CP83 1 Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective Murray A. Straus SPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED 1. WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? 2. HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN AROUND THE WORLD? 3. ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? 4. IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN? 5. WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? 6. WHAT WOULD A WORLD WITHOUT CP BE LIKE?
Transcript
Slide 1
CP831 Soc 695 Family Violence Research In World Perspective
Murray A. Straus SPANKING BY PARENTS: THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE AND
ITS EFFECTS ON CHILDREN SIX QUESTIONS TO BE ADDRESSED 1. WHAT IS
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? 2. HOW PREVALENT IS CP BY PARENTS IN
AROUND THE WORLD? 3. ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED? 4.
IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL-BEHAVED CHILDREN? 5. WHAT
ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP? 6. WHAT WOULD A WORLD WITHOUT CP BE
LIKE?
Slide 2
CP832 Question 1: WHAT IS CORPORAL PUNISHMENT (CP)? A. USE OF
PHYSICAL FORCE B. WITH THE INTENTION OF CAUSING BODILY PAIN C. BUT
NOT INJURY D. FOR PURPOSES OF CORRECTION OR CONTROL EXAMPLES SPANK,
SMACK SLAP HAND SHAKE, SHOVE, JERK GRAB OR SQUEEZE HARD TWIST EAR
etc. IF C AND D ARE PRESENT: A LEGALLY PERMITTED TYPE OF PHYSICAL
ATTACK
Slide 3
CP833 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT HAS BEEN THE NORM FOR THOUSANDS OF
YEARS, AND STILL IS ANCIENT ISRAEL: "He that spareth his rod hateth
his son; but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes Proverbs
13:24 "This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. He will not
obey us. He is a glutton and a drunkard. Then all the men of the
town shall stone him to death. Deuteronomy 22;12 18 th CENTURY
ENGLAND: "When they turned a year old..., they were taught to fear
the rod and to cry softly...." (Susanna Wesley to her son John, the
founder of the Methodist Church, cited in Miller and Swanson
1958:10) 2001-2006 Next Slide
Slide 4
CP834 PERCENT WHO AGREE A GOOD HARD SPANKING IS SOMETIMES
NECESSARY ALL NATIONS MEDIAN: Total = 52 % Males = 56% Females =
51% High Half Of Nations Low Half Of Nations TotalMaleFemale Total
MaleFemale Taiwan 74.380.771.6 Australia 53.257.752.1 Tanzania
71.171.668.4 Canada 51.755.250.2 South Africa 67.661.067.2 Hungary
51.645.654.3 Mexico 66.770.865.7 Iran 51.657.150.0 Singapore
65.568.264.2 Greece 50.367.343.2 United States 60.868.956.7
Lithuania 48.857.644.2 Germany 60.163.858.5 Switzerland
45.252.641.6 Hong Kong 60.165.457.9 Romania 42.056.740.4 South
Korea 59.063.556.4 Japan 35.145.025.4 Russia 58.865.354.0 Guatemala
33.440.024.8 China 58.464.754.9 Malta 33.345.928.8 India
56.359.154.8 Venezuela 28.340.919.3 Great Britain 55.062.353.6
Belgium 23.027.821.5 New Zealand 54.451.355.4 Israel 23.023.822.7
Australia 53.257.752.1 Portugal 20.827.716.9 Canada 51.755.250.2
Brazil 19.325.016.4 In rank order of national context total
(VS01_1)`
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CP835 Question 2: How prevalent is CP
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CP836 WORLD VISION STUDY OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN 5
COUNTRIES SAMPLE 971 household with a child at home in Romania,
Kenya, Ghana, Thailand, and Brazil Stratified random sample. Mostly
female respondents From: World Vision (2001) Crying Out: Children
And Communities Speak on Abuse and Neglect, Appendix B. %
Slide 7
CP837 US national survey, 1,000 children, Straus & Stewart,
1999 Over 90% hit toddlers More than a third hit infants One out of
four are still hitting at age 16 THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE
Slide 8
CP838 CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN AGE 7-9, SAO PAULO,
