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BY R A C H E L L E A G AT H A , C PA , M B A
Bonds Payable & Investment in Bonds
Slides by Rachelle Agatha, CPA, with excerpts from Warren, Reeve, Duchac
2
1. Compute the potential impact of long-term borrowing on earnings per share.
2. Describe the characteristics, terminology, and pricing of bonds payable.
3. Journalize entries for bonds payable.
Objectives:
3
4. Describe and illustrate the payment and redemption of bonds payable.
5. Journalize entries for the purchase, interest, discount and premium amortization, and sale of bond investments.
6. Prepare a corporation balance sheet.
Objectives:
4
Compute the potential impact
of long-term borrowing on the
earnings per share of a
corporation.
Objective 1
Objective 1
5
Financing Corporations
A bond is simply a form of an interest-bearing note. Like a note, a
bond requires periodic interest payments, and the face amount must
be repaid at the maturity date.
6
Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan 3
Issued 12% bonds$4 million$2 million$2 millionIssued 9% preferredstock, $50 par value $2 million $1 million
Issued common stock,$10 par value $1 million
$4 million$4 million $4 million
9
Gonzales Co., is considering the following alternative plans for financing their company:
Plan I Plan II Issue 10% Bonds (at face) $2,000,000
Issue $10 Common Stock $3,000,000 $1,000,000Income tax is estimated at 40% of income.
Determine the earnings per share of common stock under the two alternative financing plans, assuming income before bond interest and income tax is $750,000.
10
Earnings before bond interest and income taxBond interestBalanceIncome tax Net incomeDividend on preferred stockEarnings available for
common stockNumber of common sharesEarnings per share on
common stock
$750,000 200,000$550,000 220,000$330,000 0
$330,000/100,000
Plan II
$3.30
(2,000,000 x 10%)
($550,000 x 40%)
$750,000 0$750,000 300,000$450,000 0
$450,000 /300,000
Plan I
$1.50
($750,000 x 40%)
12
Bonds Payable
A corporation that issues bonds enters into a contract (called a bond indenture or trust indenture) with the bondholders.
Usually, the face value of each bond, called the principal, is $1,000 or a multiple of $1,000.
Interest on bonds may be payable annually, semiannually, or quarterly. Most pay interest semiannually.
13
When all bonds of an issue mature at the same time, they are called term bonds.
If the maturity dates are spread over several dates, they are called serial bonds.
Bonds that may be exchanged for other securities are called convertible bonds.
14
Bonds issued on the basis of the general credit of the corporation are debenture bonds.
Bonds that a corporation reserves the right to redeem before their maturity are called callable bonds.
15
Pricing of Bonds Payable
When a corporation issues bonds, the price that buyers are willing to pay depends upon three factors:
1. The face amount of the bonds, which is the amount due at the maturity date.
2. The periodic interest to be paid on the bonds. This is called the contract rate or the coupon rate.
3. The market or effective rate of interest.
16
The market or effective rate of interest is determined by transactions between buyers and sellers of similar bonds. The market rate of interest is affected by a variety of factors, including:
1. investors assessment of current economic conditions, and
2. future expectations.
17
MARKET RATE = CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond = $1,000
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the contract rate equals the market rate of interest, the bonds will sell at their face amount.
18
MARKET RATE > CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond < $1,000
–Discount
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the market rate is higher than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a discount.
19
MARKET < CONTRACT RATE
Selling price of bond > $1,000
+Premium
$1,00010% payable
annually
If the market rate is lower than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a premium.
20
Time Value of Money
The time value of money concept recognizes that an amount of cash to be received today is worth
more than the same amount of cash to be
received in the future.
21
Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
Present Value of the Face Amount of Bonds
$1,00010% payable annually
A $1,000, 10% bond is purchased. It pays interest annually and will mature in two years.
23
Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
$1,000 x 0.82645$826.4
5
Present Value of the Face Amount of Bonds
$1,00010% payable annually
A $1,000, 10% bond is purchased. It pays interest annually and will mature in two years.
24
Using Exhibit 3 in your test, what is the present value of $4,000 to be received in 5 years, if the market rate of interest is 10%
compounded annually?
