CPCCWP3002A Apply waterproofing process to internal wet ...

CPCCWP3002A

Apply waterproofing process to internal wet areas

Student Learning Resource

Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release

date

LR CCPCCWP3002A NVR Standard 15.5 1 004 Apply Waterproofing Process to Internal Wet Areas 04/09/2014 19/082013

Page 2 of 71


date


Page 3 of 71

Student Information Purpose: The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. This assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the following as required: Unit outlines / Performance Criteria Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this learning resource.

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Plan and prepare

1.1. Work instructions and operational details are obtained using relevant information, confirmed and applied for planning and preparation purposes.

1.2. Safety (OHS) requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies. 1.3. Signage and barricade requirements are identified and implemented. 1.4. Tools and equipment are selected to carry out tasks and are consistent with the requirements of the job,

checked for serviceability and any faults are rectified or reported prior to commencement. 1.5. Materials quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans, specifications and quality

requirements. 1.6. Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located

ready for use. 1.7. Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and

regulatory obligations and applied.

2. Identify waterproofing system.

2.1. Internal area to be waterproofed is identified from job drawings and specifications. 2.2. Area of structure to be waterproofed is inspected for defects and soundness in accordance with job and

manufacturer specifications. 2.3. Appropriate waterproofing systems and products are identified, analysed and selected for water

exclusion in accordance with job and manufacturer specifications, and with material safety data sheet (MSDS) directions.

2.4. Range of waterproofing materials is checked for product suitability; conformity to specification; and compatibility with surface material, preparation and waterproofing installation technique.

2.5. Termination detailing is determined. 2.6. Type of waterproofing material is identified in accordance with job specification, state of structure, and job

safety requirements with MSDS directions.

3. Prepare for waterproofing installation.

3.1. Internal wet area and wet area fitment or fixtures are checked for specific measurements and set out in accordance with drawings and specifications.

3.2. Substrate is checked for soundness of fit, curing compounds, moisture content and other contaminants, and reported or remedied as required.

3.3. Flooring installation levels and falls to waste outlets are checked for conformity to specification. 3.4. Corner flashing is installed in accordance with manufacturer recommendations. 3.5. Points of connection, termination detailing and over flashings as required are checked to be in place and

secure. 3.6. Rebates for baths and basins are checked for compliance with standards.

4. Prepare substrate.

4.1. Defects are corrected and made good in accordance with manufacturer specifications, to bring substrate to a smooth and uniform finish.

4.2. Surface of structure to be waterproofed is prepared to manufacturers' specification, including fixings and belling out around taps.

4.3. Water stops and hobs are installed in required location in compliance with standards and good building practice.

4.4. Prepared surface of structure is prime coated to manufacturers' specification, where applicable.


date


Page 4 of 71

5.Apply waterproofing.

5.1. Waterproofing membrane is applied to primed surface of structure to correct thickness and in accordance with manufacturers' job specification.

5.2. Appropriate bond breakers and fillets are applied as required in accordance with manufacturer specifications.

5.3. Waterproofing membrane is cured in accordance with manufacturers' specification and workplace requirements.

5.4. Flood testing of installation is conducted if required. 5.5. Waterproofing system and materials are protected using methods and materials consistent with

manufacturers' specification, workplace requirements and good building practice. 5.6. Final inspection of site is undertaken in accordance with certifying authority's requirements and sign-off and

handover of work is carried out in accordance with workplace requirements.

6. Clean up. 6.1. Work area is cleared and waste materials are disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification.

6.2. Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices.

UNIT DESCRIPTOR CPCCWP3002A Apply waterproofing process to internal wet areas This unit of competency specifies the outcomes required to apply waterproofing practices and principles to internal wet areas. It includes identification of the waterproofing system to be used, its preparation and its application. ASSESSMENT Overall Assessment Requirements The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date. To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used. 1. Written Assessment 2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor) 3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”) 4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit) Theory Examination During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content. Self Checks Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer. Verbal Questions Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the competencies of this learning package.


date


Page 5 of 71

Practical Observation / Assessment Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -

1. Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation checklist.

2. Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s performances.

Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of the task undertaken. The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment. Log Book or Training Record Book It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit. Results A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed. RPL and Acceleration Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process. Methodology This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience. Due care Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training package.


date


Page 6 of 71

Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited without prior written permission. Pre-requisites Pre-requisite units: CPCCOHS2001A Apply OHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry Feedback to the learner The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment

This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit – CPCCWP3002A Apply waterproofing process to internal wet areas as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Building Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.


date


Page 7 of 71

PLAN AND PREPARE

1.1 Work instructions and operational details are obtained using relevant information , confirmed and applied for planning and preparation purposes

A well planned project will be completed quickly and cost less than a poorly planned job that takes a long time. Customers will appreciate how quickly you can complete a good quality job.

In today's competitive world, contractors who are unable to demonstrate they have proficient safety systems face the prospect of missing out on tenders, contracts or being placed on preferred provider lists.

1.2 Safety (OHS) requirements are followed in accordance with safety plans and policies.

Employers’ OHS rights and responsibilities Australian employers are required by law to provide a safe workplace for not only workers, but for all who visit their facilities.

Workplace Health and Safety legislation requires employers to provide a safe and healthy workplace for their workers and contractors. This includes:

• Providing and maintaining safe plant (e.g., machinery and equipment) and safe systems of work (e.g., controlling entry to high-risk areas, controlling work pace and frequency, and providing systems to prevent falls from heights);

• Implementing arrangements for the safe use, handling, storage and transport of chemicals (e.g., dangerous goods and harmful materials);

• Maintaining the workplace in a safe condition (ensuring fire exits are not blocked, emergency equipment is serviceable and worksite is generally tidy);

• Providing workers and contractors with adequate facilities (clean toilets, cool and clean drinking water and hygienic eating areas); and

• Ensuring workers have adequate information, instruction, training and supervision to work in a safe and healthy manner.

Waterproofing Injuries and First Aid ! It is essential that you wear comfortable steel capped shoes such as the Volley below. Do not get caught out as there is a $1000 fine for trainees and $4000 for employers for failure to wear safety shoes.

Exposure to polyurethane can cause respiratory problems and chemically induced asthma. Polyurethane also contains chemicals which may cause damage to the nervous system and are probably carcinogens. The fumes from Polyurethane when it is burnt are also extremely toxic. Our families may be in very close contact with these kinds of plastics on a day-to-day basis, and exposure can occur through contact or, perhaps more insidiously, by simply breathing the chemicals emitted from the plastic. Direct contact with some waterproofing membranes may cause chemical burns to some people’s skin or your eyes. Various construction materials, including concrete, plaster, grout and mortar, often contain a caustic alkaline binding compound that can induce a severe skin reaction with limited exposure. Because pain is not immediate, the worker might not realize the extent of the burn until later when the symptoms, including blisters, skin discoloration and dead skin appear.

Steel capped Volley Shoes for Tiling and Silicon

work


date


Page 8 of 71

Here the worker was not wearing the essential ’Gum Boots' and Concrete has crept into his boots and clothing causing 2nd

degree burning.

Initial Care If you get waterproofing fumes in your eyes and have an adverse reaction rinse the eyes with lukewarm water for 20 minutes to remove any residue. Contact an ophthalmologist for advice, even if the worker does not experience pain or vision disturbance.

Monitor What appears to be reddened skin the day after contact with waterproofing fumes might become worse in a few days. Initial symptoms might include a rash, followed by inflammation and itching, swelling and then blistering. Monitor the skin, and contact a health professional if symptoms worsen after a few days. Previous injuries When hiring new employees, they should be informed, in writing, of the nature of the work and asked if they have any pre-existing injury or illness that may be affected by the work. They should also be informed in writing that failing to notify or hiding a pre-existing injury or illness which might be affected by the nature of the proposed employment, could result in that injury or illness being ineligible for future compensation claims. Duty of Care This is the legal obligation to avoid causing harm or injury to another person through negligence

where it is reasonably foreseeable that the harm or injury could occur.

Eye wash should always be available when working with chemicals

What Makes Waterproofing Membrane application dangerous?

1. Almost died from waterproofing vapours

! A 55-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of severe dyspnoea 30 minutes after inhalation of waterproofing vapours. He had used the material outdoors and had then smoked a cigarette with contaminated fingers. Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) revealed diffuse ground glass opacities in both lungs. In pulmonary function tests, the lungs showed a moderately decreased diffusing capacity and there was slight hypoxemia. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimens demonstrated extensive alveolitis and marked eosinophil migration. Without any specific treatment, the patient recovered clinically in 4 days. The doctor speculated that acute lung injury in this patient may have been induced by not only direct inhalation of the waterproofing fumes itself, but also by inhalation of vapour by-products resulting from decomposition due to heat. When waterproofing is used, precautions should be taken to avoid both inhalation and heating of the fumes.

More accidents happen through incorrect application rather than any other reason. If you need to work a little higher don’t stand on a bucket or a besser block. Get an approved trestle to work on. Always wear your safety shoes as a

This triangle shape is the symbol for caution. The exclamation mark in the centre means Pay Attention. In some instances, the triangle-shaped sign will show a picture. Other times, words explain why the sign is used.