BRAZIL, 1999 (N=271) AVEZEDO1 LOW SES PARENTS HIT MORE, BUT NOT
MUCH MORE
Slide 9
CP839 RATES FROM INTERVIEWING A NATIONAL SAMPLE OF CHILDREN,
2007* * Harris Internet Youth Survey
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CP8310
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CP8311
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CP8312 PERCENT SPANKED OR HIT A LOT BEFORE AGE 12 ALL NATIONS
MEDIAN: Total = 52, Males = 55, Females = 50 High Half Of Nations
Low Half Of Nations TotalMaleFemale Total MaleFemale Taiwan
74.380.771.6 Australia 53.257.752.1 Tanzania 71.171.668.4 Canada
51.755.250.2 South Africa 67.661.067.2 Hungary 51.645.654.3 Mexico
66.770.865.7 Iran 51.657.150.0 Singapore 65.568.264.2 Greece
50.367.343.2 United States 60.868.956.7 Lithuania 48.857.644.2
Germany 60.163.858.5 Switzerland 45.252.641.6 Hong Kong
60.165.457.9 Romania 42.056.740.4 South Korea 59.063.556.4 Japan
35.145.025.4 Russia 58.865.354.0 Guatemala 33.440.024.8 China
58.464.754.9 Malta 33.345.928.8 India 56.359.154.8 Venezuela
28.340.919.3 Great Britain 55.062.353.6 Belgium 23.027.821.5 New
Zealand 54.451.355.4 Israel 23.023.822.7 Australia 53.257.752.1
Portugal 20.827.716.9 Canada 51.755.250.2 Brazil 19.325.016.4 In
rank order of national context total (VS01_1) 32 Nations In the
International Dating Violence Study
Slide 13
CP8313 CONCLUSION: CHILDREN IN MOST OF THE WORLD, ARE BROUGHT
UP MORE VIOLENTLY THAN IS GENERALLY REALIZED MORE PREVALENT 94% of
toddlers spanked (USA & UK) MORE CHRONIC 3+ Times a week for
toddlers MORE SEVERE28% Used a paddle, belt, etc. LONGER DURATION13
years for a third of US Children 17 years for 14% of US
children
Slide 14
CP8314 Question 3: ARE CHILDREN WHO ARE SPANKED REALLY HARMED?
THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT CP: * Lowers the chances of many things all
parents want for their children * Increases the risk of many
serious and life-long problems * Lowers the chances of many things
all parents want for their children * Increases the risk of many
serious and life-long problems PARENTS CANT SEE WHAT THE RESEARCH
SHOWS BECAUSE * They have no way to know what the child will be
like in the future * Research can find this out because based on
following children for years * Therefore: Parents have to go on the
basis of research which shows the harmful side effects of spanking
LIKE SMOKERS WHO ALSO CAN'T SEE WHAT THE EFFECTS ARE Both smokers
and parents can only get information on the benefits of stopping
from research
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CP8315 Slows mental development Reduces academic performance in
elementary school Increases anger and aggressiveness Increases
probability of Depression Lowers occupational achievement and
income Increases probability of violence against dating and marital
partners Increases probability of physical abuse of a child RESULTS
FROM SOME OF THE STUDIES SHOWING THESE EFFECTS WHAT THE RESEARCH
SHOWS ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF SPANKING
Slide 16
CP8316 GROWTH IN COGNITIVE ABILITY OF CHILDREN TWO YEARS LATER
* Not spanked: increased faster than average CP41CHART 3 COGNITIVE
AVERAGE Data from the National Longitudinal Survey Of Youth. 1,510
children
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CP8317
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CP8318 * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE
STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL CHANGE IN ANTI- SOCIAL
BEHAVIOR SPANKED The more spanking the more antisocial behavior two
years later NOT SPANKED Antisocial behavior measured two years
later decreased
Slide 19
CP8319 CHILDREN IN SIX DIVERSE NATIONS THE MORE CORPORAL
PUNISHMENT THE MORE: MORE AGGRESSION MORE ANXIETY Lansford, J. E.
et al (2005). Physical Discipline and Childrens Adjustment:
Cultural Normativeness as a Moderator. Child Development.
