CP Manuals Updated3

7/26/2019 CP Manuals Updated3

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COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (CS1112)

LABMANUAL

Revised Date

February 2015

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE


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Revision History

Revised Date Revised By Revised Topics

February 05, 2015 Sadaf Inam

1. Lab Manual # 1 is added to

introduce the software

Code::Blocks instead of

Turbo along with revision of

previous concepts.

2. Theory is added with

Manuals to assist student in

understanding concepts

3. Overall the format of everymanual is changed andconceptual programs areadded at the end of each lab

September, 2014 Sadaf Inam Code::Blocks installation

and project creation manual

was added.

February, 2014 Sadaf Inam Some programs were added

from book.


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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the lab manual titled Computer Programming, in scope and in quality, coversthe objectives and topics defined in the course outline.

Remarks by Mentor: ----------------------------------------------Nabeel Shehzad

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical EngineeringThe University of Lahore

Remarks by HOD: -------------------------------------------------

Dr. Asrar ul Haq SheikhProfessor

Department of Electrical EngineeringThe University of Lahore


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Contents

Lab 01Part 01: ......................................................................................................................................... 6

Introduction to Programming Using Code::Blocks .............................................................................. 6

Lab 01Part 02: ....................................................................................................................................... 17

Selection Control Structure (if, if/else) ................................................................................................... 17

Lab 02:........................................................................................................................................................ 23

Selection Control Structure(Switch Statement) .................................................................................. 23

Lab 03:........................................................................................................................................................ 29

Repetition Control Structure (Counter - Controlled For and While Loop) ...................................... 29

Lab 04:........................................................................................................................................................ 36

Arrays ..................................................................................................................................................... 36

Declaring Arrays: ...................................................................................................................................... 36Initializing Arrays: ....................................................................................................................................... 37

Accessing Array Elements: ........................................................................................................................ 37

Lab 05:........................................................................................................................................................ 44

Strings..................................................................................................................................................... 44

The C-Style Character String: .................................................................................................................... 44

Lab 06:........................................................................................................................................................ 51

2D arrays ................................................................................................................................................ 51

Two-Dimensional Arrays: .......................................................................................................................... 51

Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays: ........................................................................................................... 52

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements: ............................................................................................ 52

Lab 07:........................................................................................................................................................ 58

Functions (Value Returning Functions)............................................................................................... 58

Defining a Function: .................................................................................................................................. 59

Example: .................................................................................................................................................. 59

Lab 08:........................................................................................................................................................ 63

Functions (Void Functions) .................................................................................................................. 63

Function Declarations: ............................................................................................................................... 63

Calling a Function: ..................................................................................................................................... 64

Function Arguments: ................................................................................................................................. 65

Default Values for Parameters: .................................................................................................................. 66


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Lab 09:........................................................................................................................................................ 72

Functions ( ............................................................................................................................................. 72

Example 1: Passing One-dimensional Array to a Function.................................................. 72

Passing Multidimensional Array to a Function ......................................................................... 73

Example 2: Passing Multidimensional Array to a Function................................................... 73

Lab10: ......................................................................................................................................................... 78

Recursion ............................................................................................................................................... 78

Lab 11:........................................................................................................................................................ 83

Pointers ................................................................................................................................................... 83

Address-of operator (&) ...................................................................................................................... 84

Dereference operator (*) .................................................................................................................... 85

Declaring pointers ............................................................................................................................... 87

Lab 13:........................................................................................................................................................ 92

Lab 14:...................................................................................................................................................... 103

Structures ............................................................................................................................................. 103

How to define a structure in C++ programming? ................................................................... 103

How to define a structure variable? ........................................................................................... 104

How to access members of a structure? .................................................................................. 104

Example 1: C++ Structure ............................................................................................................. 104

Lab 15:...................................................................................................................................................... 109

Files ...................................................................................................................................................... 109

Opening a File: ............................................................................................................................................ 110

Closing a File .............................................................................................................................................. 112

Writing to a File: ............................................................................................................................................ 113

Reading from a File: ...................................................................................................................................... 113

Read & Write Example: ................................................................................................................................. 113

Lab 16:...................................................................................................................................................... 120

Files ...................................................................................................................................................... 120


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Lab 01 Part 01:Introduction to Programming Using

Code::Blocks

Objectives:

To understand

The use of Code::Blocks

How to write a program in C++ using Code::Blocks?

How to compile and run a C++ program in Code::Blocks?

Most of you would already be familiar with code::blocks, this part is for you to study at

home. Move to the programs part.

Prerequisites:

No prerequisite is required.

Resources:

Personal Computer installed with latest version of Code::Blocks.

Introduction and Theory:

Code::Blocks is a free and open source, platform which supports multiple compliers including

GCC, Clang and visual C++. Currently, Code::Blocks is oriented towards C, C++ and

FORTRAN. Code::block is being developed for Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.

A program is called the set of instructions given to perform a specific task. Every C++ program

has a function called main. Thus, if a C++ program has only one function, it must be the function

main. Any program you want to implement must be written in main( ). In a C++ program,

statements are executed in a sequential manner. So it is also called a sequential programming.


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General syntax is:

main ( )

{

Statement 1;

Statement 2;

.

.

Statement1 N;

}

C++ program must include some Preprocessor directives for the successful completion of the

program. Without these directives a program cannot run. Preprocessor directives are processed

by a program called aPreprocessor.

Preprocessor directives are commands supplied to the preprocessor that cause the preprocessor to

modify the text of a C++ program before it is compiled. All preprocessor commands begin with

#. There are no semicolons at the end of preprocessor commands because they are not C++

statements. To use a header file in a C++ program, use the preprocessor directive include.

The general syntax to include a header file in a C++ program is:

#include

For example, the following statement includes the header file iostream in a C++ program:

#include

Preprocessor directives to include header files are placed as the first line of a program so that the

identifiers declared in those header files can be used throughout the program.


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Create a C++ project in Code::Blocks:

1. Start Page:

2. Create a new Project:

For creating a new project, select the Filebutton from menu bar then select Project.


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3. Select the required Application type:

After selcting the new project, a window will appear asking about the application in which you

want to create the program. From these options, you have to select the Console Application.