Acute lung injury caused by inhalation of waterproofing fumes inhalation


date


Page 9 of 71

major cause of accidents is through not wearing correct footwear. Avoid contact with eyes and mouth. People working with waterproofing materials should be aware of the potential for adverse skin reaction. Read the MSDS always!

! First Aid Summary ! Quickly but carefully remove contaminated clothes. Make sure you don't get more liquid on unaffected areas of your skin. Once removed, make sure to carefully rinse out the garments if you have a reaction to the material.

Immediately seek medical attention. It is important for you to seek more complete medical care as soon as possible to address the potential skin damage you have incurred.

Just Remember! Don't assume the burn will not get worse. By the time a worker becomes aware of a burn, much damage has already occurred and further damage is difficult to stop. If the eyes are involved, rinse eyes with clean water for 20 minutes. Seek professional medical attention without delay. Provide the medical personnel with a product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) which explains the skin hazards of the waterproofing membrane solution.

1.3 Signage and barricade requirements are identified and implemented

Whenever working in a publicly accessible area then they must be informed and kept away from any Danger to their Health. This can be done using signs & barricades. People will not always read signs so barricades are the better solution, especially in keeping children away.

Construction Signs These play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of workers and the public on a construction site. In fact, they are so important that if a site has inadequate signage, the company or contractor involved could be severely penalized by authorities through large fines or even jail. The severity of the penalties is an indication of how

serious the Australian government treats the issue of Construction Safety in Australia. Safety Must Be Planned For anything to run smoothly it must be planned beforehand and this also applies to the area of safety. In fact, current OHS Legislation in Australia obliges all contractors and building companies to have a safety plan before commencing any work. You can achieve in one of two ways: by researching and writing up your own safety plan or by getting a Safety Plan Template. With a template, all you have to do is add your information specific to your project and that’s it. It’s certainly much easier than writing one yourself. See back of this Learning Guide.

1.4 Plant, tools and equipment selected to carry out tasks are consistent with the

requirements for the job, checked for serviceability & any faults rectified or reported prior to commencement.

Types of Tools and Equipment Power tools come in many shapes and forms, each designed for a specific purpose There are two main types of tools and equipment used for silicone applications: o Powered o Hand. Powered Tools This equipment is commonly powered by rechargeable battery or direct electrical.

Above the Milwaukee C18pcg310c-21b Cordless Caulking Gun which will suit 310ml cartridges. Features - up to 4000 Nm force, optimised performance with all adhesives and cool temperatures. Anti - drip feature prevents unwanted dripping when trigger is released. Remote speed dial and variable speed


date


Page 10 of 71

trigger allow maximum bead control. Large robust plunger design ensures constant flow, reduces blow back and expels all sealant from cartridge. Comes complete with 1 x 1.5ah Li-ion battery and Li-ion charger.

A roller will help save application time whilst a paint brush is handy for hard to get at areas such as corners

Some of the latest waterproofing products do not require the use of fabric on floors, walls, coves or corners and may be applied directly onto a bathroom substrate. These include Laticrete’s HydroBan, a self-curing liquid rubber polymer that forms a flexible, seamless waterproofing membrane.

A hand applicator is more common for waterproofing edges and bond breakers before applying the membrane

Other Hand tools and Equipment The following is a list of other hand tools commonly used in silicone:

o Soap spray bottle o Stanley knife o Paper towels o Paddle Pop sticks

o Newspaper o Vacuum Cleaner o Brush and shovel o Old Towel o Brush o Roller and Pan o Knee guards (PPE) o Small trestle for heights o Broom & rubbish bin

Again, it is very important that these tools are kept clean of waterproofing materials and dried residues.


date


Page 11 of 71

Brooms Ensure you have a decent broom to clean up your site after completion of all your work. HANDTOOL SAFETY Hand tools should be inspected before use to make sure that they are serviceable and safe to use. This is especially important with electric tools which have the potential to cause serious injury or death of operated while defective. Before using a hand tool, you should observe the following points. • Check for signs of damage or unserviceability. • Ensure that all guards are in place. Do not use

the wrong tools for the job or tools with • Missing guards. • Ensure that all flexible cables attached to the

equipment and all extension leads are tagged following testing. A dated tag will indicate when the next test is due.

• While using hand tools, you should observe the following.

• Know the whereabouts of those near you and warn them of your intentions! Do not swing around with a power tool that is running — someone might be behind you.

• Be prepared for jamming — the circular or rotating motion in tools such as drills,

impact wrenches, saws, etc., can result in a strong twisting force.

• Ensure you have a good footing; use two hands, and be ready to release the power switch or trigger.

• Do not hang cords or hoses over nails, bolts or sharp edges. Keep them away from oil, hot surfaces, chemicals and water.

• Do not leave the tool in an overhead position where there is a chance that a pull on its cord or hose, could cause it to fall.

• Always use portable earth leakage protection units with electrical equipment which is not otherwise protected.

USING THE HUMAN SENSES By consciously using all the senses to operate equipment, construction personnel can provide the best and most up to date information about the condition of equipment.

• By careful inspection of equipment prior to

operation and by keeping a close watch during operation many defects or potential problems can be identified. Is it operating or vibrating in an unusual way?

• Listening carefully to equipment as it operates

will also provide valuable information about equipment condition. Generally speaking, unusual noises from machinery mean that something is amiss and the problem should be investigated as soon as possible.

• Using the sense of touch is another way of

obtaining information about equipment. Hot?


date


Page 12 of 71

• For example, a machine that is generating

unusual vibrations should be checked to determine the cause. Finally, the sense of smell can be used to obtain evidence that a problem exists or is about to occur. For example, an overheating electric motor has a distinct burning smell.

1.5 Materials quantity requirements are calculated in accordance with plans, specifications and quality requirements.

ESTIMATING QUANTITIES Part of the job includes estimating the amount of waterproofing material that is required for a particular job. The calculation of material will grow with experience. As a general rule of thumb read the bucket and follow manufacturers guide lines. Usually 1 bucket = 20m² with 2 coats

Many tilers will have a supply of 2 common colours. This is handy eg with Davco K10 paint grey over green so that you do not miss any areas. Be aware of the shelf life of these products as they do dry out.

1.6 Materials appropriate to the work application are identified, obtained, prepared, safely handled and located ready for use.

Wondercap Chrome Grates & Retro Kits Wondercap chrome grates are a high qaulity chrome plated 100mm grate in round and square

Seal & Flex 1 Seal & Flex 1 is a low modulus, one conponent, class A polyurethane sealant. When Cured it will form a tough, flexible seal capable of cyclis expansion and compression movement of 50% (= - 25%) of original joint width. SEAL & FLEX is available in 11 different colours Bostik Fireban One Bostik Fireban one is a one component fire rated polyurethane sealant

Liquid Flash Liquid Flash is a premixed one pack white waterbased reinforced acrylic flexible waterproofing membrane that is easily applied

Svenic Barrel Gun 37 cm Svenic Barrel Gun sealant applicator for 600 ml sausages with nozzle’s.


date


Page 13 of 71

with a brush. Liquid Flash is used as a waterproofing membrane on roofs, in bathrooms, balconies is good as a flashing material, is uv resistant, is permanently flexible with excellant adhersion to correctly prepared surfaces. Liquid Flash is available in 4L, 10L and 15L buckets and covers 1m² per litre per coat, 2 coats recommended. Davco K10 plus 20 L Davco K10 Plus is a, single pack water based polyurethane waterproofing membrane which is capable of drying in approx. 6-8 hrs. At 20° C depending on the number of coats required. K 10 plus is a tough flexible membrane which eliminates the need for a reinforcing layer. K 10 plus is UV stable and foot trafficable.

Good brushes and a range of masking tape will help make your job look professional.

Ardex WPM 155 wbpu Under tile PU Acrylic Hybrid Membrane. Water based polyurethane acrylic waterproofing membrane developed for high performance under tile waterproofing. Tough flexible film UV stable when left exposed (non-Trafficable

DAMFIX GOLD 15 L Damp fix Gold is an elastomeric one part fibre reinforced water based polyurethane membrane used for waterproofing shower recesses, bathrooms, laundries and roof tops. This product also comes in a handy 4L pack.

Deckweb

Polyester weave used for the reinforcing of liquid membranes. Deckweb comes in 100, 150, 200 and 1200mm wide rolls x 50meters

Fibreglass Fibreglass matting used to reinforce liquid membranes, is available in 100, 150, 1000 mm wide x 148m rolls

Bostik N49 Primer Bostik N49 is a transparent yellow coloured primer for use as an adhesion promoter on porous surfaces as well as some metals. It is suitable for both 1 and 2 component polyurethane sealant systems.

Multiprime Ardex Multiprime is a water based primer for improving the adhesion on various porous substrates 1.7 Environmental requirements are identified for the project in accordance with environmental plans and regulatory obligations and are applied.

Litter, materials and waste All litter and building waste must be secured in a skip or a cage with a lid - to prevent it from blowing away. It must be emptied during, and at the end of, construction.

