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CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 1
CP ChemistryCP Chemistry
Unit One: Measurement & Unit One: Measurement & CalculationsCalculations
(Chapter 5)(Chapter 5)
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 2
Table of ContentsTable of Contents
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers The Metric SystemThe Metric System Significant Figures (sig figs)Significant Figures (sig figs) Scientific NotationScientific Notation Powers of TenPowers of Ten
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 3
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
Life Sciences … the study of living Life Sciences … the study of living organismsorganisms
Physical Sciences … the study of Physical Sciences … the study of nonliving thingsnonliving things
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 4
Biological SciencesBiological Sciences
The study of life (living things). The study of life (living things). Characteristics of life:Characteristics of life:
composed of a cell(s)composed of a cell(s) grows grows reproducesreproduces uses energyuses energy responds to its environmentresponds to its environment
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 5
Physical SciencesPhysical Sciences
Earth / Space Science … Earth / Space Science … Geology (rocks, minerals, volcanoes, etc)Geology (rocks, minerals, volcanoes, etc) Astronomy (sun, planets, solar system, etc)Astronomy (sun, planets, solar system, etc)
Physics …Physics … Topics: motion, forces, electricity, waves, Topics: motion, forces, electricity, waves,
etcetc Chemistry … the study of matter and Chemistry … the study of matter and
its changesits changes
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 6
What is Matter?What is Matter?
Matter is most everything!Matter is most everything! Examples: protons, stars, air, youExamples: protons, stars, air, you
Matter is anything with Matter is anything with mass … the amount of stuff presentmass … the amount of stuff present inertia … resistance to changeinertia … resistance to change
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 7
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Pure SciencesPure Sciences AstronomerAstronomer BiologistBiologist ChemistChemist GeologistGeologist MeteorologistMeteorologist OceanographerOceanographer PhysicistPhysicist
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 8
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
AgricultureAgriculture AgronomistAgronomist ForesterForester HorticulturistHorticulturist Wood scientistWood scientist
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 9
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Engineering Fields Engineering Fields BiomedicalBiomedical CeramicCeramic ChemicalChemical EnvironmentalEnvironmental MetallurigicalMetallurigical NuclearNuclear PetroleumPetroleum
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 10
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Health SciencesHealth Sciences DentistDentist DieticianDietician Medical technologistMedical technologist Physical therapistPhysical therapist PharmacologistPharmacologist PharmacistPharmacist PhysicianPhysician VeterinarianVeterinarian
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 11
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Technical FieldsTechnical Fields DrafterDrafter SurveyorSurveyor MachinistMachinist Media technicianMedia technician PhotoengraverPhotoengraver PhotographerPhotographer
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 12
Chemistry Related CareersChemistry Related Careers
Chemistry FieldsChemistry Fields AnalyticalAnalytical BiologicalBiological InorganicInorganic OrganicOrganic PhysicalPhysical
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 13
But why does a __________ need But why does a __________ need to know Chemistry?to know Chemistry?
Because … Because …
Chemistry is all around you!Chemistry is all around you!
CuriosityCuriosity
Understanding for applicationUnderstanding for application
CommunicationCommunication
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 14
Look around you!!!Look around you!!!
The results of Chemistry touch almost The results of Chemistry touch almost everything!everything!