Slide 20
CP8320
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CP8321
Slide 22
CP8322 THE MORE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT, THE GREATER THE
PROBABILITY OF PHYSICALLY ABUSING A CHILD OF PARENT BY PARENT
Slide 23
CP8323 THESE ARE ALL RISK FACTORS, NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS A
CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM
EXAMPLES: SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33%
chance of death from a smoking related disease which means that 64%
do not) FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold
increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE
BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do
not beat their wives)
Slide 24
CP8324 HOURS TO REPET- ITION SHORT RUN EFFECTIVE- NESS: CP
WORKS BUT NO BETTER THAN OTHER METHODS Question 4. IS CP NECESSARY
TO HAVE WELL- BEHAVED CHILDREN?
Slide 25
CP8325 LONG-RUN EFFECTIVENESS: CP BOOMERANGS
Slide 26
CP8326 * ADJUSTED FOR TIME-1 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, COGNITIVE
STIMULATION AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT BY THE MOTHER, CHILD GENDER, AND
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS. CP67-1 ANTISOCIAL CHANGE IN ANTISOCIAL
BEHAVIOR NOT SPANKED: BEHAVIOR IMPROVED SPANKED: BEHAVIOR GOT
WORSE
Slide 27
CP8327 TWO REASONS WHY CP MAKES THINGS WORSE IN THE LONG RUN 1.
LESS WELL DEVELOPED CONSCIENCE
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CP8328 2. WEAKENS BOND TO PARENT NONE 6 +
Slide 29
CP8329 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2D.doc
SOME OTHER REASONS LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS OF CP IS LOW
Slide 30
CP8330 (USA) Question 5: WHAT ARE THE TRENDS IN USE OF CP?
Slide 31
CP8331
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CP8332 THE MOST CHANGE HAS BEEN IN SWEDEN
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CP8333 UNITED NATIONS SECOND WORLD SUMMIT ON CHILDREN All
countries to adopt legislation, policies and programmes to protect
children from all forms of violence, whether at home, in school or
in the community: and protect children from torture and other
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, including corporal
punishment.
Slide 34
CP8334 HITTING CHILDREN BANNED IN THESE COUNTRIES As of 2006 15
BY STATUTE Austria Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Finland Germany
Hungary Iceland Israel Latvia Norway Romania Sweden Ukraine BY HIGH
COURT RULING: Israel, Italy Steps to implement vary from almost
none to very extensive
Slide 35
CP8335 QUESTION 6: WHAT THE WORLD MIGHT BE LIKE IF ADULTS
STOPPED SPANKING? THE EXAMPLE OF SWEDEN (Durrant, 1998) CP in
schools banned in 1928; CP by parents banned in 1979 (but no
criminal penalties) VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN SINCE 1979 BAN Public
approval of CP declined to near zero Use of CP declined sharply but
continues Child physical abuse has not increased (Child abuse
deaths remain lowest in the world) Reports of CP increased as a
result of intervention effort YOUTH CRIME AND PROBLEMS SINCE 1979
BAN: Crime rates decreased Alcohol and drug use decreased Suicide
decreased Reports of assault by youth increased reflects
redefinition of bullying as assault and zero tolerance
Slide 36
CP8336 THESE ARE ALL RISK FACTORS, NOT ONE-TO-ONE LINKS A
CONDITION WHICH INCREASES THE PROBABILITY OF A DISEASE OR PROBLEM
EXAMPLES: SMOKING AND DEATH FROM SMOKING RELATED DISEASE (33%
chance of death from a smoking related disease which means that 64%
do not) FREQUENT SPANKING AND DELINQUENCY (24% chance - 5 fold
increase, but 76% do not become delinquent) BINGE DRINKING AND WIFE
BEATING (19% chance - 3 fold increase, but 81% of binge drinkers do
not beat their wives)
Slide 37
CP8337 Chart 5-4.1 Comparison of the Effect of Corporal
Punishment With Effects From Other Domains * Partial correlation.
See Appendix 5 for explanation, Other effect sizes are from
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Media violence and
the American public: Scientific facts versus media misinformation.
American Psychologist, 56(6/7), 477-489.