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5. Naming the Project:

Next step is to save your project by a name. you must specify a project name and the path of the

folder where the project must be saved.


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6. Compiler Selection:

From the next window, compiler sholud be selected. As we are working with C++, so the

compiler will be GNU GCC compiler. Check the buttons of Create Debug configuration and

Create Release configuration. The paths of these debug and release will automatically adjust.


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After pressing the Finish button, a new window will appear like below:


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7. Write a program in C++:

To write a program in C++, you will select main.cpp from the left side under sources. After you

click main.cpp, now the code window will open and you can write any program in this window.


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8. Check the output of the program:

After writing the code of the program, check the correctness of the program by displaying the

output. For this purpose, you will select theBuild button from the menu bar and then selectBuild and Run. Short key for this is F9.


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9. Output Window:

If your program is free from any syntax error, then the compiler will show you the output in the

separate window.

Lab Outcomes:

At the end of this lab, students will have complete understanding to use the software

Code::Blocks. Students will be able to write, compile and run the program using Code::Blocks.


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Lab 01 Part 02:

Selection Control Structure (if, if/else)

Objectives:

To revise the important contents of Introduction to Computing, Sequential and Selection.

To revisesimple conditions structure

To understand theNested Condition structure

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 4, Control Structures I (Selection) from book, C++ Programming:

From problem analysis to problem design by D.S. Malik

Must have completed understating of Relational operators.

Must have completed understating of Logical operators.

Must have complete understating of evaluating an expression to True / False.

Resources:

Personal computer installed with the latest version of Code::Blocks.


Theif statement is the Decision Making Control Structure. It is used to execute a set of one or

more instructions if a specific condition is true.General syntax of if structure is:if ( Condition ){

Statement 1;Statement 2;Statement 3;.Statement N;


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}

I fis a Keyword (Reserve word).Condition can be any expression that will evaluate to true or

false. The Statement-block is executed if condition is true.

Elsepart is combined with theifpart.Elsepart is written without any condition. If the condition

in the ifpart is false the itselsepart will execute. Syntax of if/else structure is:

if ( Condition ){

Statement 1;Statement 2;.Statement N;

}

else{

Statement 1;Statement 2;.Statement N;

}

Nested Structure:Nested if/else structure is the structure containing if/else inside some if/else. General syntax of

nested if/else structure is:

if ( condition ){

if ( condition )statement-block;elsestatement-block;

}else

{if ( condition )

statement-block;else

statement-block;}

Innerifwill execute if the outer ifis executed otherwise the elsepart will execute. In the nested

elsestructure if the innerifis false then its elsepart will execute.


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Lab Assignments:

1. Write a program that takes input of a number from user then checks and prints whether it is

even or odd.

Example1:

Enter a number: 49

Output: Odd Number

Example2:

Enter a number: 22

Output: Even Number

2. Write a program that takes input of a number from user then checks and prints whether it is

negative or positive.

Example1:

Enter a number: 12

Output: Positive Number

Example2:

Enter a number: -8

Output: Negative Number

3. Write a program that takes input of two numbers from user then checks and prints which is

greater of them.

Example1:

Enter first number: 12

Enter second number: 10

Output: First Number is

greater

Example1:



Output: Second Number

is greater

Example2:



Output: Both are equal

4. Write a program that takes input of number from user then prints whether the number is

divisible by 7 or not.

Example1:

Enter a number: 49

Number is divisible by 7

Example2:

Enter a number: 22

Number is not divisible by 7


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5. Write a program that takes input of a five-digit number from user then determines whether it

is a Numerical Palindrome. A Numerical Palindrome is a number that is the same forward

and backward, such as 43134.

Example1:

Enter a number: 53235

Numerical Palindrome

Example2:

Enter a number: 26126

Not a Numerical Palindrome

6. Write a program that takes input of a number from user then prints whether the number is

divisible by 6 or by 8.

Example1:

Enter a number: 6

It is divisible by 2 and 3

both.

Example2:

Enter a number: 8

It is divisible by 2 only

Example3:

Enter a number: 5

It is not divisible by 2

and 3 both.

7. Write a program that takes input of a character type variable then do the following

conversion. If the entered character is:

i. Capital alphabet then convert it into lower alphabet.

ii. Small alphabet then convert it into capital alphabet.

iii. Digit then convert it into #iv. Special symbol then do not convert it. Print it as it is.

Example1:

Enter the character: b

Output: B

Example2:

Enter the character: ?

Output: ?

Example3:

Enter the character: 9

Output: #

8. Write a program that reads 5 values and then determines and outputs whether the sequence

entered is sorted in ascending order, descending order, or is unordered.

Example1:

Enter 5 numbers:

3 7 9 17 99

Output:

Numbers are in ascending

Example2:

Enter 5 numbers:

32 15 11 9 1

Output:

Numbers are in descending

Example3:

Enter 5 numbers:

2 6 1 72 8

Output:

Numbers are in unordered


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order order manner

9. A program that prompts the user to input x, y coordinates of a point in a Cartesian plane. The

program should then output a message indicating whether point is origin, is located on x or y

axis or appears in a particular quadrant.

Example1:

Enter the value of x: 5

Enter the value of y: 0

Output: point is on X-axis

Example2:

Enter the value of x: -3


Output: point is in 2nd

quadrant

Example3:

Enter the value of x: 0


Output: point is on origin

10.Write a program that takes input of two integer type variables from user then prints whether

first number is a multiple of second, or second number is a multiple of first number, or both

are not multiples of each other.

Example1:


Enter second Number: 4

Output:

Both are not multiple of eachother

Example2:



Output:

Second number is a multipleof first number

Example3:



Output:

First number is a multiple ofsecond number

Lab Outcomes:

At the end of this lab, the students will have complete understanding of nested selection control

structure. Students will have a good command to perform the programs of nested if and nested

if/else structure.


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Each student is required to perform the lab and submit the following Performa along with the lab

report.

1 = Unsatisfactory 2 = Fair 3= Satisfactory 4 = Very good 5= Excellent

Questions Rating

(1 to 5)

Remarks

1. To what extent did you learn on the material in thelab?

2. Are you able to apply knowledge gained in the lab tosimilar problems?

3. Are you able to analyze and interpret programs given

in the lab?