Before You Dig If you are involved in external waterproofing applications you must find out the location of any underground lines, cables, pipes and substations, including gas, electricity, water and telecommunications to ensure safety. If you don’t, and you cause damage to these resources, you may have to cover the costs apart from the dangers to life involved. One Call provides free information on the location of underground assets. Australia wide Call on 1100.This is called “dial before you dig”

Drains Before starting work, sand bags or hay bales must be used to surround drains and the perimeter of sloping land. This will prevent sand and soil and cement slurry from being washed off site, entering stormwater drains and polluting local creeks and rivers.


date


Page 14 of 71

All run off must be filtered before entering drains, all rubbish e.g. Silicone cartridges must go in the rubbish container etc.

This is what happens when a waterproofing membrane does not adhere as it should. This can always be traced back to the incorrect preparation of the substrate by the tiler/waterproofer most likely dust which prevents adhesion of the membrane. Identify waterproofing system

2.1 Internal area to be waterproofed is identified from job drawings and specifications.

By sequencing the bathroom renovation or new construction in the right order, it allows the right tradespeople to be on site at the right time. A bathroom construction involves waterproofing, tiling, installing vanities, sorting the plumbing system, rough-in, and changing lighting to name a few things. By breaking down the job into each step of the process onto paper, you will realise just how much is involved and why a detailed plan is so important to avoid dramas and budget blowouts.

Once you have plans of an upcoming project it is relatively easy to work out the number of m² you will need to paint with a membrane. Remember a minimum of 2 coats will be required. You will also

be able to work out the linear meters of silicone bead to be applied before the membrane goes down. Never forget to seal all corners, walls, floor/walls, hobs etc. before applying the waterproofing membrane. This bead allows the membrane to stretch it the most dame prone areas.

A bathroom plan will help you work out the square meters to be waterproofed and the linear meters to be siliconed.

2.2 Area of structure to be waterproofed is inspected for defects and soundness in accordance with job and manufacturer specifications.

Tile substrate is an important part of tiling. In fact before you tile the sub straight must be correct so that the finished tile work will look right and last for years. For bathroom walls the substrate must be able to handle water without rotting. For timber walls villa board (fibre cement sheeting) is nailed to the wall making sure it is flat and that the walls are as square as possible. These are then waterproofed with a waterproofing membrane. Before doing so however you will need to inspect the bathroom to ensure that there are no protruding sharp nails and the amount of dust that needs to wiped away will have to be considered. Dust reacts as a release agent to any surface application so it must be remove with sponge and clean water. There should also be no gaps or areas where fibro has not been used. All joins in fibro should be sealed preferably with silicone.


date


Page 15 of 71

Preventing Moisture Problems in Bathrooms A poorly designed bathroom is no better than a leaky roof; an experienced bath designer tells where the worst problems occur and how to prevent them

2.3 Appropriate waterproofing systems and products are identified, analysed and selected for water exclusion in accordance with job and manufacturer specifications, and with material safety data sheet (MSDS) directions.

There are many external junctions and surfaces on a building or structure that need to be protected from water penetration. An issue during construction however is that this protection, commonly a waterproof membrane or coating, is either punctured or not installed correctly, or that it has not been designed to allow for the natural movement of a building. Failure of this barrier can lead to a variety of problems ranging from rising damp, concrete cancer and spalling of render.

When these problems arise consideration needs to be given as to the likely cause of the failure, and then of the appropriate strategy for remedy and repair.

There are various systems, coatings and membranes that will suit the particular area will suit the particular area of a building or structure

requiring the waterproofing. Preliminary inspection of the project will indicate the waterproofing system to be used and this system is commonly selected based on the following usage types:

1. Car parks 2. Concrete roofs 3. Swimming pool repairs 4. Foundations and underground works 5. Tanks and storage silos 6. Dams aqueducts and catchments 7. Gas and watertight sealing 8. Common access walkways 9. Private balconies Consideration must then be given to where the waterproofing is to be applied, how the area is going to be used, and whether it will be exposed to the elements. In most cases, when selecting a waterproof membrane for a project it is preferable to use a membrane or coating with the following properties:

UV Protection: Selecting a membrane that has inherent ultra violet protection enhances the durability of the coating.

Elasticity: This allows the membrane to cope with the expansion and contraction of the floor or wall that it is being applied to. This movement most commonly results from the heating up of the surface during the day and cooling during the night – any waterproof membrane being applied must be able to allow for this natural movement.

Trafficability: Certain waterproof membranes can be chosen for their ability to withstand the wear and tear inflicted by frequent pedestrian and vehicular use. These membranes can be further enhanced by adding an additional protective surface – a common example might be the laying of floor tiles over the waterproof membrane on an external balcony.

When inspecting a new project we allow for preliminary site inspections and analysis in order to determine the most appropriate waterproofing solution. This selected system is supported by the manufacturer’s warranties where applicable.


date


Page 16 of 71

Above, a waterproofing membrane would have little effect above as the problem is far more extensive and must be addressed outside, where the water collects.

This bathroom has been well waterproofed. Notice that even the bath tub has been protected with brown paper and masking tape. This step will save you ours of unnecessary cleaning up.

Most building plans will have a waterproofing system already selected by the architect. You will find this in the Specifications which details the quality of the products you must use. Many new projects will already have materials on site. 2.4 Range of waterproofing materials is checked for product suitability; conformity to specification; and compatibility with surface material, preparation and waterproofing installation technique.

As just mentioned many new projects will have the waterproofing products to be used listed in the Specifications. Those delivered on site should be checked that they match the quality of those in the Specifications. The following bundle of products are all the products that are required to waterproof a bathroom, laundry, shower or toilet area up to 8-10 square metres in size. The same sort of

products can be bought from many different manufacturers.

1 x 1 litre Flexiprime acrylic sealer:- For application to the area to be waterproofed, 1 coat is required. Flexiprime is rapid drying, normally within 1 hour. Coverage of 1 litre is 8-10 square metres.

2 x Sikaflex Pro 310ml polyurethane cartridges. A high performance polyurethane joint sealant. Used to seal the floor wall junction, and any other horizontal and vertical joints / cracks prior to application of membrane coatings. Used to seal around taps, shower rose and bath spout penetrations. Used to waterproof around baths and shower trays.

1 x 36mm x 50m roll separation bond breaker tape for applying above Sikaflex sealant.

2 x 190mm wide x 10m long rolls Deckweb Polyester Fabric matting used around the floor wall junction and embedded in the first coat of the Flexiclad PUWB membrane for extra reinforcement and strength

3m x 1.2m wide roll Deckweb used for waterproofing the floor of the shower area, as an extra reinforcement for this area. It is embedded into the first coat of the Flexiclad PUWB membrane.

1 x 15 litre Flexiclad PUWB membrane. 2 coats are required. This is a quality flexible water based modified polyurethane waterproofing product. It is UV stable and fast drying. Can normally be over coated after 1-2 hours. Coverage of 1 x 15 litre is around 10 square metres for two coats.

1 x Pair chemical gloves: chemically resistant neoprene to be worn whilst performing the work. 1 x 100mm paint brush: For application of the primer and the waterproofing membrane.

Sikas range of waterproofing & tiling products


date


Page 17 of 71

2.5 Termination detailing is determined.

Setting out your waterproofing perimeters with masking tape will give a much more professional looking finish.

This is even more so for the vertical edges of showers. Can you tell which of the following waterproofing scenarios was taped up and which were simply painted randomly?

A well waterproofed bathtub

Above you will note that all walls are waterproofed as is required under AS for enclosed showers. A Shower also

becomes enclosed with glass panels around it! Below the installation of the door waterproofing stop that is sealed with

silicone or sika-flex or other similar material.

Above this shower, although open during the building process will become enclosed once the shower screen is built in. Hence the entire shower area to 1800mm height must be fully waterproofed to comply with the Australian Standards.


date


Page 18 of 71

Waterproofing - What not to do! This is what not to do. Here the person who has waterproofed the room has not used any bandage or silicone bead on the

internal corners, nor completely covered the floor. Obviously there knowledge of why we use waterproofing is limited to

ZERO. And yes, this is a tradesman’s job!!!

2.6 Type of waterproofing material is identified in accordance with job specification, state of structure, and job safety requirements with MSDS directions.

Waterproofing the bathroom is one of the most important jobs in the construction process. Ensure the waterproof membrane is applied correctly and carefully. Incorrect applied waterproofing can cause leaks, mildew and even the damage the structure. To repair, this will be annoying, time-consuming and costly. Naturally you have to choose the correct materials for your particular job. You will need suitable primer, waterproofing material (1 or 2 pack), and flexible waterproof silicone. When required: Aluminium angles, Cement fibre sheets or compressed sheeting. Types of Waterproofing

• Latex – Latex rubber based – these air dry, but in winter can take up four days to dry.

• Cement based two part – Cement polymer – add dry and wet parts and mix - 2 hours to re-coat – 6 hours to fully set.

• Bitumen based – Has a better drying time then Latex but is not as flexible.

Most modern types of waterproofing are good because they have been manufactured to a building industry standard. This makes them good to use as long as they can be used for bathrooms. However I have found the two part waterproof great because it sets chemically and I don’t have

to wait for long periods before moving on with the next part of the renovation. Latex based are good however they can take a long time to dry in cooler climates and you may need a heat source in the room so they completely dry. Also the Latex is not as durable to foot traffic as the cement based and thus more care must be taken so it is not damaged before it is covered with cement or tiles. There are many brands and prices and I don’t wish to recommend a particular one as there are many that would do the same job. So check with your waterproofing supplier or hardware for more information. For best results buy from a waterproofing supplier as they know their products and specialise in them every day.

