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C.P. American History Chapter 7 Growth and Division 1816-1832
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C.P. American History
Chapter 7
Growth and Division
1816-1832
Spirit of Nationalism in USpatriotism or national onenessCountry is united, confident, and growing1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
One political party---Republican partyRespect from EuropeMonroe first president to visit all states.Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good Feelings” had began.But, time period was not free of problems.
• Cultural Nationalism – Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society
from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism
• Economic Nationalism– Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political
movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM
• Political Nationalism– Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.
1. Served two terms: 1817 to 1825 Called the Era of Good Feelings
2. Unite the nation---1816---”promote nationalism” American System --- link the country together Expansion of US
Rush/Bagot Treaty Adams/Onis Treaty or Florida Purchase
Treaty
3. Self Defense Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine, 1823
4. Sectional differences Missouri Compromise---1821
“National oneness” = Nationalism
UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL
•Born in Virginia in 1758, •Attended the College of William and Mary, •Fought with Continental Army•Practiced law in Virginia.•Elected United States Senator•Helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. •Elected President in 1816 and served from 1817 to 1825.•Era of Good Feelings
President James Monroe
President James Monroe
• National Transportation system– Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal improvements to
unite the US– the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811.– 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of
transportation– 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
• The Land Act of 1820 – gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase 80
acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; – the West demanded transportation.
• Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and
the infant industry….
• Because of the British
blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for
internal transportation improvements.
The Panic of 1819 • Largely the fault of the Second Bank of the
United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation– Many state banks closed– The value of money fell– There were large increases in unemployment,
bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt• Depression was most severe in the West• The economic crisis changed many Western
voters’ political outlook
Congress’s attempt to unite the US • National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and rivers.• 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers
first forms of transportation---
Henry Clay’s American System
Provide economic growth • Americans buying American goods • American self-sufficiency.
Protective Tariff to promote infant industry• Tariff of 1816
2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy• Rechartered in 1816
JUDICIAL AUTHORITYSupreme Court has the power to declare a law
unconstitutional with the principle of judicial review.
NATIONALISMThe National Government is over the states.
PROPERTY RIGHTSPrivate property is sacred and contracts legal.
• Marbury vs. Madison, 1803– Case: William Marbury, a Federalist and a “midnight
appointment” of President Adams, did not receive his commission from Sec. of State, James Madison. Marbury asked the SC to issue a “writ of mandamus” forcing Madison to deliver his commission.
– Decision/Reason: Marshall dismissed suit, but in doing so struck down part of Judiciary Act of 1789 because SC had no authority to give Marbury his commission.
– Significance: Established precedent of “judicial review” and the Supreme Court, not states had power to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional.
• Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had been the weakest of the three branches of government.
• Earlier, the belief was the states could nullify a law • 1803, the Supreme Court established its role as the
final arbitrator (authority) of the meaning of the Constitution and its position of equality.
• By setting a precedent for judicial review or the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional not
the states or Congress.• It also “sent the message” that the National
Government is the last authority thus reinforcing Marshall’s belief in a strong central government over
the states.
• Fletcher v. Peck (1810)– Case: involved Georgia legislature, bribed, granted 35 million
acres in the Yazoo River, Mississippi to private speculators. Next legislature cancelled transaction. Appealed to the Supreme Court.
– Decision/Reason: SC concluded a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract thus protecting property rights against popular pressures. State law cannot impair contracts violates Constitution
– Significance: Overturned a state decision because the legislative grant was a contract and national govt. is over the states.
Shaping the Government
• Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)– The Supreme Court established the
principle that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)– Case: The state of MD tried to collect a tax from the Second
Bank of the United States– Decision/Reason: Using a loose interpretation of the
Constitution, Marshall ruled that the federal government had the implied power to create the bank (which was in question)
– Significance: A state could not tax a federal institution because “the power to tax is the power to destroy” and that federal laws are supreme over state laws
• Cohens v. Virginia (1821)– Case: In VA, the Cohens were convicted of selling
Washington, D.C. lottery tickets authorized by Congress– Decision/Reason: Marshall and the Court upheld the
conviction. Case established the principle that the SC could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government
– Significance: Solidified the belief that the Supreme Court has the last and final say in law.