4. Are you able to identify, formulate and solveelectrical engineering problems based on theknowledge acquired in the lab.?

5. Can you design an application/ software to fulfillcertain specifications based on the knowledgeacquired in the lab?

6. Were you able to function as a group in the lab?

7. Were you able to interpret effectively the proceduresand questions asked in the lab?

8. Comment whether your work in the lab has animpact on the society.

Additional Comments (if any):

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Lab 02:Selection Control Structure(Switch Statement)

Objectives:

To understand the selection using the switch statement

To understand the execution of cases underswitch

To understand the concept of breakin switch structure

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 4, Control Structures I (Selection) , from C++ Programming: From

problem analysis to problem design by D.S. Malik

Must have complete understanding of selection using the if/elsestructure.

Resources:Personal computer installed with the latest version of Code::Blocks.


Switch structure is the selection control structure. It does not require the evaluation of the logical

expression like if/elsestructure. General syntax of switch structure is:

switch ( expression){

case value1:statementsbreak;


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case value2:statementsbreak;

case valueN:

statementsbreak;

default:statements

}

In C++, switch, case, break, and default are reserved words. In a switch structure, first the

expression is evaluated. The value of the expression is then used to perform the actions specified

in the statements that follow the reserved word case.

Although it need not be, the expression is usually an identifier. Whether it is an identifier or an

expression, the value can be only integral. The expression is sometimes called the selector. Its

value determines which statement is selected for execution. A particular case value should

appear only once. One or more statements may follow a case label, so you do not need to use

braces to turn multiple statements into a single compound statement. The break statement may or

may not appear after each statement.

The switch statement executes according to the following rules:

a. When the value of the expression is matched against a case value (also called a label), the

statements execute until either a break statement is found or the end of the switch

structure is reached.

b. If the value of the expression does not match any of the case values, the statements

following the default label execute. If the switch structure has no default label and if the

value of the expression does not match any of the case values, the entire switch statement

isskipped.

c. A break statement causes an immediate exit from the switch structure.


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Lab Assignment:

1. Write a program that takes input of a number as week day (1-7) then prints week day

accordingly.

Example1:

Enter a number from 1 7: 6

Output: Saturday

Example2:


Output: Invalid Input

2. Write a program that takes input of a number then prints whether is it even or odd.

Example1:

Enter a number: 6

Output: Even

Example2:

Enter a number: 9

Output: Odd

3. Write a program that takes input of a number then prints whether is it negative or positive.

Example1:

Enter a number: 16

Output: positive

Example2:

Enter a number: -19

Output: Negative

4. Write a program that takes input of a number as month (1-12) then prints month accordingly

Example1:


Output: September

Example2:


Output: Invalid Input

5. Write a program that takes input of an alphabet then prints whether it is a vowel or

consonant.

Example1:

Enter an alphabet: k

Output: Consonant

Example2:

Enter an alphabet: A

Output: Vowel


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6. Write a program that takes two integer type variables and an arithmetic operator (+, - , *, /,

%) as input then performs arithmetic operations on input numbers accordingly.

Example1:


Enter Second number: 3

Enter Operator: +

Output: 9

Example2:



Enter Operator: *

Output: 10

Example3:



Enter Operator: >

Output: Invalid Operator

7. Write a program that takes input of an alphabet then prints whether it is a capital alphabet or

not.

Example1:

Enter an alphabet: M

Output: Upper case Letter

Example2:

Enter an alphabet: a

Output: Not Capital Letter

Example3:

Enter an alphabet: 9

Output: Not Capital Letter

8. Write a program that takes input of an alphabet then prints whether it is a small alphabet or

not.

Example1:

Enter an alphabet: m

Output: Lower case Letter

Example2:

Enter an alphabet: B

Output: Not small Letter

Example3:


Output: Not Small Letter

9. Write a program that takes input of a capital alphabet then prints it in small alphabet.

Example1:

Enter an alphabet: A

Output: a

Example2:

Enter an alphabet: h

Output: Invalid input

Example3:



10.Write a program that takes input of a small alphabet then prints it in capital alphabet.

Example1:

Enter an alphabet: b

Output: B

Example2:

Enter an alphabet: H


Example3:




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Lab Outcomes:

At the end of this lab, students will have a complete knowledge of the switch structure.Students

can make the programs related to the selection using theswitch structurein the program.


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report.


Questions Rating

(1 to 5)

Remarks




in the lab?







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Lab 03:Repetition Control Structure (Counter -

Controlled For and While Loop)

Objectives:

To understand repetition usingfor and while loop

To understand the counter controlledfor and while loop

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 4, Control Structures II (Repetition) from book, C++ Programming:

From problem analysis to problem design by D.S. Malik

Must be able to explain which of the loops are valid and which are invalid with

reason.

Must have complete understating of selection control structure.

Resources:



Loop structures can be used to do repetitive calculations. Though human beings can do

calculation or processing or repetitive nature by hand, it is much slower and tedious for the

human being. Good and solid logic of loop structures can be used to solve such problems in a

very efficient way.


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There are two control structures used often: the for loop and the while loop. In C++, for and

while are reserved words. General syntax offor loop is:

for (initialization; condition; modification)

{ Statement 1;Statement 2;..Statement N;

}

General syntax for while loop is:

while (condition)

{ Statement 1;Statement 2;..Statement N;

}

In the counter-controlled loop, a variable is initialized as the counter of the loop. That variable is

evaluated according to some condition. If the given condition holds true then the loop will

execute. After executing the loop statements, loop counter variable is modified and that new

modified value is evaluated again according to the given condition. Again the whole process is

repeated until the given condition becomes false. After the condition becomes false, the loop will

terminate and do not execute further.

Lab Assignments:

1. Write a program to print the sum of odd numbers from 3550.

2. Write a program to print the squares and cubes of all the numbers from 15.

3. Write a program to print the cubes of the numbers in the range given by the user. User will

enter the starting number and ending number and then your program will calculate the cubes

of those numbers.