$4,000 x .62092* = $2,483.68
*Present value of $1 for 5 periods at 10%
25
Today End of Year 1
End of Year 2
Interest payment
$100 Interest
payment
$100
$90.91 $100 x 0.90909
$82.64$100 x 0.82645
Present Value of the Periodic Bond Interest Payments
Present value, at 10%, of $100 interest payments to be received each year for 2 years (rounded)
$173.55
27
Present Value of 2-Year, 10% Bond
Present value of face value of $1,000 due in2 years at 10% compounded annually:$1,000 x 0.82645 (Exhibit 3: n = 2, i = 10%) $ 826.45
Present value of 2 annual interest paymentsof 10% compounded annually: $100 x 1.73554 (Exhibit 4: n = 2, i = 10%)
173.55Total present value of bond $1,000.00
28
Calculate the present value of a $20,000, 5%, 5-year bond that pays
$1,000 ($20,000 x 5%) interest annually, if the market rate of interest is 5%. Use Exhibits 3 and 4 for computing present
values.
29
Present value of face value of $20,000 due in 5 years at 5% compounded annually: $20,000 x .78353 (present value factor of $1 for 5 periods at 5%) $15,671*
Present value of 5 annual interest payments of $1,000 at 5% interest compounded annually: $1,000 x 4.32948 (present value of annuity of $1 for 5 periods at 5%).
*Rounded to the nearest dollar
4,329*
$20,000
31
On January 1, 2007, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%,
five-year bonds; interest payable semiannually.
The market rate of interest is 12%.
Bonds Issued at Face Amount
32
Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 12% compounded annually: $100,000 x 0.55840 (Exhibit 3: n = 10, i = 6%)
$ 55,840
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000 at 12% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.36009 (Exhibit 4: n = 10; i = 6%)
44,160*
Total present value of bonds $100,000
*Because the present value tables are rounded to five decimal places, minor rounding differences may
appear in this illustration.
33
On January 1, 2007, a corporation issues for cash $100,000 of 12%, five-year
bonds; interest payable semiannual. The market rate of interest is 12%.
Issued $100,000
bonds payable at face
amount.
Bonds Payable 100 000 00
Jan. 1 Cash 100 000 002007
34
On June 30, an interest payment of $6,000 is made ($100,000 x .12 x 6/12).
June 30 Interest Expense 6 000 00
Cash 6 000 00
Paid six months’ interest
on bonds.
35
The bond matured on December 31, 2011. At this time, the corporation
paid the face amount to the bondholder.
Cash 100 000 00
Paid bond principal at
maturity date.
Dec. 31 Bonds Payable100 000 00
2011
36
Assume that the market rate of interest is 13% on the
$100,000 bonds rather than 12%. What would be the
present value of these bonds?
Bonds Issued at a Discount
37
Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded semiannually: $100,000 x 0.53273
$53,273
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000, at 13% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.18883 (present value of annuity of $1 for 10 periods at 6%)
43,133
Total present value of bonds $96,406
38
On January 1, 2007, the firm issued $100,000 bonds for $96,406 (a discount of
$3,594).
Issued $100,000
bonds at discount.
Bonds Payable 100 000 00
Jan.1 Cash 96 406 002007
Discount on Bonds Payable3 594 00
39
On the first day of the fiscal year, a company issues a $1,000,000, 6%, 5-
year bond that pays semi-annual interest of $30,000 ($1,000,000 x 6% x ½),
receiving cash of $845,562. Journalize the entry to record the issuance of the
bonds.Cash 845,562Discount on Bonds Payable154,438 Bonds Payable 1,000,000
40
Amortizing a Bond Discount
There are two methods of amortizing a bond discount:
1) The straight-line method and
2) The effective interest rate method, often called the interest method.
Both methods amortize the same total amount of discount over the life of the bonds.
41
On June 30, 2007, six-months’ interest is paid and the bond discount is amortized ($3,594 x 1/10) using the straight-line method.
Discount on Bonds Payable 359 40
June30Interest Expense 6 359 402007
Amortizing a Bond Discount
Cash 6 000 00
Paid semiannual
interest and
amortized 1/10 of
bond discount.
42
Interest Expense 45,444Discount on Bonds Payable 15,444
Cash 30,000Paid interest and amortized the bond discount ($154,438 ÷ 10).
43
If the market rate of interest is 11% and the
contract rate is 12%, on the five year, $100,000 bonds,
the bonds will sell for $103,769.
Bonds Issued at a Premium
44
Present value of face amount of $100,000 due in 5 years at 11% compounded semiannually: $100,000 x 0.58543 (Exhibit 3: n =10, i = 5½%)
$ 58,543
Total present value of bonds $103,769
Present value of 10 interest payments of $6,000, at 11% compounded semiannually: $6,000 x 7.53763 (Exhibit 4: n = 10, i = 5½%)
45,226
45
Issued $100,000 of bonds for $103,769 (a premium of $3,769).