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 15
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
PA StandardsPA Standards1.1. Apply and analyze scale as a way of Apply and analyze scale as a way of
relating concepts and ideas to one relating concepts and ideas to one another by some measure. another by some measure. [3.1.10/12.D][3.1.10/12.D]
2.2. Apply process knowledge and organize Apply process knowledge and organize scientific and technological phenomena scientific and technological phenomena in varied ways. in varied ways. [3.2.10 B][3.2.10 B]
3.3. Apply and evaluate appropriate Apply and evaluate appropriate instruments and apparatus to examine a instruments and apparatus to examine a variety of objects and processes. variety of objects and processes. [3.7.10/12.B][3.7.10/12.B]
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 16
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
Types of ObservationsTypes of Observations
Qualitative (qualities)Qualitative (qualities)
Examples: color, texture, phaseExamples: color, texture, phase
Quantative (quantities)Quantative (quantities)
Examples: mass, volume, diameterExamples: mass, volume, diameter
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 17
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
Systems of MeasurementSystems of Measurement
English SystemEnglish System
Examples: quart, mile, ounceExamples: quart, mile, ounce
Metric SystemMetric System (abbreviated as SI) (abbreviated as SI)
Examples: gram, meter, literExamples: gram, meter, liter
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 18
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
Advantages of Each SystemAdvantages of Each System
English SystemEnglish System
known/familiarknown/familiar
Metric SystemMetric System (abbreviated as SI) (abbreviated as SI)
based on powers of ten, widely usedbased on powers of ten, widely used
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 19
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
Base Units in Metric SystemBase Units in Metric System
Physical Physical QuantityQuantity
Name of Name of UnitUnit
AbbreviatioAbbreviationn
MassMass kilogramkilogram kgkg
LengthLength metermeter mm
TimeTime secondsecond ss
TemperatureTemperature kelvinkelvin KK
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 20
The Metric SystemThe Metric System
Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
PrefixPrefix SymbolSymbol MeaningMeaningmegamega MM 1,000,0001,000,000
kilokilo kk 1,0001,000
decideci dd 0.1 (1/10)0.1 (1/10)
centicenti cc 0.01 (1/100)0.01 (1/100)
millimilli mm 0.001 (1/1000)0.001 (1/1000)
micromicro μμ 0.000001 0.000001 (1/1,000,000)(1/1,000,000)
nanonano NN 0.000000001 0.000000001 (1/1,000,000,000)(1/1,000,000,000)
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 21
Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
Metric Prefixes (consider length)Metric Prefixes (consider length)
UnitUnit SymboSymboll
Meter EquivalentMeter Equivalent
kilometerkilometer kmkm 1000 m1000 m
metermeter mm 1 m1 m
decimeterdecimeter dmdm 0.1 m (1/10 m)0.1 m (1/10 m)
centimetercentimeter cmcm 0.01 m (1/100 m)0.01 m (1/100 m)
millimetermillimeter mmmm 0.001 m (1/1000 m)0.001 m (1/1000 m)
micrometermicrometer μμmm 0.000001 m0.000001 m
nanometernanometer nmnm 0.000000001 m0.000000001 m
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 22
Metric Prefixes (most common)Metric Prefixes (most common)
The Staircase Diagram for LengthThe Staircase Diagram for Length
meter
km
dm
cm
mm
= 1000 m
1 meter
=10 dm
=100 cm
=1000 mm
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 23
Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
The prefixes can be used with any metric The prefixes can be used with any metric base unit. Complete the chart!base unit. Complete the chart!
Base UnitBase Unit kilokilo decideci centicenti millimilli
metermeter kmkm dmdm cmcm mmmm
liter (L)liter (L) ?? ?? ?? ??
gram (g)gram (g) ?? ?? ?? ??
seconds seconds (s)(s)
?? ?? ?? ??
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 24
Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
Converting between metric units using Converting between metric units using the Staircase Diagramthe Staircase Diagram
meter/liter/gram
kilo
deci
centi
milli
Examples:
25 m = _____ mm 0.075 L = _____ kL
48 mg = _____ kg 250 mL = _____ dL
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 25
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
Chemists work with …Chemists work with …
very large numbers …very large numbers …
602000000000000000000000 602000000000000000000000 atoms in 12 g of carbonatoms in 12 g of carbon
very small numbers …very small numbers …0.000 000 002 814 0.000 000 002 814 cmcm
the distance between atoms in saltthe distance between atoms in salt
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 26
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
More examples … small numbersMore examples … small numbers
0.056 = 5.6 X .01 = 5.6 X 100.056 = 5.6 X .01 = 5.6 X 10-2-2
0.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 100.000 12 = 1.2 X 0.0001 = 1.2 X 10-4-4
0.0084 = ???0.0084 = ???