Waterproofing in the Australian code: The Australian building codes requires waterproofing for all new wet areas with a flexible membrane system (toilet, laundry, bathroom) prior to fix tiles. Inspections are even required. Generally as per Australian building code the walls for the shower recess require waterproofing up to 1800mm, the shower floor at least 100mm over the hob. The entire floor requires waterproofing when:

• There is a drain located in the bathroom floor. • The floor is made out of timber or plywood. • The bathroom is above ground level.

The walls in the bathroom need to be waterproofed at least 150mm up the wall These are the minimum requirements, it is recommended to waterproof the entire floor in every situation. Also is it advisable to waterproof full height of the walls in the shower recess, at least meter above the bathtub, behind the basin and tap and up to 300mm for the bathroom walls.

DEFINITIONS Various terminology is used within the regulations and this manual. AS 3740 provides the following definitions:

Enclosed shower - A shower designed and installed to control the spread of water from the shower enclosure.

Flashing, perimeter - A flashing used at the floor-wall junction.

Flashing, vertical - A flashing used at wall junctions within shower areas.

Floor waste - A grated inlet within a graded floor intended to drain the floor surface.

Maximum retained water level - The point where surface water will start to overflow out of the shower area. Membrane - A barrier impervious to moisture.


date


Page 19 of 71

Membrane, external (external flashing) - A membrane that is installed behind the wall sheeting or render. Usually external membranes are preformed trays or sheet material systems.

Membrane, internal (internal flashing) - A membrane that is installed to the face of the wall sheeting or render. Usually internal membranes are liquid systems applied in situ.

Shower area - The area affected by water from a shower, including a shower over a bath.

Shower area, enclosed - The area enclosed by walls or screens including hinged or sliding doors that control the spread of water to within the enclosure.

Shower area, unenclosed - The area that is open on one or more sides, extending in an arc on the open sides, 1500mm from the shower connection at the wall.

Shower tray - An internal or external liquid or sheet membrane system used to waterproof the floor and the wall/floor junctions of a shower area.

Waterproof (WP) - The property of a material that does not allow moisture to penetrate through it when tested in accordance with AS/NZS 4858.

Water resistant (WR) - The property of a system or material that restricts moisture movement and will not degrade under conditions of moisture. Wet area - An area within a building supplied with water from a water supply system and includes bathrooms, showers, laundries and sanitary compartments. Excludes kitchens, bar areas, kitchenettes or domestic food and beverage preparation areas.

Prepare for waterproofing installation. 3.1 Internal wet area and wet area fitment or fixtures are checked for specific measurements and set out in accordance with drawings and specifications.

Waterproofing installation procedure: There are many products on the market, always follow the manufacturer specifications for a correct finish and to remain the warranty on the product.

1) Measure square meters of the area that needs waterproofing, add 10 % for purchasing sufficient waterproofing material. Waterproofing needs to be done in 1 go, you are better off buying some more to avoid the chance of running out. Also purchase sufficient linear meter waterproof bandage strips, polyester reinforcing mats or fabric (200mm wide) for the wall-floor, wall-wall, hob joints.

2) Clean the area from all loose material. Vacuum cleaning is recommended to remove dust. Scrape and remove sharp items and lumps to avoid them protruding through the waterproof membrane. Make sure all the walls and floor are completely dry. Check if the drains are connected, pipes need to be set down approx. 3mm and the flanges are flush with the floor.

3) Apply flexible and waterproof silicone to all vertical and horizontal joints around the perimeter as well as the joints between the floor and the shower hob. The flexible silicone will keep the joints waterproof and allows the building materials to expand. An aluminium edge to the tile height can be fixed with sealant across door openings when preferred.

4) Treat the floor and walls with a primer agent, recommended by the waterproofing manufacturer (multi-primer or water based primer), this will help to bond the waterproof membrane to the walls and floors and is often required for the warranty of the waterproofing. Apply the primer with a brush and roller over the entire floor, up to the full height for the shower walls, 300mm up the bathroom walls and over the hob. Start with the walls, then the floor. It is recommended to waterproof before fixing the bathtub, at least you cannot spill any primer agent on the bath because it is difficult to get off. Work your way to the door so you can get easily out. Let the primer dry as per manufacturer specifications.

5) Apply the waterproofing membrane. This is a liquid stiffy paint, use a brush and roller. Start with the horizontal perimeter joint and hob, after this the vertical corners and walls and finally the entire floor. Work your way to the door. The waterproofing requires a thickness of approx. 1 mm. Be careful not to create too much of a mess, ensure to apply waterproofing also to pipes and drains.

6) Apply the waterproof bandage strips or woven polyester reinforcing maths over the perimeter joints first, the shower hob, and finally over the vertical joints (walls-walls and walls to floor). At least 100mm up the wall and 100mm across the floor, ensure for a 200mm overlap near corners. Dab it in position with a brush, it is advisable to use rubber gloves. You can apply a full coat over these strips afterwards.

7) Let the waterproofing dry as per manufacturers specification. Apply a second coat as above in the opposite direction. 8) Do not use the bathroom until the waterproofing membrane is fully cured, this can


date


Page 20 of 71

take a couple of days, depending on the product and climate.

WATER-PROOFING WET AREAS All buildings contain areas in which there will be the presence of water either as the result of washing or showering or because appliances that use water are located in them. From the beginning, it is important to distinguish between the two degrees of wetness present in wet areas. Australian Standard 3740 defines these by category. Category 1 Applies to areas such as shower compartments where there is a large amount of free water. Category 2 Applies to the areas around fixtures such as baths, basins, sinks, toilets and laundry tubs. ‘Wet areas’ are those rooms which provide accommodation for appliances of either category. Typically these include:- ! Bathrooms ! Toilets ! Laundry’s ! Kitchens

In domestic construction, the kitchen can largely be discounted from treatment as a wet area since the presence of water is highly localised (to the kitchen sink) and it is unusual to have any significant quantities, of free-water present. It’s

incorporation into the ‘living areas’ of the home means that the kitchen is a well supervised area. Laundries, toilets and bathrooms are different in that considerable quantities of freewater can be present, there is commonly the presence of humidified air and the supervision of such rooms is occasional.

For these reasons, the Building Code requires that these areas be lined with water resistant finishes and that the floors be equipped with drainage (floor waste or floor grate), to dispose of free water.

The treatment of Category 1 areas - shower compartments and baths with showers over - is critical to ensure that free water is prevented from penetrating the structure of the building. The consequences of this happening are damage to the building through rot or mechanical breakdown. At best there will be damage to finishes within the wet areas concerned or in adjacent rooms.

Regulatory authorities report that failures in adequate water proofing to wet areas are amongst the more common of complaints from new home-owners. It follows therefore that waterproofing is frequently the subject of short-cuts and bad workmanship.


date


Page 21 of 71

Waterproofing Requirements Different waterproofing requirements are applicable to different wet area applications. Some of those typical applications are shown in The various requirements for each application is covered in the following sections of this manual.

Typical bathroom cross – section see also back for larger pic

3.2 Substrate is checked for soundness of fit, curing compounds, moisture content and other contaminants, and reported or remedied as required.

IDENTIFYING & INSTALLING LINING MATERIALS 1. STRUCTURAL BACKGROUNDS The great majority of wet areas are constructed on floors built of: (a) Concrete slabs on ground, (b) Suspended concrete floor slabs, (c) Suspended timber floors.

And with walls constructed of:

(a) Timber or steel studs sheeted in fibre cement or plasterboard, (b) Masonry walls sheeted as (a) using battens, (c) Masonry walls rendered. NOTE: (c) is more common in Western Australia and North Queensland where solid or cavity masonry construction is common.

2. LINING MATERIALS FOR WET AREAS As described above, the two most frequently specified lining materials are:- (a) Water resistant plasterboard (i.e. Aquachek, Watershield). (b) Fibre - cement sheeting (i.e. Villaboard). Water Resistant Plasterboard is similar to normal plasterboard except that during manufacture, the core is impregnated with a wax to inhibit the normally absorbent characteristic of plaster. Fibre Cement Sheeting is a cementaceous board reinforced with cellulose fibres. Both board types are manufactured with a recess along the long edge to allow them to be taped and set (flushed).

3. FIXING OF LININGS Plasterboard (water resistant). The lining of wet areas with plasterboard should be carried out with the sheets laid horizontally. An exception to this rule is where the whole wall can be covered with a single sheet. Where the sheet

is not to be tiled, water resistant plasterboard can be fixed using the normal combination of nails or screws and adhesive. Where the surface is to be tiled, adhesive fixing must not be used and the board must be fixed with nails or screws at 200crs (generally) and 150crs at butt joints. Screws are the industry preferred method of fixing.

NOTE: Where tiles are more than 6.5 mm thick, all mechanical fixings shall be at 100 mm centres. Jointing shall be carried out with paper tape set in base-coat (2 coats). Areas not to be tiled are finished with one coat of top coat. The process of joint finishing of plasterboard sheeting has been outlined in earlier plasterboard modules.

NOTE: Top coating under tiled areas is unsuitable because the surface can be raised providing an unsuitable surface for tiling. Also top coats are water soluble.

