOT OKAY.
Select a new secton:
305 x 305 x 158 UC
Properties: Py = 275, Ry = 78.9mm, Ag = 20100mm2, b/T = 6.21, d/t = 15.7
Hence Slenderness Ratio = 3500/78.9 = 44.4 = 44
From Table: Pc = 231N/mm2
As b/T is less than 15 and d/t is less than 40, the section is not slender
Hence P = AgPc = 2010000 x 231/1000 = 4, 643KN
Selected section is okay.
QUESTION 6
Sketch of Beam
Total dead load = 450x1m = 450KN
Total live load = 270x1m = 270KN
Shear Force
27
Fv at point A = 450X1.4 + 270X1.6 = 1062KN
Bending Moment
BM = WL/2 = 1062X1/2 = 531 KNm
Initial S; ection Selection
Sx= M/Py = 531 x 106/275 = 1931cm3
Suitable Section
533 x 210 x 82UB; Sx = 2060; Py = 275; Plastic
Check for Shear Strength
Shear Capacity of section Pv = 0.6PytD = 0.6 X 275 X 9.6 X 528.3 = 837KN which is less than 1062KN
Since shear capacity must be greater than shear force. The selected section is not OKAY.
In the above scenario, given the short length of the cantilever, the selection of section will be
determined from the shear strength which in this case is more critical than bending.
Try a new section 610 x 229 x 101; Sx = 2880; Py = 275
Hence Pv = 0.6PytD = 0.6 X 275 X 10.6 X 602.2 = 1053KN which is less than shear force
Hence section NOT OKAY.
Try 610 x 229 x 113 UB; Sx = 3290 cm3; Py = 275
Pv = 0,6 x 275 x 11.2 x 607.3 = 1081KN which is higher than shear force of 1062KN.
Hence high shear load.
Check for Moment
Mc = Py (Sx – pSv)
But p = [2(Fv/Pv) – 1]2 = 0.80
Hence Mc = 275(3290 x103 – 0.80(11.2 x 607.32/4)
= 275(3290000 – 826142) = 678 x 106 = 678 KN m
678 KNm is less or equal to 1.2PyZ = 1.2 X 275 X 2880 X 1000 = 950 KNm
The selected section is OKAY.
28
COVENANT UNIVERSITY CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016 SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE: ARC426 CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: BUILDING COMPONENTS AND METHODS (6)
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR (4) QUESTIONS
TIME: 21
/2 HOURS
1. (a) Discuss five types of glass and their uses? (10 marks)
(b) In construction and project implementation, mention two (2) materials and tools
employable in order to apply rendering on a wall surface? How do you test for adhesion
of a particular paint when applied on a wall surface? (7.5 marks)
2. (a) Discuss the different concepts (idea) of a finished building project and define the term
‘finishing’. (7.5 marks)
(b) Enumerate three types of laminated glass and describe one in detail showing a sketch?
(10 marks)
3. (a) You have been commissioned to design a residential building with timber as the walling
material installed on a concrete substructure, describe wall details showing connection to
the foundations, frame, interior and exterior finish? (Clear sections and plans are
appropriate) (10 marks)
(b) Differentiate between electro-chromic and photo-chromic glass and suggest areas of use in
building construction? (7.5 marks)
4. (a) Describe the term rendering in both architectural design and construction? (5 marks)
(b) With relevant labeled sketches describe the use of timber slats as a finishing material for
floors, walls and ceilings. Enumerate three unique types of timber and the advantages when
applied for such components? (12.5 marks)
5. (a) In the design of 15 floor building, an atrium was conspicuously integrated. Specify two (2)
glass types for the roof covering while enumerating the distinct properties that support
your choice. (10 marks)
(b) With appropriate examples, define the following terms:- i) Solvents ii) Pigments iii) Resins
iv) Additives (10 marks)
6. (a) Briefly describe the substance of a paint in terms of meaning, application and primary
purpose? Discuss the method of determining fire retardancy in paints? (7.5 marks)
(b) Enumerate Eight (8) types of ceramic tiles available for building construction and
briefly describe four types? (10 marks)
29
COVENANT UNIVERSITY CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016 SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE: ARC426 MARKING SCHEME CREDIT UNIT: 3
COURSE TITLE: BUILDING COMPONENTS AND METHODS (6)
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ANY FOUR (4) QUESTIONS
TIME: 21
/2 HOURS
1. (a) Discuss five types of glass and their uses? (10 marks)
ANSWER:
i. Tempered glass is a type of safety glass that is heat processed and gradually cooled to
achieve higher strengths compared to plain glass. The process puts the inner surface of
the glass into tension and the outer surfaces into compression, these stresses allows the
glass to break into safe granular pieces when it shatters. It is the type of glass used in the
manufacture of the different types of laminated glass. Horizontal glass surfaces such as
table tops, shelves and other furniture are produced with tempered glass.