The entry to record this information is as follows:
Issued $100,000
bonds at a premium.
Bonds Payable100 000 00
Premium on Bonds Payable3 769 00
Jan. 1 Cash 103 769 002007
46
A company issues a $2,000,000, 12%, 5-year bond that pays semiannual interest of $120,000 ($2,000,000 x 12% x ½), receiving cash of $2,154,435. Journalize the bond issuance.
Cash 2,154,435Premium on Bonds Payable 154,438
Bonds Payable2,000,000
47
On June 30, 2007, paid the semiannual interest and amortized the premium. The firm uses straight-line amortization.
Paid semiannual interest
and amortized 1/10 of bond
prem.
Cash6 000 00
June 30 Interest Expense 5 623 102007
$3,769 x 1/10
$3,769 x 1/10
Amortizing a Bond Premium
Premium on Bonds Payable
376 90
48
Using the bond from previous example, journalize the first interest payment and the amortization of the related bond premium.
Interest Expense 104,556Premium on Bonds Payable 15,444
Bonds Payable 120,000Paid interest and amortize thebond premium ($154,435/10).
49
Zero-coupon bonds do not provide for interest payments. Only the face amount is paid at
maturity. Assume that the market rate is 13% at date of issue.
Zero-Coupon Bonds
Present value of $100,000 due in 5 years at 13% compounded
semiannually: $100,000 x 0.53273 (PV of $1 for 10 periods at 6½%) =
$53,273
50
On January 1, 2007, issue 5-year, $100,000 zero-coupon bonds when the market rate of interest is 13%.
Issued $100,000
zero-coupon bonds.
Bonds Payable100 000 00
Jan. 1 Cash 53 273 002007
Discount on Bonds Payable 46 727 00
52
Since the payment of bonds normally involves a large amount of cash, a bond
indenture may require that cash be periodically
transferred into a special cash fund, called a sinking
fund, over the life of the bond issue.
53
Bond Redemption
A corporation may call or redeem bonds before they mature. Callable bonds can be redeemed by the
issuing corporation within the period of time and the price stated in the bond indenture. Normally, the
call price is above the face value.
54
Retired bonds for
$24,000.
Cash24 000 00
Gain on Redemption of Bonds2 000 00
June 30 Bonds Payable 25 000 00
2007
On June 30, a corporation has a bond issue of $100,000 outstanding on which there is an
unamortized premium of $4,000. The corporation purchases one-fourth of the
bonds for $24,000.
Premium on Bonds Payable 1 000 00
55
Cash105 000 00
June 30 Bonds Payable 100 000 00
2007
Premium on Bonds Payable 4 000 00
Loss on Redemption of Bonds 1 000 00
Redeemed $100,000
bonds for $105,000.
Instead, assume that on June 30 the corporation calls all of the bonds, paying
$105,000.
56
A $500,000 bond issue on which there is an unamortized discount of $40,000 is redeemed for $475,000. Journalize the
redemption of the bonds.
Bonds Payable 500,000Loss on Redemption of Bonds15,000 Discount on Bonds Payable
40,000Cash 475,000
57
Journalize entries for the purchase, interest, discount,
and premium amortization, and
sale of bond investments.
Objective 5
Objective 5
58
Bonds may be purchased either directly from the issuing corporation or
through an organized bond exchange. Prices for bonds
are quoted as a percentage of the face
amount.
Accounting for Bond Investments
59
On April 2, 2007, an investor purchases a $1,000 Lewis Company bond at 102 plus a
brokerage fee of $5.30 and accrued interest of $10.20.
Cash1 035 50
Apr. 2 Investment in Lewis Co. Bonds 1 025 302007
Interest Revenue 10 20
Invested in a Lewis
Company bond.
60
Cash1 035 50
Apr. 2 Investment in Lewis Co. Bonds 1 025 302007
Interest Revenue 10 20
Invested in a Lewis
Company bond.
On April 2, 2007, an investor purchases a $1,000 Lewis Company bond at 102 plus a
brokerage fee of $5.30 and accrued interest of $10.20.
Note that the brokerage fee is added to the cost of the
investment.