When lining, it is important to ensure that the appropriate noggins are provided – above sinks, baths and shower trays

Fibre Cement Sheeting shall be carried out horizontally in domestic construction (vertical sheeting is used in some commercial work). Fixing shall be by screw or nail at 200crs. Screws are the industry preferred method. All joints shall be made with paper tape bedded in base coat (2 coats) under tiles. Where painted, a topping coat is added - as per plasterboard.

4. CONSTRUCTION OF FLOORS Concrete When slab on ground construction is employed, it is normal to leave a recess in the slab under shower trays or where the finished floor is laid so that it falls towards the floor waste. When suspended slabs are constructed, the slab design frequently does not allow for recesses and any shower trays or falling finishes will need to be accommodated above slab level. Timber Suspended timber floors in wet areas are commonly surfaced with fully compressed fibre cement sheet: ! 15mm thick for joists at 450crs. ! 18mm thick for joists at 600crs

The sheet is screw fixed at 450crs to all joists. Where sheets are jointed, the joint shall be bonded with Hydra Epoxy 501 applied to the edges to ensure complete bonding.

NOTE: Hydra Epoxy 501 is a two part,

James Hardie fibre cement building products offer superior durability and are resistant to moisture,


date


Page 22 of 71

rotting, cracking, fire and termites. This manual covers the use James Hardie building products in wet areas. For information relating to the installation, accessories, tools and safe work practices of any James Hardie products refer to the current installation manual. The specified or other responsible party for the project must ensure the information and details in this guide are appropriate for the intended application and specific design and detailing is undertaken for areas which fall outside the scope of this documentation. Make sure your information is up to date when specifying or installing James Hardie products, ensure you have the current manual. Additional installation information, warranties and warnings are available at www.jameshardie.com.au

Villaboard Description A flat internal wall lining that provides an excellent foundation for a durable, impact-resistant, professional finish that is resistant to moisture or tiled to create or complement a wide range of design looks. Applications Its high impact resistance makes it suitable for high traffic areas in both residential and commercial applications. The moisture resistant properties make it suitable for wet area linings in bathrooms, laundries and kitchens.

Features • Able to resist damage from steam and

moisture when installed and maintained correctly, and is ideal for use in bathrooms, laundries, or any other steamy, wet areas.

• An excellent substrate for tiling and performs well with painted or wallpapered finishes.

• High impact resistance makes it ideal for high-traffic, damage-prone areas, for example, hallways, rumpus rooms and kids' bedrooms.

• Ideal when used as a seamless soffit. • Available in 6mm, 9mm or 12mm thicknesses

with recessed edges along the two sheet sides for flush jointing.

• Can be used to achieve bracing requirements.

• Excellent tile adhesion and less paint required for painted finishes.


date


Page 23 of 71


date


Page 24 of 71


date


Page 25 of 71


date


Page 26 of 71


date


Page 27 of 71


date


Page 28 of 71


date


Page 29 of 71


date


Page 30 of 71


date


Page 31 of 71


date


Page 32 of 71


date


Page 33 of 71


date


Page 34 of 71


date


Page 35 of 71


date


Page 36 of 71

WALL AND CEILING LININGS Villaboard® lining A durable wet area wall and ceiling lining sheet which is a suitable surface for tiled or painted finishes. Available in 6mm (usually residential), 9mm and 12mm (for commercial use, e.g. hotels and kitchens). Villaboard lining has its long edges recessed for easy flush-jointing.

HardiGlaze® tile sheet A 6mm thick pre-finished fibre cement wall lining with a 150mm square tile pattern embossed into a hard-wearing high-gloss polyurethane coating.

STRUCTURAL FLOORING SHEETS Scyon™ Interior wet area flooring

It is based on Scyon technology. It is 19mm thick structural flooring tongue and grooved alternate to timber, particle board or plywood flooring. It is lighter than traditional compressed fibre cement and durable with the installation ease of particle board.

Scyon™ Interior wet area flooring has been approved by CSIRO (Technical Assessment 318, July 2005) as satisfying the relevant requirements for use in wet areas. HardiPanel® compressed sheets As structural flooring alternative to timber, particle board or plywood flooring, HardiPanel compressed sheets provide an excellent substrate for ceramic tiles in wet areas.

Hardi panel 19mm sheets must be screwed down. Absolutely (no nails to be used) and all joins must be sealed with an epoxy sealant before it is waterproofed.

Description An extremely dense hard-wearing and long lasting floor substrate for use on decks, balconies and verandas and as internal flooring.

Applications Its resistance to damage from moisture and rotting makes it a wise choice in bathrooms when installed and maintained correctly. It can also be used on external decking, verandas, balconies, commercial floors and in laundries, kitchens and living areas.

Features • Extremely dense, hard-wearing and long lasting sub-floor. • Provides a tough surface and is deemed non- combustible by the Building Code of Australia.

TILE UNDERLAYS Ezi-Grid® tile underlay A 6mm fibre cement thick tile underlay sheet for use over timber, particle board or plywood flooring. As an underlay it minimises tile movement, reducing the potential for tile cracking. It has embossed v-shaped grooves making it easy to cut and install. The small sheet size makes it easy to carry and fit in the back of a car.


date


Page 37 of 71

Ceramic tile underlay Tile Floor Underlay is a specially formulated fibre cement sheet designed to provide a stable substrate for slate and ceramic floor tiles. It can be installed over new or existing timber floorboards, plywood or particleboard flooring. In dry areas, tiling may be applied directly to the Tile Floor Underlay to form an impervious, easily cleaned surface. For wet areas, and areas subject to accidental flooding or water splash, the installation of a waterproof membrane between the Ceramic Tile Floor Underlay and the tiling is required.

Framing Corner studs in shower recesses should be blocked to prevent corner cracking, see Figure 2. Where this is not possible, use a metal reinforcing angle such as Rondo 35 x 35 x 0.8mm galvanised steel angle.

The above galvanized steel angle is still in use in the construction industry although the astute builder will use a non-degradable plastic or hyperlon one. Bathroom renovations that expose these long ago installed angles usually show that they have failed miserably and have rusted away, causing the problem in the first place.

1. WATER-PROOFING SHOWERS, BATHS, BASINS Australian Standard 3740 lays down where ‘impervious’ surfaces, flashings and membranes shall be installed in relation to showers, baths and wall-mounted fittings. The diagrams best illustrate the requirements, the basic elements of which are:-

1. The perimeter of all walls of a wet area shall have a flashing which extends 75 mm up the wall and 50mm across the floor. 2. Where showers (or baths with showers over) are constructed into or adjacent to a corner, a flashing shall be installed from the membrane to a height of 1800. The flashing shall extend 40mm each side of the corner for external trays and 75mm for internal membranes. 3. Where showers are enclosed, an impervious surface shall be provided to a height of 1800mm above the floor level within the shower enclosure. 4. Where showers are not enclosed, an impervious surface shall extend 1500mm (horizontally) from the furthest extension of the shower rose and to a height of 1800mm above floor level. 5. A water-proof membrane shall be provided over the floor area of an enclosed shower and extending 75 above finished floor level. Refer 6. A water-proof membrane shall be provided over the floor area and 1500mm (horizontally) from the furthest extension of the shower rose and extending 75mm above finished floor level. Baths, basins, tubs or other vessels fixed to a wall shall have a waterproof flashing or membrane applied to 150mm above the vessel.

3.3 Flooring installation levels and falls to waste outlets are checked for conformity to specification.

One of the more contentious issues in relation to bathroom construction is the provision of floor wastes and when they are required. There is much anecdotal evidence out there in relation to this, but what are the facts? There are two primary documents in relation to wet areas construction:

• the Building Code of Australia (BCA) 2008 and • AS 3740 – 2004 ‘Waterproofing of wet areas

within residential buildings’ is the relevant Australian Standard referenced by the BCA.

Studs ! Galvanized steel

or plastic angle !

Studs !

"Villaboard ! Flexible wet

area sealant ! Tiles! Silicone !


date


Page 38 of 71

Both contain information on materials and methods required in relation to waterproofing bathrooms and wet areas such as WCs and laundries. The BCA has two parts: Volume 1 for Class 2 - 9 buildings and Volume 2 ‘Housing Provisions’ for Class 1 and 10 buildings. AS 3740 contains the wet area provisions relevant for Class 1 buildings (houses), residential buildings, such as apartments, and commercial buildings. The diagrams in AS 3740 indicate floor wastes for floor areas outside the shower enclosure for buildings that require this. The information in AS 3740 was subsequently transferred into BCA Volume 2 for houses unaltered and because of this it may be assumed that floor wastes are required in houses, but this is not strictly the case. Unless stipulated by State or Territory legislation or adopted as traditional practice, floor wastes are only required under BCA Volume 1 in apartment buildings, residential buildings such as boarding houses or motels and residential parts of commercial buildings, if the bathroom is located above a sole occupancy unit or public space. There is no requirement for houses. The intent of this provision is to provide protection to those other buildings and areas outside the immediate building, potentially being separation occupancies, in the event of flooding. Falls to floor wastes It is important to note that although a floor waste is generally not required in a Class 1 building, if one is provided, the bathroom floor must be graded to that waste. This is noted in AS 3740 which states “Where a floor waste is provided the floor shall be graded to the waste’”. BCA Volume 2 also notes this in its definition of a floor waste.