ii. Photochromic Glasses are Produced by embedding Photochromic Substances like
Silver chloride, AgCl Crystals in glass or transparent polymers. When it is exposed to
light, the silver chloride is converted to silver and the glass darkens. When the light
dims, the silver is converted back to silver chloride and the glass becomes transparent
again. Photo chromic glass applied in windows work well to reduce glare from the sun,
but they do not control heat gain in the building. Used for skylight openings, exterior of
buildings such as galleries/show rooms and in places that don't require consummate
exposure to sunlight.
iii. TINTED GLASS (heat absorbing glass) is made by adding color pigments to the raw
materials in the float process. Standard colors include bronze, gray, dark gray, green,
blue and blue/green. Tinted glazing is more common in commercial windows than in
residential windows. In retrofit situations, when windows are not being replaced, tinted
plastic film may be applied to the inside surface of the glazing.
iv. Wired glass is plate and sheet glass. During the rolling process, sheet glass and steel
wires or mesh are embedded. Wired glass is sometimes called reinforced glass. In
openings that could cause the spread of fire. It is applied in locations where there is a
high risk of falling glass. i.e. fire exits, roofs, skylight and veranda. Furthermore, in fire-
prevention separations and smoke-retardant hanging partitions.
v. Electro-Chromic/Smart glass or switchable glass (also smart windows or switchable
windows in those applications) is glass or glazing whose light transmission properties are
30
altered when voltage, light or heat is applied. Generally, the glass changes from
translucent to transparent, changing from blocking some (or all) wavelengths of light to
letting light pass through.
1(b) In construction and project implementation, mention two (2) materials and tools
employable in order to apply rendering on a wall surface? How do you test for adhesion of a
particular paint when applied on a wall surface? (7.5 marks)
ANSWER:
Rendering is a layer of Plaster or Cement that is put on a brick or stone wall in order
to make it smooth .
TOOLS
(i) Trowell (ii) Smoother (iii) Roller e.t.c,
MATERIALS :
(ii) Cement (ii) Paint (iii) Tiles (iv) Bricks and others
TEST FOR ADHESION
Adhesion is tested by making a crosshatch calibrated to .07inch(2millimeters) on a hatched
surface. A piece of tape is applied to the cross then pulled off, a good paint will still remain on
the wall surface.
2. (a) Discuss the different concepts (idea) of a finished building project and define the term
‘finishing’. (7.5 marks)
(b) Enumerate three types of laminated glass and describe one in detail showing a sketch?
(10 marks)
3. (a) You have been commissioned to design a residential building with timber as the walling
material installed on a concrete substructure, describe wall details showing connection to
the foundations, frame, interior and exterior finish? (Clear sections and plans are
appropriate) (10 marks)
ANSWER:
The sketch is expected to show i) Base/Bottom plate: the connection to the foundation should
be shown either by bolting, tying or nailing ii) The posts and the vertical studs iii) The
31
hardwood sill iv) The lintel (formed from 2 hardwood beams placed side by side v) The
roof/Edge beam showing conection to the roof.
3. (b) Differentiate between electro-chromic and photo-chromic glass and suggest areas of use in
building construction? (7.5 marks)
ANSWER:
The two main differences are:
i. Electrochromic glass relies on electric voltage to transform the physical appearance of the
glass while Photo-Chromic glass depend on the exposure of light.
ii. The latter changes appearance at different periods of the day due to solar radiance while
the former can be changed at any time to provide privacy.
4. (a) Describe the term rendering in both architectural design and construction? (5 marks)
ANSWER:
Rendering is a layer of Plaster or Cement that is put on a brick or stone wall in order to
make it smooth. In design, Rendering marries the architectural design objects with the
environment. It represents the entire drawings as real life scenario. It also projects
architectural drawings as a Chameleon that wear the souls-colour, texture, form, space and
content of an environment. It takes on the spirit and purpose of an environment, ecosystem
and community.