61
On July 1, 2007, Crenshaw Inc. purchases $50,000 of 8% bonds of
Deitz Corporation due in 8 3/4 years. The effective interest rate is 11%. The purchase price is $41,706 plus interest of $1,000 accrued from April 1, 2007
($50,000 x 8% x 3/12).
Extended Illustration for Crenshaw, Inc.
62
Interest Revenue 1 000 00
Cash 42 706 00
Purchased
investment in
bonds, plus
accrued interest.
July 1 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds41 706 002007
The entry to record the investment is as follows:
63
Crenshaw, Inc. received semiannual interest for April 1 to October 1 ($50,000 x 8% x 6/12).
Interest Revenue 2 000 00
Received
semiannual
interest for April 1
to October 1.
Oct.1 Cash 2 000 00
64
Adjusting entry for interest accrued from October 1 to December 31 ($50,000 x 8% x
3/12).
Interest Revenue 1 000 00
Dec.31 Interest Receivable 1 000 00
Adjusting entry for
interest accrued from
October 1 to
December 31.
65
Adjusting entry for amortization of discount for July 1 to December 31:
($50,000 –$41,706)/105 = $79 (rounded) x 6 months.
Interest Revenue 474 00
31 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds474 00
Adjusting entry for
amortization of
discount for July 1 to
December 31.
66
Interest RevenueOct. 1 2,000Dec. 31 Adj. 1,000
31 Adj. 4742,474
July 1 1,000
Adj. Bal.
The effect of these entries on Interest Revenue is as follows:
67
The Deitz bonds are sold for $47,350 plus accrued
interest on June 30, 2014. The carrying amount of the bond as of January 1,
2014 is $47,868 [$41,706 + ($79 per month x 78
months)].
Accounting for Bond Investments—Sale
68
It has been six months since the last amortization entry, so amortization for
this period is recorded (6 months).
Interest Revenue474 00
June30 Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds 474 002014
Amortized discount for
current year.
69
The next slide shows the
Investment in Dietz Corp. Bonds
account after all amortization entries
have been made, including the June 30, 2014 adjusting
entry.
70
Investment in Deitz Corp. Bonds
July 1 41,706Dec. 31 474Dec. 31
948Dec. 31
948Dec. 31
948Dec. 31
948Dec.31 948Dec.31 948June 30 474
48,342
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
71
This investment is sold on June 30, 2014 for $47,350 plus accrued interest of $1,000
($50,000 x 8% x 3/12) .
30 Cash 48 350 00 Loss on Sale of Investments 992 00
Interest Revenue1 000 00 Investment in Deitz Co. Bonds48 342 00 Received interest
and proceeds from
sale of bonds.
72
On October 1, 2008 Viewtec Corporation purchases $10,000 of 6% bonds of Watson Corporation due in 9¼ years. The bonds were purchased at a price of $8,341 plus interest of $150 ($10,000 x 6% x 3/12) accrued from July 1, 2008, the date of the last semiannual interest payment.
a. Journalize the purchase of the bonds plus accrued interest.
b. Journalize the entry to record the amortization of the discount on December 31.
73
Investment in Watson Corp. Bonds 8,341Interest Revenue
150 Cash 8,491
Oct. 1
2008
a.
Investment in Watson Corp. Bonds 42*Interest Revenue42
Dec. 1
2008
b.
*[($10,000 – $8,341)/111 months] x 3 months
77
Held-to-Maturity Securities
Investments in bonds or other debt securities that
management intends to hold to their maturity are called
held-to-maturity securities.
78
Such securities are classified as long-term investments under the caption Investments.
These investments are reported at their cost less any amortized premium or plus any amortized discount.
The market (fair) value of the bond investment should be disclosed, either on the face of the balance sheet or in an accompanying note.
Balance Sheet Presentation of Bond Investments
79
Some corporations have a high ratio of debt to stockholders’ equity. For such corporations, analysts often
assess the relative risk of the debtholders in terms of the number of times the interest charges are
earned during the year.
Financial Analysis and Interpretation
80
To illustrate, assume the following data:
Interest expense $ 36,883,000Income before income tax174,315,000
Income before income tax + Interest expense
Interest expense
$174,315,000 + $36,883,000
$36,883,000
Number of Times the Interest Charges Earned
(Continued)
81
The number of times interest charges are earned is 5.73.
This ratio indicates that the debtholders have adequate protection against a
potential drop in earnings jeopardizing their receipt of interest payments. A full analysis should involve a comparison with
industry averages.