Falls to drains should be 1:80 with the exception of handicapped showers where the fall should be 1:60.

3.4 Corner flashing is installed in accordance with manufacturer recommendations.

FLOOR/WALL JUNCTION The floor/wall junction requires flashing which can be either an external or internal flashing. In shower recesses, the floor/wall junction must be waterproofed to a height of 150mm above the floor substrate or 25mm minimum above the maximum retained water level, whichever is the greater. This affects the required sealing of the floor to wall junctions.

Above, an internal corner is installed before the long strips

AquaBlok Elastojoint Internal Corners The Aquablok ElastoJoint Corners enable fast, effective long term sealing protection at critical 90° corner intersections. The Aquablok Corners provides for a simplified, superior sealing method at volatile areas whilst offering time saving efficiencies over conventional bond breaking tapes, foam rods, and sealants. Aquablok Corners are used in conjunction with the Aquablok Elasto Joint Band to provide for a high performance, seamless elastic seal. These are available from most waterproofing shops or


date


Page 39 of 71

alternatively you can buy a 50m roll and form your own corners and tapes.

Above, an external corner is installed before the long strips

All junctions in the general wet areas beyond the shower, including bathrooms, toilets and laundries (except kitchens), must be sealed with a flashing or skirting. We recommended this area is sealed with an external flashing. The horizontal leg of flashing must be 50mm minimum, and the vertical leg must project 25mm minimum above the highest point of the finished floor surface, except at doorways. Across a doorway, the perimeter flashing angle must finish flush with the top surface of the finished floor. Adhere flashing to floor only. The floor surface must be clean of all waste and dust. Clean down the surfaces to be bonded with a damp cloth and allowed to dry.

Above, the strips are applied overlapping the corners.

External Flashing When using external flashing with Villaboard lining, use a 75 x 50mm or 100 x 50mm PVC preformed angle flashing, in conjunction with adhesive.

NOTE Do not fix PVC angles with HydrEpoxy 501.

Above is how the installation looks when a fibre glass matting is used to seal the corners between floor and walls.

2. MATERIALS AND DEFINITIONS The definition of an impervious surface in AS 3740 is satisfied by the application of ceramic tiles, fixed with an approved waterproof tile cement over fibre cement sheet or water resistant plasterboard. Tiles should be finished with an approved waterproof grout. Perimeter flashing can comprise - pre-formed PVC fibreglass reinforced plastic (FRP), corrosion resistant metal or flexible synthetic material such as Hyperlon. The angle can be formed on site from fibreglass reinforced plastic, epoxy resin or acrylic emulsion. Membranes, as defined by the standard can be satisfied by the following:- (a) Pre-formed bases of plastic or stainless steel. (b) Prefabricated trays of plastic, stainless steel or copper.

NOTE: including bases of pre-formed FRP angles with an in situ FRP base. (c) In situ membranes of fibreglass reinforced plastic, epoxy resin, acrylic emulsion, sheet rubber or plastic. Corner flashings in showers and in showers over baths are usually of Hyperlon, PVC or Fortecon. External Tray (shower) is a shower tray (membrane) applied prior to the installation of linings and finishes. Internal Tray (shower) is a shower tray (membrane) applied subsequent to the installation of linings. Waterproof mortars are no longer used as a means of achieving waterproofing in wet areas as they do not satisfy AS3740. A waterproofing membrane system is now installed underneath any mortar base. Regular or high strength cement mortar is used. If the specifications of the job call for the use of waterproof grouts you should use a reliable propriety brand product and don’t attempt to mix your own.


date


Page 40 of 71

3. STRUCTURAL MOVEMENT Movement will occur in both timber framed structures (shrinkage), masonry (settlement) and concrete (drying shrinkage). Whilst the dimensional movement may be small, the consequences can be damaging to membranes. Where flexible membranes are used, a bond breaker is installed in order to prevent the membrane becoming deformed or torn by structural movement. This bond breaker is readily provided by a foam rod laid into the corner and held in place with tape whilst the membrane is installed over the top. Flexible sealants should be used to seal around the edge of linings where they abut rigid membranes or fittings, floor slabs or ceiling soffit. This is to prevent movement in the structure being transmitted to the lining material.

4. INSTALLATION OF FLASHINGS As already stated, AS 3740 requires that the perimeter of a wet area be flashed between walls and floor so that the flashing extends 75 mm up the wall and 50mm across the floor.

FLEXIBLE FLASHING A popular system for perimeter flashing is to install 130 mm wide flexible flashing strip in association with an epoxy 501 adhesive sealant. ! Unroll the flexible flashing strip and cut to

length so that the strip is at least 60 mm longer than the wall dimension.

! Make a 60 mm cut at one end. Mix a quantity of epoxy adhesive following the manufacturer’s instructions. Do not alter the specified proportions.

! Apply adhesive to the floor (only) where the flashing is to be fixed.

! Place the flashing down over the adhesive so that 75 mm is folded up the wall surface (or frames).

! Fold over the corners as shown in the diagram. Ensure that there is a liberal coating of adhesive in the corners.

! Proceed by repeating the same around each wall progressively, with the flashing overlapping the previous one.

! Remove air bubbles and excess adhesive by smoothing over with a damp cloth.

! Blocks of timber can be temporarily nailed to frames to hold corners in place whilst the adhesive dries (2-3 hours).

! A metal extrusion is provided at doorways as a dividing strip between a tiled surface and other finishes (e.g. carpet). The perimeter flashing should be laid into the extrusion.

3.5 Points of connection, termination detailing and over flashings as required are checked to be in place and secure.

AS3740 CHANGES SUMMARY Flashing in all wet areas apply to bathrooms and toilets, but do not apply to kitchens. Frameless shower screens require a full floor waterproofing system or 1.5m radius from shower rose and, where water stop angles are installed angles must be made visible through tile bed.

Water stop must be installed in all wet-areas doorways.

Tap washers must be able to be changed without disturbing waterproofing seals. Full floor waterproofing will be required when using particle board and plywood sub-base. BSA regards leaking showers as a serious and recurring problem that results from poor attention to detail during construction. Supervisors and installers should be aware of how the selected water proofing system is designed to work in conjunction with AS3740—2004 Waterproofing of Wet Areas within Residential Buildings.

General Notes The Building Act 1995 offers further clarification of correct waterproofing procedure. The Standard Building Regulation (1993) through the Building Code of Australia provides Performance Requirements including deemed-to-satisfy provisions for waterproofing of wet areas. The BCA Performance Requirement for Wet Areas (Part 2.4.1), states, “To protect the structure of the building and to maintain the amenity of the occupants, water must be prevented from penetrating (a) Behind fittings and linings; or (b) Into concealed spaces, of sanitary facilities, bathrooms, laundries and the like.


date


Page 41 of 71

3.6 Rebates for baths and basins are checked for compliance with standards.

Where I live bathroom waterproofing or indeed waterproofing any wet area is not a matter of choice, but it is the law. All new work has to be inspected and certified correct under the provisions of the BCA (Building Code of Australia). 6. INSTALLATION OF INTERNAL TRAYS Internal trays are frequently of liquid or thin plastic sheet materials and are constructed or assembled on site. They are installed after the linings. Install bond breakers where required. Where an internal tray or membrane system is used, this can now be installed.


date


Page 42 of 71

Unenclosed shower or compressed fibre cement floor

Design Shower walls – are to be waterproofed to 150mm above shower floor substrate, or 25mm above maximum retained water level. Shower walls are to be water resistant to 1800mm from finished floor level.

All internal and external corners and horizontal joints are to be waterproofed within the shower area. Plasterboard joints (outside shower) that extend inside shower areas must be waterproof.

Unenclosed shower areas are to be waterproofed to 1500mm from shower.

Tap-penetrations are to be sealed. Further, tap washers must be accessible without damaging the seal around tap penetrations.

Floors and horizontal surfaces adjoining an insert-bath are to be waterproofed.

Where the floor is waterproofed, the tanking of the walls is to be a minimum of 25mm above the finished floor level.

Consequential damage due to defective waterproofing

NOTE: Membrane systems are commonly:- (a) Fibreglass Reinforced Plastic (b) Epoxy Resin. (c) Acrylic Emulsions. (d) Synthetic rubber or plastic sheet. Many of these ‘systems’ are proprietary products and can only be installed by licensed applicators Where an internal tray or membrane system is installed, fix 75mm x 75mm flashing angle into corner. Extending 1800 above finished floor level and lapping over the membrane min 20 mm.

7. INSTALLATION OF CORNER FLASHINGS NOTE: This description has centred upon showers as these require the most critical attention. Other fittings can also now be addressed. All corners and junctions between bath and walls or bath and floor require flashing. This can now proceed. These flashings should extend 150 mm along each face.