Slide 38
CP8338 WHY ENDING CP CAN BE A MAJOR BENEFIT FOR CHILDREN AND
SOCIETY
Slide 39
CP8339 QUESTION 6 AGAIN: WHAT WOULD THE WORLD BE LIKE IF ADULTS
STOPPED SPANKING? FOR PARENTS * LESS HASSLE * LESS BETTER BEHAVED
CHILDREN FOR CHILDREN * LESS RISK OF PHYSICAL ABUSE * LESS
DELINQUENCY FOR THE NEXT GENERATION * LESS STREET VIOLENCE * LESS
DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE * LESS WIFE BEATING * HIGHER ECONOMIC
ACHIEVMENT A LESS VIOLENT, HEALTHIER, WEALTHIER, AND WISER WORLD *
ENHANCED MENTAL ABILITY AND SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENT
Slide 40
CP8340 END
Slide 41
CP8341
Slide 42
CP8342 FOR EVIDENCE ON ALL THESE POINTS AND MANY OTHERS see *
This book * Papers on my website (1 st slide) * References on last
slide * ALSO Forthcoming book
Slide 43
CP8343 I. SPANKING -- THE VIRTUOUS VIOLENCE 1. The Conspiracy
of Silence 2. Everyone Does It, But Less Now 3. Hitting Adolescents
4. Who Spanks the Most? II. THE PRICE OF VIRTUE 5. Depression and
Suicide 6. Physical Abuse 7. Violence and Crime 8. The Fusion of
Sex and Violence 9. Alienation and Reduced Income Ill. THE FUTURE
10. Ten Myths that Perpetuate Corporal Punishment I I. Social
Evolution and Corporal Punishment 12. The Benefits of Never
Spanking: New and More Definitive Evidence Transaction Publishers
390 Campus Drive Somerset, NJ 08873 Toll free-US only 888-999-6778
or 732-445-1245 Fax. 732-748-9801 www.transactionpub.com In UK and
Europe: Transaction Publishers (UK) C/O EDS 3 Henrietta Street
Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel. +44 (0)20 7 240 0856 Fax. +44
(0)20 7 379 0609 2 nd Edition, 2001
Slide 44
CP8344
Slide 45
CP8345 Chapter THE PRIMORDIAL VIOLENCE (CONTINUED)
Slide 46
CP8346 WHY PAY ATTENTION TO SPANKING? MOST SPANKING IS DONE BY
LOVING PARENTS TO CORRECT AND TRAIN CHILDREN THE HARMFUL EFFECTS
FOR AN INDIVIDUAL CHILD ARE SMALL COMPARED TO THE EFFECTS OF
PHYSICAL ABUSE BUT IT VIOLATES THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN AS DEFINED IN
THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER ON CHILDRENS RIGHTS A VERY LARGE
PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN ARE SPANKED CHILDREN ARE TYPICALLY HIT FOR
MANY YEARS IN THE USA, ON AVERAGE UNTIL THEY ARE ABOUT 12 YEARS
OLD, I.E. FOR ABOUT 12 YEARS THE EFFECT ON THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN
IS VERY LARGE GREATER THAN THE HARMFUL EFFECT OF PHYSICAL
ABUSE
Slide 47
CP8347 Giles-Sims, Jean., Murray A. Straus, and David B.
Sugarman. 1995. "Child, maternal and family characteristics
associated with spanking." Family Relations 44:170-176. %
2.83.63.33.6 RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES IN SPANKING CHILDREN 3-5 Percent
Who Spanked in Past Week Average Number Of Times per Week
Slide 48
CP8348 CHINESE CORPORAL PUNISHMENT RATES Survey by the
Guangdong Provincial Women's Federation 54% of university and
middle-school students experienced corporal punishment 80% of
parents and teachers believe corporal punishment has benefits
Survey by the University of Hong Kong (2003-04) 44% of parents had
beaten their children to "straighten" them up. Joy Lu Spare the rod
and spoil the child? China Daily 05/27/2006 page 3 (downloaded from
internet)
Slide 49
CP8349 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\TWO CANADIAN
STUDIES.DOC
Slide 50
CP8350 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\INTERNATIONAL\Tribal
Society Rates.doc
CP8357 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2D.doc
WHY LONG TERM EFFECTIVENESS IS LOW
Slide 58
CP8358 C:\My Documents\A2\CHARTS\CP\EFFECTIV\EFFECTIV 2A.doc
Question 4. IS CP SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO HAVE WELL- BEHAVED
CHILDREN ? ANSWER DEPENDS ON HOW EFFECTIVE CP IS IN CORRECTING
MISBEHAVIOR