4. (b) With relevant labeled sketches describe the use of timber slats as a finishing material for
floors, walls and ceilings. Enumerate three unique types of timber and the advantages when
applied for such components? (12.5 marks)
Mansonia, Mahogany, Iroko, Obeche, Apa are dunique timber types commonly found in our
environment. they all have advantages of durability, workability, beautiful surface
appearances and ability to be stained/polished and carved into different patterns.
5. (a) In the design of 15 floor building, an atrium was conspicuously integrated. Specify two (2)
glass types for the roof covering while enumerating the distinct properties that support
your choice. (10 marks)
(b) With appropriate examples, define the following terms:- i) Solvents ii) Pigments iii) Resins
iv) Additives (10 marks)
ANSWER:
32
(i) Solvents : makes paint easier to apply. They are various low viscosity volatile liquids
i.e petrol mineral spirit and aromatic solvent such as Benzol alcohols, esters, ketone
and actone
(ii) Pigments: Gives the paint its Colour. White(Titanium dioxide-concealing properties);
Black( Carbon black-Iron oxide, Calcium sulphide for reds, metallic salts for yellow
e.t.c)
(iii) Resins : Helps the paint to dry. The common natural Resins are Lin Seed, Coconut
and Soya Bean Oil. While Synthetic Resins are- alkyds,acrylic,epoxies, and
polyurethanes
(iv) Additives: Serves as nutrients from fillers to anti-fungicidal agents. Calcium
carbonates and Aluminium Silicates are fillers that give the paints body and substance
without changing its properties.
6. (a) Briefly describe the substance of a paint in terms of meaning, application and primary
purpose?
ANSWER:
Paint is a term used to describe a number of substances that consist of a pigment suspended
in a liquid or paste vehicle such as oil or water. Its application is done with a brush, roller,
and spray gun.
Discuss the method of determining fire retardancy in paints?
First checked by burning the paint; second, the weight loss is determined. After burning the
Original weight measured is compared with the weight after burning. Then, if the amount of
loss is more than 10%, the paint is not considered to have fire resistance
(7.5 marks)
6.(b) Enumerate Eight (8) types of ceramic tiles available for building construction and
briefly describe four types? (10 marks)
ANSWER:
1. Standard wall tiles – best for bathroom/toilet, laboratory and workshop walls.
2. Mosaic tiles – less than 50mm square size available/sqM on paper backing.
3. quarry tiles – usually of natural clay colour and best for high traffic flooring
4. glazed ceramic tiles – beautiful glossy finish for areas of low traffic
5. Vitrified tiles – also refered to as terra-cotta (burnt clay) heated to improve strength, also
for high traffic flooring.
6. Saltillo (Mexican) tiles – beautiful hand made tiles
7. glazed vitrified tiles – strong tile with glossy finish
8. porcelain granite tiles – very hard ceramic tile made to be like granite
9. glazed porcelain tiles – tile made from kaolin to have a glossy finish
10. Swimming pool tiles – similar to mosaic in size and style but made of glazed porcelain or
glass to have a waterproofing/frost proofing effect.
33
COVENANT UNIVERSITY
CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016 SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE: ARC 427 CREDIT UNIT: 2
COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSIOAL PRACTICE
INSTRUCTION: ANSWER ONE (1) QUESTION FROM SECTION A AND 2
(TWO) QUESTIONS FROM SECTION B
TIME: 2 HOURS
SECTION A: ANSWER ONE (1) QUESTION IN THIS SECTION
QUESTION 1 (30 marks)
a. List and discuss the three main sections of the Nigerian Institute of Architects Standard
form of building Contract (20
marks)
b. What makes architecture a professional service? (10
marks)
QUESTION 2 (30 marks)
a. To be successful in practice, an architect is expected to create value. How would you do
this? (8
marks)
b. List and discuss any five instances in the NIA standard form of contract where the
architect is specifically empowered to issue instructions (10
marks)
c. In the course of rendering services for your client, you are at the stage of final
proposal, which will require you to provide production information. What will this
include?