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Example1:

Enter starting Number: 4

Enter ending Number: 6

Output:

16 64

25 125

36 216

Example2:

Enter starting Number: 1

Enter ending Number: 2

Output:

1 1

4 8

4. Write a program that that takes input 8 numbers from user in a single variable using loop.

Then display sum of all the even numbers.

Example1:

Enter 8 Numbers: 2 4 6 0 1 3 1 5

Output:

Sum of even Numbers = 12

Example2:

Enter 8 Numbers: 1 4 2 0 1 8 1 5

Output:

Sum of even Numbers = 14

5. Write a program that takes input 8 numbers from user in a single variable using loop. Then

the program will print the total number of even elements and the number of odd elements.

Example1:

Enter 8 Numbers: 2 4 6 0 1 3 1 5Output:

Total even Numbers = 4

Total odd Numbers = 4

Example2:

Enter 8 Numbers: 1 4 2 0 1 8 1 5Output:

Total even Numbers = 3

Total Odd Numbers = 5

6. Write a program that takes input 6 numbers from user in a single variable using loop. Then

prints how many of them were in the range of 35 to 50 and how many were out of this range.

Example1:

Enter 6 Numbers: 24 61 50 11 37 41

Output:

Numbers between range 3550 : 3

Numbers out of range = 3

Example2:

Enter 6 Numbers: 44 61 50 11 37 41

Output:

Numbers between range 3550 : 4

Numbers out of range = 2

7. Write a program to print the table of a number entered by the user from 15.


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Example1:

Enter a Number: 4

Output:

4 * 1 = 4

4 * 2 = 8

4 * 3 = 12

4 * 4 = 16

4 * 5 = 20

Example2:

Enter a Number: 6

Output:

6 * 1 = 6

6 * 2 = 12

6 * 3 = 18

6 * 4 = 24

6 * 5 = 30

8. Write a program to take input of a number from user and find its factorial by increment

method.

Example1:

Enter a Number: 5

Output:

Factorial = 120

Example2:

Enter a Number: 3

Output:

Factorial = 6

9. Write a program to take input of a number from user and check that the given number is

prime number or not.

Example1:

Enter a Number: 5

Output:

Prime Number

Example2:

Enter a Number: 60

Output:

Not Prime

10.Write a program that takes input of a number and its power from user. Calculate the number

rose to the power given by user.

Example1:

Enter a Number: 5

Enter power: 3

Output:

Example2:

Enter a Number: 2

Enter power: 5

Output:


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5 power 3 = 125 2 power 5 = 32

11.Write a program to take input of a 4 digit number from user and calculate the sum of its

digits.

Example1:

Enter a 4 digit Number: 5401

Output:

Sum of the digits = 10

Example2:

Enter a 4 digit Number: 6225

Output:

Sum of the digits = 15

Lab Outcomes:

After performing this lab, the students will be able to:

Explain the basics offor and whileloops

Apply the syntaxes offor and whileloop structure.

Design programs usingfor and whileloop structure.

Solve hard problems of repetitive nature usingforand do-whileloop structure.

Post Lab Tasks:

1. Write a program to print the following pattern on the screen. Take input of number of

rows from user.

*********************

1

1 2

1 2 3

2. Write a program to print the following patterns on the screen. Take input of row number

and the character, that is to be printed, from user.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

%%%%%%%%%%

% %


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$$$$$$

% %

% %%%%%%%%%%%

3. Write the programs to print the following patterns.

2 4 6 8 104 6 8 10 126 8 10 12 148 10 12 14 16

****

************

*********

H I J K L MI J K L MJ K L MK L M

L MM

10 0 0 00 1 0 0 00 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 1 00 0 0 0 1

** *

* * ** * * *

* * * * *

1 3 5 7 9 13

1 3 5 7 9

1 3 5 7

1 3 5

1 3

1


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report.


Questions Rating

(1 to 5)

Remarks




in the lab?







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Lab 04:Arrays

Objectives:

To understand arrays

To understand Declaration, Initialization, and Accessing elements of arrays

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 9, Arrays and Strings frombook, C++ Programming: From problem

analysis to problem design by D.S. Malik

Resources:



C++ provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of

elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful

to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you

declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99]

to represent individual variables. A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

All arrays consist of contiguous memory locations. The lowest address corresponds to the first

element and the highest address to the last element.

Declaring Arrays:

To declare an array in C++, the programmer specifies the type of the elements and the number of

elements required by an array as follows:


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type arrayName [ arraySize ];

This is called a single-dimension array. The arraySizemust be an integer constant greater than

zero and typecan be any valid C++ data type. For example, to declare a 10-element array called

balance of type double, use this statement:

double balance[10];

Initializing Arrays:

You can initialize C++ array elements either one by one or using a single statement as follows:

double balance[5] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};

The number of values between braces { } can not be larger than the number of elements that we

declare for the array between square brackets [ ]. Following is an example to assign a single

element of the array:

If you omit the size of the array, an array just big enough to hold the initialization is created.

Therefore, if you write:

double balance[] = {1000.0, 2.0, 3.4, 17.0, 50.0};

You will create exactly the same array as you did in the previous example.

balance[4] = 50.0;

The above statement assigns element number 5th in the array a value of 50.0. Array with 4th index

will be 5th, i.e., last element because all arrays have 0 as the index of their first element which is

also called base index. Following is the pictorial representaion of the same array we discussed

above:

Accessing Array Elements:

An element is accessed by indexing the array name. This is done by placing the index of the

element within square brackets after the name of the array. For example:

double salary = balance[9];


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The above statement will take 10th element from the array and assign the value to salary variable.

Following is an example, which will use all the above-mentioned three concepts viz. declaration,

assignment and accessing arrays:

#include

using namespace std;

#include

using std::setw;

int main ()

{

int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers

// initialize elements of array n to 0

for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )

{

n[ i ] = i + 100; // set element at location i to i + 100

}

cout


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1 101

2 102

3 103

4 104

5 105

6 106

7 107

8 108

9 109

Lab Assignments:Program#1:

Write a program that declares an array abc of 10 elements of type int. Initialize each element ofarray with cube of the index variable. Then display all values in the array using loop.

Output:Values in array are 0 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 891

Program#2:

Write a program that declares an integer array of size 10 and reads values from user in it. Thenfind out how many elements are even and how many are odd.