NOTE: Corner Flashings are commonly of:- (a) Hyperion (b) PVC (c) Visqueen plastic

8. INSTALLATION OF WASTE PIPES Floor wastes should be installed before proceeding. Suitable wastes have a flange which sits against the base of the floor and over which the membrane can be dressed and sealed. In fitting floor wastes it is important that there is a good seal between the waste outlet and the floor, particularly in a shower recess. In the installation of PVC pipes and fittings a PVC flange must be bonded to the flooring and the waste pipe before fitting of grates and other fixtures. Use an Epoxy adhesive to ensure a good watertight bond between the flange and the floor. The use of a waste fitting which also drains the moisture from beneath the floor tiles, often called a “leak control” flange is recommended. These have holes below the grate. In the case of in-situ formed trays, the use of a system providing a drainage passage for water held in the tile bed is a requirement of AS 3740. NOTE: Where fixing into fully compressed floor sheeting, the flanges of the waste can be bonded to the floor with an approved epoxy adhesive.

9. INSTALLATION OF MEMBRANE SYSTEMS There has been a significant change in industry practice in recent years. Traditionally, the lining contractor (plasterer) would install the linings, flashings, the plumber would install pipe work and wastes and the tiler would form the shower tray and apply the tiles.


date


Page 43 of 71

This procedure was flawed and produced many defective and leaking showers. To this day, the components are available for tradespersons to purchase what is necessary to waterproof a shower base. Invariably, these do not produce the best results. This is not because the materials are defective, it is usually because of defective installation. External shower trays are straight forward. They are a plumbing fixture, installed by the plumber. Similarly, pre-formed shower bases are a plumbing fixture and are installed along with the bath, the hand basin and the W.C. Providing the lining contractor installs the necessary flashings and angles the use of these components is relatively defect free. To resolve the high incidence of waterproofing failures, the Water Industries Council of Australia (WICA) was formed to set standards for waterproofing, and in particular membrane systems, in the building industry. At the time of writing these notes, AS 3740 is under review. The new standard may supersede some of these notes. It is strongly recommended that no lining contractor should attempt to install a waterproof membrane. The responsibility of plasterers (lining contractors) should end with the installation of linings (board systems) and flashings. Many tiling contractors are entering the membrane industry and receive the specialised ‘system’ training provided by manufacturers of membrane systems. The consequence of this is the installation of membrane systems is now in most cases as manufacturer specific post trade training. In some states the installation of membrane systems if subject to a specialist licensed category and can only be performed by licensed contractors. The practical activity provided with this resource is only provided to give you experience in installing wet area membrane systems.

Prepare substrate

4.1 Defects are corrected and made good in accordance with manufacturer specifications, to bring substrate to a smooth and uniform finish.

Patching the Bathroom Walls with Cement Render The surface that ceramic tiles are to be fixed to should be clean and straight with no loose material. It is pointless spending a lot of time and money on a bathroom renovation if the second most important thing is not done well. Ah you are saying to yourself, if the tiles are the second most important thing in a bathroom job, what's the first? The most import thing you do when you build a bathroom, is to do a good waterproofing job, and to get it inspected and approved before you cover it up with ceramic tiles.

4.2 Surface of structure to be waterproofed is prepared to manufacturers' specification, including fixings and belling out around taps.

Compressed - High density fibre cement 18mm Compressed Fibre Cement sheeting is a high density sheet ideally suited as the substrate for internal floors in wet areas of framed constructions including upper stories and transportable buildings. It is equally suited for use in the cladding of external decks.


date


Page 44 of 71

Compressed Fibre Cement sheeting is immune to permanent damage from water. It is impact resistant, immune to termite attacks, non-combustible and easy to work with. High density fibre cement sheet suited for substrate floors in wet areas, external decks, upper stories and transportable buildings of framed construction.

4.3 Water stops and hobs are installed in required location in compliance with standards and good building practice.

Because showers are subject to very significant water splash, penetrations in shower linings require particularly effective waterproofing. Showers range from proprietary single piece acrylic units to on-site constructed tiled-lined showers. The penetrations for shower taps or mixing valves, roses or flexible hoses should be waterproofed with a proprietary system, or sealant compatible with all adjacent building elements. The diagram shows how this could be done using sealant or a proprietary flange system around the

penetration. No matter what system is used, the waterproofing must allow for easy access when replacing tap washers, ceramic disks and O-rings.

Hobs must be constructed of masonry, concrete or similar material. Hobs should not be Constructed of timber. Hobs must be adequately secured to the floor.

Does my Shower Comply with the Building Code of Australia? 1. Shower Screens Constructed on Hobs

(a) Where the membrane is fabricated from a flexible material—

(i) The top edges must be fixed to the wall; and

(ii) Fixing penetrations must be not less than 100mm above the finished tile level of the shower area; and

(iii) All fixings must be compatible with the membrane and be non-corrosive.

(b) For showers with hobs, the hob must be included within the finished size of the shower membrane and the membrane must finish at the underside of the tile that forms the top of the hob.


date


Page 45 of 71

2. Enclosed showers Screens without hobs or

set downs (a) where a shower screen is to be installed, not less than 5 mm above the finished floor level (see Figure 3.8.1.11); and (b) where the water stop intersects with a wall or is joined, the junction must be waterproof.

3. Frameless Shower Screens Shower area must be stepped down not less than 25 mm lower than the finished floor level outside the shower.

Water-stop angle to shower area must be finished flush with the top of the finished floor level. This angle forms part of the waterproofing system and must be installed prior to the installation of the waterproofing system.

Enclosed hob-less showers must be fitted with water-stop angles. The vertical leg of the angle must finish a minimum of 5mm above the level of the finished floor.

Unenclosed hob-less showers must be fitted with water-stop angles. The vertical leg of the angle must finish flush with the level of the finished floor. The membrane must extend a minimum of 50mm (onto the floor) over the outside of the hob face. Shower screens must be fitted flush to the inside (shower side) of the hob. Fixing penetrations must be sealed.

Unenclosed shower edge finishing detail


date


Page 46 of 71

4.4 Prepared surface of structure is primer coated to manufacturers' specification, where applicable.

Applying the correct Primer to your waterproofing job is almost as important as installing the waterproofing membrane itself.t Primers are usually single component and water based used to prime concrete, masonry and fibre cement sheeting surfaces. When dry, it forms a sealed surface suitable for the application of water based membranes.

Primers The definition of a primer is rather general. It is generally considered to be a coating that improves the adhesion or perhaps more important, the performance, of the topcoat coating in this instance a waterproofing membrane. On porous surfaces, such as fibro wallboard, cement flooring, etc. the waterproofing membrane may soak into the surface and not evaporate when, where, or how it should for the waterproofing membrane to achieve it designed properties. A primer coat is used to 'seal' the surface so that the wet membrane will be able to evaporate away as it was designed to. Secondly, primers DO soak into porous surfaces and thus provide a really strong bond between the primer and the substrate, with the primer then providing a clean, fresh non-porous surface for the top coating membrane to adhere to. This is sometimes called a Tie Coat. Tie coats can also provide a sticky bonding coat used when a very ‘dry' coating is applied to a dry surface. For example, when applying a waterproof membrane after the primer, best results will be achieved if you wait until the coat is tacky but not 100% dry. Here we have ‘wet on tacky'. A tie coat could be a

wet, sticky, or still tacky coating of ‘regular' epoxy membrane. Many commercial primers also have anti-corrosion additives in them for use on metallic surfaces.

There are many primers on the market, the most important thing is that you do use one. It is important that this primer is compatible with the waterproofing membrane you are using. eg Davco on Davco or Bostik on Bostik etc.

Apply waterproofing. 5.1 Waterproofing membrane is applied to primed surface of structure to correct thickness and in accordance with manufacturers' job specification.

Bathroom Waterproofing, Wet Area Walls and floor. The BCA requires that all new wet areas, that is kitchen splash back, laundry, WC and bathrooms be waterproofed with an approved flexible membrane system, prior to the fixing of ceramic tiles. On new houses inspections are required before proceeding with the ceramic tiling. Otherwise excellent bathroom work has in the past failed the test of time, due to building movement. Different rates of movement between the bathroom floors and walls. Sometimes the internal walls are a different construction to the external bathroom walls. There are many different kits for doing the job. A few words of informed advice from someone who has "been there and done that", can make all the difference. Here is a quote from Mapei tech sheet - "Mapegum WPS is a ready-to-use, solvent-free, single component, grey-coloured paste with a base of synthetic resins in water dispersion. Mapegum WPS has a thixotropic consistency which makes it easy to apply on horizontal, sloping and vertical surfaces. After rapid evaporation of the water content, Mapegum WPS forms a flexible membrane which is not sticky and which is strong enough to withstand light pedestrian traffic. It also forms an excellent surface which bonds perfectly to adhesives used for laying ceramics"The real break though with these types of products is indicated by the word "flexibility".


date


Page 47 of 71

In this bathroom above you can see the shower is completely waterproofed as it will be an enclosed shower and all joins are waterproofed 100mm above the floor or bath. Bedding is still to be put in. As it is also the toilet room below. Note the water stop angle at the door and 100mm membrane around the walls.

5.2 Appropriate bond breakers and fillets are applied as required in accordance with manufacturer specifications.

Bond-breakers must be installed, in cases where the membrane is bonded to the substrate, at all wall to-floor and hob-to-wall junctions and at movement joints.