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 27
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
Some examples …Some examples …
175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 10175 = 1.75 X 100 = 1.75 X 1022
2500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 102500 = 2.5 X 1000 = 2.5 X 1033
93,000,000 (miles to the sun)93,000,000 (miles to the sun)
9.3 X 1,000,000 = 9.3 X 109.3 X 1,000,000 = 9.3 X 1077
602000000000000000000000 = 602000000000000000000000 =
6.02 X 106.02 X 10??
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 28
Scientific NotationScientific Notation
Scientific notation is a method for Scientific notation is a method for making very large or very small making very large or very small
numbers more compact and easier to numbers more compact and easier to write!write!
Scientific notation expresses a number Scientific notation expresses a number as a product of a number between 1 as a product of a number between 1 & 10 and the appropriate power of & 10 and the appropriate power of
10.10.
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 29
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
MeasurementsMeasurements
In every measurement there is always In every measurement there is always
a degree of uncertainty!a degree of uncertainty!
All measurements depend upon the All measurements depend upon the measuring instrument being used!measuring instrument being used!
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 30
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
Two measurement related terms …Two measurement related terms …
AccuracyAccuracy: agreement with a : agreement with a standardstandard
PrecisionPrecision: agreement with other : agreement with other valuesvalues
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 31
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
What do each of these targets show What do each of these targets show regarding accuracy & precision?regarding accuracy & precision?
What would a target look like that is What would a target look like that is both accurate & precise?both accurate & precise?
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 32
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
Whenever you record a measurement Whenever you record a measurement alwaysalways include all numbers you know include all numbers you know for certain for certain andand one more estimated one more estimated digit!digit!
How long is this arrow?How long is this arrow?
| | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 33
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
How wide is this box?How wide is this box?
Decimeter Stick 1 2
Centimeter Stick 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 34
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
1010 99 88 77 66 55 44 33 22 11 00
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 35
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
All the numbers recorded in a All the numbers recorded in a measurement, all certain numbers and measurement, all certain numbers and the one estimated number, are called the one estimated number, are called
significant!significant!
What digits are known? What digits are known?
55.815 or 76.1 55.815 or 76.1
Which is an estimate?Which is an estimate?
What is the uncertainty of each number?What is the uncertainty of each number?
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 36
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
Rules for Significant FiguresRules for Significant Figures
1. Exact numbers are significant!1. Exact numbers are significant!Found by counting: 5 apples, 12 studentsFound by counting: 5 apples, 12 students
Given by definition: 12 inches, 5,280 feetGiven by definition: 12 inches, 5,280 feet
2. All nonzero digits are significant!2. All nonzero digits are significant!
Example: 1234.56 or 32Example: 1234.56 or 32
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 37
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
3. Captive zeros are significant!3. Captive zeros are significant!Example: 22.05 or 100.05Example: 22.05 or 100.05
4. Leading zeros are not significant! They4. Leading zeros are not significant! They are placeholders!are placeholders!
Example: 0.25 or 0.0035Example: 0.25 or 0.00355. Trailing zeros are significant if a 5. Trailing zeros are significant if a
decimaldecimal point is present!point is present!
Example: 500 or 500.Example: 500 or 500.
CP Chem Unit 1 Measurement & Calculations 38
Significant FiguresSignificant Figures
How many sig figs do each of the How many sig figs do each of the following numbers contain?following numbers contain?
0.001010.00101 101.0101.0 5,200.0055,200.005
1,050.1,050. 1.5861.586 40.0640.06
20002000 2000.02000.0 10,00010,000
0.0230.023 5,280 feet/mile5,280 feet/mile