Output:Enter values in array: 4 2 12 65 71 34 18 98 30 12

Even numbers are: 7

Odd Numbers are: 3

Program#3:

Write a program that declares an integer array of size 10 and reads values from user in it. Then

replace its negative elements with same positive values.Output:Enter values in array A: 14 -21 12 - 65 -87 34 -58 0 30 12

After replacement values are: 14 21 12 65 87 34 58 0 30 12

Program#4:


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Write a program that declares an integer array of size 10 and reads values from user in it.

Calculate the average of 10 values stored in array and print all those values which are greater

than the calculated average

Output:Values in array are 10 51 82 27 45 25 92 15 12 65

Average is= 39.9Values greater than average are: 51 82 45 92 65

Program#5:

You have two arrays A and B, each of 10 integers. Then check whether every element of array Ais equal to its corresponding element in array B. in other words, the program must check if A[0],is equal to B[0], A[1], is equal to B[1] and so forth. Print whether both arrays are equal or not.

Output:Enter values in 1st array: 21 4 54 61 78 29 30 31 6 52Enter values in 2nd array: 21 4 54 61 78 29 30 31 6 52

Both Arrays are equal

Program#6:

Write a program to copy the contents of one array into another array in reverse order.

Output:Enter values in array A: 21 4 54 61 78 29 30 31 6 52

Values in array B are: 52 6 31 30 29 78 61 54 4 21

Program#7:

Write a program that inputs an integer array A of size 6 and an array B of size 7. Declare anotherarray of size 13 and store all values of A and B in array C.

Output:Enter values in array A: 1 4 15 61 72 19

Enter values in array B: 8 14 54 31 18 29 34Values stored in C are: 1 4 15 61 72 19 8 14 54 31 18 29 34

Program#8:

Write a program that takes an integer array of size 10 from user then checks and prints whether itis in ascending order, descending order or unordered.OutputEnter numbers in the array 97 45 37 35 28 24 20 14 10 8

Array is in Descending Order


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Program#3:Write a program that takes an integer array of size 8 from user. Make sure entries in the array isonly multiples of 5 if user enters other value that is not a multiple of 5 then it should be entered

again. After storing values print final array.OutputEnter values in Array 10 12 55 50 70 19 18 10 20 80 11 13 65

Stored values in Array are 10 55 50 70 10 20 80 65

Program#4:Write a program that takes an integer array of size 8 from user and the draw a chart for each ofits input value. (Histogram)OutputEnter numbers in the array: 7 5 0 9 12 4 18 7 13 5

7 *******5 *****

012 ************

4 ****

18 ******************

7 *******13 *************

5 *****


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report.


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Remarks


10.Are you able to apply knowledge gained in the lab tosimilar problems?

11.Are you able to analyze and interpret programs given

in the lab?

12.Are you able to identify, formulate and solveelectrical engineering problems based on theknowledge acquired in the lab.?

13.Can you design an application/ software to fulfillcertain specifications based on the knowledgeacquired in the lab?

14.Were you able to function as a group in the lab?

15.Were you able to interpret effectively the proceduresand questions asked in the lab?

16.Comment whether your work in the lab has animpact on the society.


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Lab 05:Strings

Objectives:

To understand idea of Strings

To understand Declaration, Initialization, and Accessing strings

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 9, Arrays and Strings from book, C++ Programming: From problem


Resources:



C++ provides following two types of string representations:

The C-style character string.

The string class type introduced with Standard C++.

C-Style Character String:

The C-style character string originated within the C language and continues to be supported within

C++. This string is actually a one-dimensional array of characters which is terminated bya nullcharacter '\0'. Thus a null-terminated string contains the characters that comprise the string

followed by a null.

The following declaration and initialization create a string consisting of the word "Hello". To hold the

null character at the end of the array, the size of the character array containing the string is one

more than the number of characters in the word "Hello."


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chargreeting[6]={'H','e','l','l','o','\0'};

If you follow the rule of array initialization, then you can write the above statement as follows:

chargreeting[]="Hello";

Following is the memory presentation of above defined string in C/C++:

Actually, you do not place the null character at the end of a string constant. The C++ compiler

automatically places the '\0' at the end of the string when it initializes the array. Let us try to print

above-mentioned string:

#include

usingnamespacestd;

intmain ()

{

chargreeting[6]={'H','e','l','l','o','\0'};

cout


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Greetingmessage:Hello

C++ supports a wide range of functions that manipulate null-terminated strings:

S.N. Function & Purpose

1 strcpy(s1, s2);

Copies string s2 into string s1.

2 strcat(s1, s2);

Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.

3 strlen(s1);

Returns the length of string s1.

4 strcmp(s1, s2);

Returns 0 if s1 and s2 are the same; less than 0 if s1s2.

5 strchr(s1, ch);

Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of character ch in string s1.

6 strstr(s1, s2);

Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of string s2 in string s1.

Following example makes use of few of the above-mentioned functions:

#include

#include

usingnamespacestd;

intmain ()

{

charstr1[10]="Hello";


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charstr2[10]="World";

charstr3[10];

int len ;

// copy str1 into str3

strcpy(str3,str1);

cout


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Write a program that takes a string and a character from user as input then remove that characterfrom the string and print the final string.OutputEnter the string:He that lives upon hope will die fasting

Enter the character you want to remove: iFinal string after removing i is:He that lves upon hope wll de fastng

Program#7:Write a program that takes a string as input then replaces all words of is by was.OutputEnter the string:

This blue pen is for the kid, which is wearing blue shirt and is looking healthy.

Final string after replacement is:

This blue pen was for the kid, which was wearing blue shirt and was looking healthy.

Lab Outcomes:


Explain the basics ofstrings

Apply the syntaxes ofstring initialization, declaration.

Design programs usingstrings and loops plus conditions.


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17.To what extent did you learn on the material in thelab?



in the lab?