(12 marks)
SECTION B: ANSWER TWO QUESTION FROM THIS SECTION
QUESTION 3 (20 marks)
a) Explain the rationale for standard form of building contract (10 marks)
b) According to architects professional ethics and conducts, which rules guide architectural
competitions? (10
marks)
QUESTION 4 (20 marks)
34
a) As a consulting architect, what will your responsibilities to your clients include? (10
marks)
b) List and discuss any five instances in the NIA standard form of contract where the
architect is specifically empowered to issue instructions (10
marks)
QUESTION 5 (20 marks) a) Covenant University is currently constructing a College of the Built Environment where
you have been engaged as Resident Architect. The Dean of the college visited the site
while you were briefly out of the site and issued directives to the main contractor. What
is the status of such directives according to the standard form of building contract?
What measures can you take to regularize such directive if you find some propriety in
the said directive?
(10 marks)
b) As a budding architect, mention 5 tools that are available for you to market your services,
highlighting the advantages of each (10
marks)
35
COVENANT UNIVERSITY
CANAANLAND, KM 10, IDIROKO ROAD
P.M.B 1023, OTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. TITLE OF EXAMINATION: B.Sc ARCHITECTURE EXAMINATION
COLLEGE: COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT: ARCHITECTURE
SESSION: 2015/2016 SEMESTER: OMEGA
COURSE CODE: ARC 427 CREDIT UNIT: 2
COURSE TITLE: RESEARCH METHODS
COURSE COORDINATOR: DR. A. A. OLUWATAYO
COURSE LECTURERS: DR. A. A. OLUWATAYO/ DR. I. C. EZEMA
MARKING GUIDES
QUESTION 1 (30 marks)
a. List and discuss the three main sections of the Nigerian Institute of Architects Standard
form of building Contract (20 marks)
b. What makes architecture a professional service?
the application of an expert body of knowledge to certain social needs.
more than theoretical knowledge, includes non-theoretical knowledge
(interpretative, normative, subjunctive etc)
requires the use of generally valid knowledge to arrive at specifically valid
conclusions
professional association
ethical code and
process of certification or licensing (10 marks for 5 points)
c. (10 marks)
QUESTION 2 (30 marks)
a. To be successful in practice, an architect is expected to create value. How would you do
this?
Determine how you client perceive you
o Confidence
o Identify your type of client and tailor you approach
Properly present your ideas
Acquire relevant skills
Prepare
Give your client more than they ask
Prsentation
(2 marks each for any 4 points)
36
b. List and discuss any five instances in the NIA standard form of contract where the
architect is specifically empowered to issue instructions (10
marks)
c. In the course of rendering services for your client, you are at the stage of final
proposal, which will require you to provide production information. What will this
include?
Full architectural drawings (location plans, working drawings, details,
specifications, schedules)
Structural drawings
Services drawings (mechanical, electrical)
Bill of quantities (12 marks for 4 points)
QUESTION 3 (20 marks)
a) Explain the rationale for standard form of building contract (10
marks)
b) According to architects professional ethics and conducts, which rules guide architectural
competitions?
Open and fair competitions
Member no to take part in any competition about which preliminary warning of
NIA has been issued
Limited competitions- architects to be given 1% of estimated cost up to N500,000
and 1/2 % on the remainder
Member not to act as architect or joint architect for a project that he is an assessor
or for which he is one of the organizers
An assessor not to act as a consulting architect (10 marks for 5 points)
QUESTION 4 (20 marks) a) As a consulting architect, what will your responsibilities to your clients include?
Site examination
Design and specifications
Prepare relevant documents
Preparing estimates
Advise client on planning approval
Recommending the contractor
Inspecting and monitoring construction (10 marks for 5 points)
b) List and discuss any five instances in the NIA standard form of contract where the
architect is specifically empowered to issue instructions (10 marks)
QUESTION 5 (20 marks) a) Covenant University is currently constructing a College of the Built Environment where
you have been engaged as Resident Architect. The Dean of the college visited the site
while you were briefly out of the site and issued directives to the main contractor. What
is the status of such directives according to the standard form of building contract? What
measures can you take to regularize such directive if you find some propriety in the said
directive? (10 marks)
b) As a budding architect, mention 5 tools that are available for you to market your services,
highlighting the advantages of each
37
i. Websites
ii. Distinctive business cards
iii. Letter headed papers
iv. Envelopes
v. Notecards
vi. Outdoor signage
vii. Blogs
viii. Brochures
ix. Folders
Client information packets (10 marks for 5 points)