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)– Case: NY state granted a monopoly to a steamboat company
that conflicted with a charter authorized by Congress– Decision/Reason: Marshall ruled NY monopoly was
unconstitutional, establishing the federal govt’s broad control of interstate commerce. Congress regulates commerce.
– Significance: The decision secures the concept of a common market and prevents states from impeding (disrupting) commerce.
JUDICIAL AUTHORITYMarbury vs. Madison
NATIONALISMMcCulloch vs. Maryland
Gibbons vs. OgdenCohens vs. Virginia
PROPERTY RIGHTSDartmouth College vs. Woodward
Fletcher vs. Peck
• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty
governing Florida– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and
white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had difficulty
governing Florida– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and
white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east • Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1818)–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east • Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain • to give up any territorial claims to Texas
Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1818
with Great Britain
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
with Spain
49th Parallel
Texas
Map expansion
• In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.• Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American colonies.
• In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.• Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American colonies.
monroe doctrine
• Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.• Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
• Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.• Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war." • Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war." • Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
monroe doctrine
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents," • He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents," • He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."
Western Hemisphere or the
Americas.
•New Latin American countries were formed from
successful revolutions.
•US protector of new democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
•New Latin American countries were formed from
successful revolutions.
•US protector of new democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe
• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas off-limits to Europe
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere
No European Colonization in the Americas
US will stay out of European affairs
US will stay out of European affairs
Monroe Doctrine
US recognized existing European
Colonies
US recognized existing European
Colonies
Actions
What actions strengthened the federal government?
Creation of new national bank
creation of protective tariff
Decisions by SupremeCourt established dominanceof the nation over states
Proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine
New Questions and Issues • Greatest importance to western states were:
– “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather than from the Bank of the United States
– Land made available at low prices by the government
– Improved transportation• Westerners could not agree whether to permit
slavery or exclude it
EconomyLeader____________
Role ofGovernment
NORTHEAST• Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster
_______________• Wanted Tariffs• Backed internal
improvements
End to cheap public land
• Increasingly nationalistic
• Against Slavery and believed the U.S.
Govt. must abolish it.
SOUTH• Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun
_______________• Opposed tariffs
and government spending on
American System• Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
• Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.
WEST•Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
______________• Supported internal
improvements and American System.
• Wanted cheap land• Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.• Against slavery but
some supported letting the people decide the slavery
issue
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.
EconomyLeader
__________
Role ofGovernmen
t
EconomyLeader
__________
Role ofGovernmen
t
NORTHEAST• Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster____________
• Wanted Tariffs• Backed internal
improvements• Wanted end to
cheap public land
• Increasingly nationalistic
•Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must
abolish it.
EconomyLeader
__________
Role ofGovernmen
t
SOUTH•Cotton growing
• John C. Calhoun
_____________•Opposed tariffs and government
spending on American
System• Increasingly supportive of states’ rights
•Pro-slavery and opposed any
steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and
abolish it.
WEST• Frontier agriculture
• Henry Clay_____________• Supported
internal improvements • Wanted cheap
land• Loyal to the
U.S. Govt.• Against slavery but
some supported letting the
people decide the slavery
issue
EconomyLeader
__________
Role ofGovernmen
t
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at
the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in
the Senate.
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at
the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in
the Senate.
– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of
latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of
latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited
After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry
Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a
compromise
•In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood–Threatened the balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states• 11 slave states
•After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise–Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state–Maine was to be admitted as a free state–In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude
3630', slavery was prohibited
•In 1819, Missouri became the first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood–Threatened the balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states• 11 slave states
•After months of heated debate in Congress, Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that represented a compromise–Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state–Maine was to be admitted as a free state–In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude
3630', slavery was prohibited
Picking cotton in Oklahoma, USA, in the 1890s
Picking cotton in Georgia, United States, in 1943
Hoeing a cotton field to remove weeds, Greene County, Georgia, USA, 1941
Red Missouri Mules