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Lab 06:2D arrays

Objectives:

To understand idea of multi dimensional arrays

To understand Declaration, Initialization, and Accessing 2d arrays

To get familiar with matrix operations

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 9, Arrays and Strings from book, C++ Programming: From problem


Resources:



C++ allows multidimensional arrays. Here is the general form of a multidimensional array

declaration:

type name[size1][size2]...[sizeN];

For example, the following declaration creates a three dimensional 5 . 10 . 4 integer array:

intthreedim[5][10][4];

Two-Dimensional Arrays:

The simplest form of the multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array. A two-dimensional

array is, in essence, a list of one-dimensional arrays. To declare a two-dimensional integer array of

size x,y, you would write something as follows:


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type arrayName [x ][y ];

Where typecan be any valid C++ data type and arrayNamewill be a valid C++ identifier.

A two-dimensional array can be think as a table, which will have x number of rows and y number of

columns. A 2-dimensional array a, which contains three rows and four columns can be shown as

below:

Thus, every element in array a is identified by an element name of the form a[ i ][ j ], where a is the

name of the array, and i and j are the subscripts that uniquely identify each element in a.

Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays:

Multidimensioned arrays may be initialized by specifying bracketed values for each row. Following

is an array with 3 rows and each row have 4 columns.

inta[3][4]={

{0,1,2,3}, /* initializers for row indexed by 0 */

{4,5,6,7}, /* initializers for row indexed by 1 */

{8,9,10,11} /* initializers for row indexed by 2 */

};

The nested braces, which indicate the intended row, are optional. The following initialization is

equivalent to previous example:

inta[3][4]={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11};

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements:

An element in 2-dimensional array is accessed by using the subscripts, i.e., row index and column

index of the array. For example:

intval =a[2][3];


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The above statement will take 4th element from the 3rd row of the array. You can verify it in the

above digram.

#include

usingnamespacestd;

intmain ()

{

// an array with 5 rows and 2 columns.

inta[5][2]={{0,0},{1,2},{2,4},{3,6},{4,8}};

// output each array element's value

for(inti =0;i


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As explained above, you can have arrays with any number of dimensions, although it is likely that

most of the arrays you create will be of one or two dimensions.

Lab Assignments:

Program#1:A program that takes a 6*6 matrix, then stores the sum of row number and column number foreach element. Output would be as follows.

1 2 3 4 5 6123456

Program#2:A program that generates the following output using a 2-D array. (Use nested loops to storevalues in array)

Program#3:A program that reads two 2-d arrays as 3*3 matrices then calculates and stores their product intoanother 2-d array of size 3*3.Array A

Array B

Product of Array A and B is

2 3 4 5 6 7

3 4 5 6 7 8

4 5 6 7 8 9

5 6 7 8 9 10

6 7 8 9 10 11

7 8 9 10 11 12

2 4 6 8 10 12

4 6 8 10 12 14

6 8 10 12 14 16

8 10 12 14 16 18

10 12 14 16 18 20

12 14 16 18 20 22

3 5 6

1 9 2

12 10 7

4 6 7

2 3 5

3 8 6

30 81 82

28 49 64

89 158 176


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Program#4:A program that reads a 2-d array as 3*3 matrix then checks whether the matrix is symmetric or

not. A matrix is symmetric if mat [ i ] [ j ] = mat [ j ] [ i ] for all i and j except when i = j.

Matrix is symmetric

Program#5:A program that reads a 2-d array as 3*3 matrix then calculates and prints its Determinant.|A| = a11(a22 a33a23 a32)(a12(a21 a33a23 a31) +a13(a21 a32a22 a31)

Program#6:A program that fills the right-to-left diagonal of a square matrix with 0s, the lower right triangle

with -1s, and the upper left triangle with +1s. The output of the program, assuming a 6*6 matrix,is as follows.

Program#7:A program that creates a 2-d Array matrix, representing the Pascal triangle. In a Pascal triangle ,each element is the sum of the element directly above it and the element to the left of the elementdirectly above it (if any). A Pascal triangle of size 7 is as follows.

Program#8:A program that takes an array of 8 strings to store names in it then display only those names thatstarts with letter A.

3 1 12

1 9 1012 10 7

+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0

+1 +1 +1 +1 0 -1

+1 +1 +1 0 -1 -1

+1 +1 0 -1 -1 -1

+1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1

0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

1

1 1

1 2 1

1 3 3 1

1 4 6 4 11 5 10 10 5 1

1 6 15 20 15 6 1


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Lab 07:Functions (Value Returning Functions)

Objectives:

To understand idea of functions

To understand Modular approach

To understand how you divide your problem into sub problems and calling functions in

other functions as well as in main()

Prerequisites: Study chapter 6, Functions from book, C++ Programming: From problem analysis

to problem design by D.S. Malik

Resources:



A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C++ program has at least

one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions.

You can divide up your code into separate functions. How you divide up your code among different

functions is up to you, but logically the division usually is so each function performs a specific task.

A function declaration tells the compiler about a function's name, return type, and parameters. A

function definitionprovides the actual body of the function.

The C++ standard library provides numerous built-in functions that your program can call. For

example, function strcat()to concatenate two strings, function memcpy()to copy one memory

location to another location and many more functions.


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A function is knows as with various names like a method or a sub-routine or a procedure etc.

Defining a Function:

The general form of a C++ function definition is as follows:

return_type function_name(parameter list )

{

body of the function

}

A C++ function definition consists of a function header and a function body. Here are all the parts of

a function:

Return Type: A function may return a value. The return_typeis the data type of the valuethe function returns. Some functions perform the desired operations without returning a

value. In this case, the return_type is the keyword void.

Function Name:This is the actual name of the function. The function name and the

parameter list together constitute the function signature.

Parameters: A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is invoked, you pass a

value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual parameter or argument. The

parameter list refers to the type, order, and number of the parameters of a function.

Parameters are optional; that is, a function may contain no parameters.

Function Body:The function body contains a collection of statements that define what the

function does.

Example:

Following is the source code for a function called max(). This function takes two parameters num1

and num2 and returns the maximum between the two:

// function returning the max between two numbers

intmax(intnum1,intnum2)

{

// local variable declaration

intresult;


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if(num1 >num2)

result =num1;

else

result =num2;

returnresult;

}

Lab Assignments:

Program#1:

Write a function that takes two values as parameter. It returns sum of x and y if x is greater than

y, otherwise it returns x minus two times y.

Program#2:

Write a function Dconversion() that converts a 4-bit binary integer into decimal equivalent.

Function takes one parameter of binary number and returns decimal number.

Hint: The decimal equivalent of binary 1101 is 1*1+0*2+1*4+1*8 or 1+0+4+8=13

Program#3:

Write a program that by defining a function even_odd(), to test whether a given integer is even orodd. Pass an integer value as an argument to a function. The function returns 1 if number is Evenand 0 otherwise. Print corresponding messages in main() function.

Program#4:

Write a value returning function, isVowel(), which returns the value 1 if a given character is avowel and otherwise returns 0.

Program#5:

Write a function lcm() that takes two parameters as input then returns their least commonmultiple to the main.


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Program#6:

Write a function reverse() that takes an integer input as argument and returns its reverse. Forexample if input number is 12345 then function would return 54321.

Program#7:Write a function gcd() that takes two parameters as input then returns their greatest commondivisor to the main.

Program#8:

Write a function perfect() that takes input of an integer variable then returns 1 if it is perfect, 0otherwise. (A number is perfect if sum of factors including 1 but not the number itself is equal tothe number)

Program#9:

Two positive integers are friendly if each one is equal to the sum of the divisors (including one

and excluding the number itself) of each other. Write a function to find weather given numbers

are friendly or not.

Example, 220 and 284 are friendly. 1+2+4+5+10+11+20+22+44+55+110=284

1+2+4+71+142=220

Lab Outcomes:

After performing this lab, the students will be able to: Explain the basics offunctions

Apply the syntaxes offunctions with some value being returned from the function.

Design programs using modular approach.


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Lab 08:Functions (Void Functions)

Objectives:

To understand idea of void function

To understand defining, declaring and calling void functions

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 7, Functions from book, C++ Programming: From problem analysis

to problem design by D.S. Malik

Resources:



Function Declarations:A function declaration tells the compiler about a function name and how to call the function. The

actual body of the function can be defined separately.

A function declaration has the following parts:

return_type function_name(parameter list );

For the above defined function max(), following is the function declaration:

intmax(intnum1,intnum2);

Parameter names are not importan in function declaration only their type is required, so following is

also valid declaration:

intmax(int,int);


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// function returning the max between two numbers

intmax(intnum1,intnum2)

{

// local variable declaration

intresult;

if(num1 >num2)

result =num1;

else

result =num2;

returnresult;

}

I kept max() function along with main() function and compiled the source code. While running final

executable, it would produce the following result:

Maxvalue is:200

Function Arguments:

If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that accept the values of the arguments.

These variables are called the formal parametersof the function.

The formal parameters behave like other local variables inside the function and are created upon

entry into the function and destroyed upon exit.

While calling a function, there are two ways that arguments can be passed to a function:

Call Type Description

Call by valueThis method copies the actual value of an argument

into the formal parameter of the function. In this case,

changes made to the parameter inside the function

have no effect on the argument.
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_value.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_value.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_value.htm


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Call by pointerThis method copies the address of an argument into

the formal parameter. Inside the function, the address

is used to access the actual argument used in the

call. This means that changes made to the parameter

affect the argument.

Call by referenceThis method copies the reference of an argument into

the formal parameter. Inside the function, the

reference is used to access the actual argument used

in the call. This means that changes made to the

parameter affect the argument.

By default, C++ uses call by value to pass arguments. In general, this means that code within a

function cannot alter the arguments used to call the function and above mentioned example while

calling max() function used the same method.

Default Values for Parameters:

When you define a function, you can specify a default value for each of the last parameters. This

value will be used if the corresponding argument is left blank when calling to the function.

This is done by using the assignment operator and assigning values for the arguments in the

function definition. If a value for that parameter is not passed when the function is called, the default

given value is used, but if a value is specified, this default value is ignored and the passed value is

used instead. Consider the following example:

#include

usingnamespacestd;

intsum(inta,intb=20)

{

intresult;

result =a +b;

return(result);

}
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_pointer.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_reference.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_reference.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/cpp_function_call_by_pointer.htm


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intmain ()

{

// local variable declaration:

inta =100;

intb =200;

intresult;

// calling a function to add the values.

result =sum(a,b);

cout


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Program#2:

Write a function that takes two integer parameters as input and prints all tables between these

two numbers.

OutputEnter first number 3

Enter second number 5

3*1=3

3*2=6

.

.

.

.

5*8=40

5*9=45

5*10=50

Program#3:

Write a function that takes two integer parameters from user and prints all prime numbersbetween them.OutputEnter first number 10

Enter second number 40All prime numbers between 10 and 40 are

11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37

Program#4:

Write a function that takes three integer parameters as reference and swaps their values. Also

write main program that prints the values before and after function call. (You cant declare a

fourth variable in the program)

Output

Enter first number 10Enter second number 40

Enter third number 89

Before function call x=10, y=40, z=89After function call x=89, y=10, z=40


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Program#5:

Write a function triangle() that takes an integer input as argument and prints its triangle. Forexample if user enters 6 the function should print the following triangle shape. (triangle wouldalways start with letter Z).Output

Enter a number: 6Z Y X W V U

Z Y X W V

Z Y X W

Z Y X

Z Y

Z

Program#6:Write a function triangle() that takes an integer input as argument and prints its triangle. Forexample if user enters 9 the function should print the following triangle shape. (Make sure thatthe input integer is odd if user enters an even number the input should be entered again)OutputEnter a number: 16

Plese enter an odd number: 9

9 7 5 3 1

7 5 3 1

5 3 1

3 1

1

Program#7:

Write a program that takes 8 inputs from user in main using loop. Each time an input is given itis passed to a function Slarge(). Slarge function takes one input as parameter and keeps record oflargest number and second largest number entered till now. (Hint: use global variables to keeprecord of largest and second largest numbers)Output

Enter numbers: 1652

11

90

1673

65


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Largest number is 90 and second largest is 73

Lab Outcomes:


Explain the usage of void functions

Using total Modular approach in your program.

Design programs and having understanding difference between void and value

returning functions


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Lab 09:Functions (Passing Arrays to Functions)

Objectives:

To understand idea of functions and arrays

To understand concept of arrays and functions combinely

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 6 & 7, Functions from book, C++ Programming: From problem


Resources:



Arrays can be passed to a function as an argument. Consider this example to pass one -dimensional array to a function:

Example 1: Passing One-dimensional Array to a Function

C++ Program to display marks of 5 students by passing one-dimensional array to a

function.

#includeusingnamespacestd;voiddisplay(intmarks[5]);

intmain() {intmarks[5] = {88, 76, 90, 61, 69};display(marks);return0;

}

voiddisplay(intm[5]) {cout


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}}

Output

Displaying marks:

Student 1: 88

Student 2: 76

Student 3: 90

Student 4: 61

Student 5: 69

When an array is passed as an argument to a function, only the name of an array is used as

argument.

display(marks);

Also notice the dif ference while passing array as an argument rather than variable.

void display(int m[5]);

The argument used marksin the above code represents the memory address of first

element of arraymarks[5]. And the formal argument int m[5]in function declaration

decays to int* m;. That's why, although the function is manipulated in the user-defined

function with different array name m[5], the original array is manipulated. The C++

programming language handles passing array to a function in this way to save memory and

time.

Note:You need to have understanding of pointers to understand passing array t o a

function. Learn more: Call by reference

Passing Multidimensional Array to a Function

Multidimensional array can be passed in similar way as one-dimensional array. Consider

this example to pass two dimensional array to a function:

Example 2: Passing Multidimensional Array to a Function

C++ Program to display the elements of two dimensional array by passing it to a

function.


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#includeusingnamespacestd;voiddisplay(intn[3][2]);

intmain() {intnum[3][2] = {{3, 4},{9, 5},{7, 1}

};display(num);return0;

}voiddisplay(intn[3][2]) {

cout


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function as arguments. The function then extract given number of characters from the string.

OutputEnter a string

The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others

Enter an integer:17

Extracted string is:service of others

Program#3:

Write a function that takes an integer array and its size as arguments and then shift the negativenumbers to the left and positive numbers to the right.OutputEnter numbers in the array: 3 -5 1 3 7 0 -15 3 -7 -8The array after function call is: -5 -15 -7 -8 3 1 3 7 0 3

Program#4:Write a program that takes a string as argument and a character from user then passes both of

them to a function as arguments. If the character passed to the function is g then it replaces all

of the g with G and G with g.

OutputEnter a string

There are two tragedies in life. One is to lose your heart's desire. The other is to gain it.

Enter a character to replace: Tthere are Two Tragedies in life. One is to lose your hearT's desire. the oTher is To gain iT.

Program#5:Write a function that takes an integer array as an argument and its size also. The function thenprints the smallest even element and smallest odd element of the arryOutputEnter 10 numbers in the array:5 22 7 15 3 8 12 19 17 31

Smallest even number is 8

Smallest odd number is 3

Program#6:

Write a program that takes a 2-D character array and stores 6 names in it ( an array of strings of6*80 size) then pass that array to a function named swap(). The swap() function will swap firstname with last name and print the array of strings.OutputEnter 6 names:

Abdul MananAli Hamza

Bilal Ahmad
http://thinkexist.com/quotation/there_are_two_tragedies_in_life-one_is_to_lose/7715.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/there_are_two_tragedies_in_life-one_is_to_lose/7715.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/there_are_two_tragedies_in_life-one_is_to_lose/7715.htmlhttp://thinkexist.com/quotation/there_are_two_tragedies_in_life-one_is_to_lose/7715.html


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M. Salman

Zahid Khan

Rehan Ali

After function call names areRehan Ali

Ali HamzaBilal AhmadM. Salman

Zahid Khan

Abdul Manan

Program#7:

Write a function that takes an array A of 3*3 size as an argument and calculates matrix B such

that each element in matrix B is equal to sum of neighbors of the corresponding elements in the

matrix A. consider sample given below:

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Note that neighbours of A[0][0] are 2, 4, and 5

Therefore B[0][0] = 2 +4 + 5 =11

Similarly, neighbours of A[1][1] are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9

Therefore B[1][1] = 1 +2 + 3+ 4+ 6+ 7+ 8+ 9 = 40

Lab Outcomes:


Explain the usage of arrays as parameters to functions

Must be able to explain passing one dimensional as well as two dimensional arrays to

the function

11 19 13

23 40 27

17 31 19


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report.


Questions Rating

(1 to 5)

Remarks




in the lab?







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Lab10:Recursion

Objectives:

To understand idea of function call in itself

To understand the beauty of Recursively calling functions

Prerequisites:

Study chapter 14, Recursion from book, C++ Programming: From problem


Resources:



Recursion

Simply put, recursionis when a function calls itself. That is, in the course of the function definition there

is a call to that very same function. At first this may seem like a never ending loop, or like a dog chasing

its tail. It can never catch it. So too it seems our function will never finish. This might be true is some

cases, but in practice we can check to see if a certain condition is true and in that case exit (return from)

our function. The case in which we end our recursion is called abase case . Additionally, just as in a loop,

we must change some value and incremently advance closer to our base case.

Consider this function.

void myFunction( int counter)

{

if(counter == 0)

return;

else

{

cout


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myFunction(--counter);

return;

}

}

This recursion is not infinite, assuming the function is passed a positive integer value. What will theoutput be?

Consider this function:

void myFunction( int counter)

{

if(counter == 0)

return;

else

{

cout


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Program#2:

Write a program that takes two numbers from user as first and second of the Fibonacci Seriesand then takes the number of the term that user wants to find in the series. You have to write arecursive function to perform this task.

Program#3:

Write a recursive program that takes two numbers from user and calculates quotient usingrecursive function without using / operator.

Program#4:

Write a recursive function that finds out whether a number is even or odd. You cant use %

operator. If you subtract 2 repeatedly from a number then finally the number will be reduced to 0or 1, that would be base case for recursive call.

Program#5:

Write a recursive function power that takes as parameter two integers x and y such that x isnonzero and returns xy. You can use the following recursive definition to calculate xy. If y>=0,

Power(x,y)=

{ ( )h}

Program#6:

Write a program that takes an integer array and passes it to a recursive function. The functionthen returns the largest number among array elements.

Program#7:

The expression of computing C (n,r), the

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