The top backing rod system is rarely used now days as the new Class 3 waterproofing membranes have much more expansion qualities than the earlier types. Class 3 membranes are applied over a silicone or sika flex corner bead which allows the membrane to expand and contract in this area of greater movement.


date


Page 48 of 71

Above is an example of an external tray- usually any shower tray that comes from an external source. In the above instance it is a copper tray, rarely used these days. More common is the application of an internal tray, painted on internally In situ.

The above system shows how waterproofing was applied in years gone by. It is still basically correct only instead of the foam rod we use Sika Flex or a Silicone bead to enable the expansion and contraction of the waterproofing membrane.

5.4 Waterproofing membrane is cured in accordance with manufacturers' specification and workplace requirements.

Most waterproofing systems should have the following properties. Most important is to read the instructions on the packaging and to work according to the manufacturers recommendations.

" A rapid cure

" Long term waterproofing protection of the structure

" Seamless application to the substrate

The liner above is our waterproof membrane. No tiles may be applied until the membrane has dried or cured. For this time refer to the maufacturers recommendations as times will vary greatly according to the weather. Very wam weather may be only 24 hrs, where as cold may be up to 1 week. You may need to help this process at times with a fan or smal heater.

If concrete bedding is applied before the membrane is cured or dry, a failure will be the result. In time the steel reiforcing will rust and possibly collapse the balcony.

5.5 Waterproofing system and materials are protected using methods and materials consistent with manufacturers' specification, workplace requirements and good building practice.

On most sites many tradies will want to come into the bathroom area to perform their work. It is imperative that after applying your waterproofing membrane that you protect it from foot traffic. Any foot print or falling object in the membrane could lead to failure, so you will need to cordon off the area with warning tape, traffic cones or boards and a sign. Also verbal communications with the other trades informing them of what’s going on will help. Failure to do this will lead to unnecessary repairs as other trades will rarely care if they damage your work.


date


Page 49 of 71

By taping off the shower prior to caulking you do not have to be too careful when applying the caulk. You just have to ensure that enough caulk is applied to all the seams and that there is adequate coverage with the caulk. The time you save applying the caulk is well worth the time spent taping the shower seems prior to caulking. It is important that you smooth off the caulking with a soap water solution and your finger or an applicator.

5.6 Final inspection of site is undertaken in accordance with certifying authority's requirements and sign-off and handover of work is carried out in accordance with workplace requirements.

A final visual inspection of all waterproofed areas is essential. If you are not a qualified waterproofer you will require an inspection and a certificate from a Council Inspector, so it’s probably just as cheap to get a qualified waterproofer to start with. Some large commercial sites will conduct the waterproofing inspection themselves usually by the Supervising Foreman and or the Architect. Either way Council requirements must be met, and may vary slightly from state to state. As long as you comply with the BCA requirements though, your job should past any scrutiny.

BUILDING CODE OF AUSTRALIA There are two parts to the Building Code of Australia 2006 (BCA). Volume one - Class 2 – 9 Buildings Volume two - Class 1 and Class 10 Buildings – Housing Provisions. In relation to the waterproofing of wet areas, BCA 2006 Volume one references Australian Standard AS 3740 - ‘Waterproofing of wet areas in residential buildings’ as meeting the minimum performance requirements for construction of wet areas in Class 2, 3 and 4 buildings. Referencing AS 3740, BCA 2006, Volume two provides specific waterproofing requirements for various applications. These specific requirements

are for all intents and purposes the same as those provided in AS 3740.

AUSTRALIAN STANDARD AS 3740 AS 3740 specifies the requirements for the physical elements of construction including floors, walls, junctions and penetrations. The specific areas where these criteria apply include showers, areas adjacent to baths and spas, general wet areas and areas adjoining other vessels such as sinks, basins or tubs. Clean up 6.1 Work area is cleared and waste materials are disposed of, reused or recycled in accordance with legislation, regulations, codes of practice and job specification. . Clean Up

All too often construction sites are left in a mess and are very dangerous to work around. There are some simple things that can help decrease the amount of injuries and in turn keep the site cleaner and safer for those working around it. Here are some guidelines in keeping your construction site clean and safe during a home remodel

Construction sites that are not kept clean are the frequent cause of workplace incidents and work injuries. Often these types of incidents can be easily be prevented just by cleaning up the construction site. A clean site makes jobs more efficient and safe. Scraps and off cuts that come from construction come in all shapes and sizes, so it can be a hassle to clean up. Also as workers are busily working packaging gets removed and then just thrown on the ground. This creates tripping and slipping hazards. If the ground is covered then it also makes other potential problems hard to see. When the site is not cleaned up, no one cares about leaving garbage where it drops. This is extremely dangerous!


date


Page 50 of 71

Just by carefully making sure that the job site is clean is one of the easiest ways to improve the safety of the workers during the job. When the workplace isn't continually kept clean then this creates incidents waiting to happen. It is easy to keep a construction site clean during. The problem is that far too often workers are careless about the mess that is made. Cleaning up on the job means cleaning up scrap material, trash and debris and putting it in the appropriate containers, and making sure the containers are emptied regularly. Also proper storage of materials and equipment will help to make a clean and safe work site.

All waste should be recycled where possible. Here are some other key things you can do to help keep your construction site clean and safe during the life of the job: • Don't handle materials multiple times. Have

one person take it and throw it out to ensure others aren't dropping pieces as they walk.

• Minimize how far workers have to take the materials to where they are being used.

• Make sure that materials can easily pass to where they need to go. Keep all walkways and paths clear.

• Clean all equipment during the day and especially at the end of the day to ensure the next day will start clean and safe and ready for work.

6.2 Plant, tools and equipment are cleaned, checked, maintained and stored in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and standard work practices. .

Maintain your waterproofing equipment by cleaning latex from roller covers and cages before

the membrane dries. Cleaning latex from roller covers and cages isn’t much harder than doing dishes. All you need is a bit of soapy water and elbow grease. Tip: If you don't want the hassle of washing the roller cover and cage, use a synthetic roller cover or one with a cardboard liner. Instead of cleaning it, just slip a plastic grocery bag over the cover, slide it off the metal cage, and toss it in the trash. But as long as you bought a plastic lined roller cover, you can clean both the cage and the cover and have them to use for many years.

Most tilers and waterproofers have a truck, Ute or van where it is important to keep your tools neatly stacked for easier access.

It is important that all tools are cleaned after use. Sometimes you may need to clean your tools a couple of times in the same day to prevent drying out and waste material build up. Either way all electrical tools must be stored in a dry dust free environment, laid out so they can be readily accessed when needed. All cables and leads should be wound up and checked regularly for damage and tagging.


date


Page 51 of 71

A neat orderly set out will help you find what you are after and in the long run save time and money. The alternative would be searching in the bottom of a bucket or box until you find what you need.

Finally always follow the manufactures recommendations for use and storage of your tools and equipment.

Below some correctly completed waterproofing jobs, notice The shower areas are all completely done as per AS3240


date


Page 52 of 71

SAFETY EQUIPMENT FOR WORKING ON CONSTRUCTION SITES Safety Equipment needed when tiling floors includes, but limited to: Steel capped boots or steel capped rubber boots - Shoes should be quality shoes that have steel caps in the toe. There are types for most occasions including working on the ground, below ground in trenches or on the roof. Safety shoes protect you from objects falling onto the front of your feet. Shoes need to be a quality product that can flex sufficiently when you are required to climb ladders or similar. Do not wear thongs or open foot-ware as you can easily receive serious damage to your feet. Most building sites will ban such practices

Safety glasses - for cutting tiles - Eye protection is a must where there is a chance of getting something caught in your eyes. Far worse than this is the chance that something may pierce your eye. It is recommended that people wear quality protective safety glasses all of the time. They may also be lightly tinted for sun protection. These are not expensive and can look quite fashionable. Once again, many people take this advice far too lightly and only wish they had listened when told of the dangers. Other forms of eye protection are available including full face shields.

Ear protection - Hearing protection is essential where ever excessive noise is being created i.e. more than 70 decibels. Circular saws that cut brick, timber, tiles and other materials create a noise level that can permanently damage your hearing. This is a long term process and after many years working in the industry, permanent damage occurs. Many people take this far too lightly and after years in the industry you may have wished that you listened to early warnings. By then it is too late. The ear plugs shown above offer excellent protection and these reduce the noise down to an acceptable level. Ear plugs can reduce the noise level 20 to 35 decibels. It is best to have suitable protection that offers safe reduction. It is not wise to make it impossible to hear any noise as this can become dangerous. Your trainer will demonstrate their correct use.

PPE is one of those items that someone is going to keep reminding you that you must use. Eventually it will be left to you to automatically fit your PPE when it is appropriate to do so. When considering buying PPE, select items that are quality products that fit comfortably and are convenient to use.


date


Page 53 of 71

Protection location Description

Body clothing Suitable clothing

Feet protection Safety shoes

Hearing protection Ear muffs or ear plugs

Eye protection Full face shields or safety eye

glasses or goggles Head protection Comfortable Safety helmets

Lung or breathing protection Dust masks, chemical, gas and fine

particle filtering respirators. Hand Gloves Wear, heat and chemical resistant

types

There are many good safety stores available and at the end of the day it is up to you to look after yourself. Do not blame others for your own bad habits. PPE Items The following describes a range of PPE that you should be prepared to wear. Clothing Sensible clothing that protects from the sun and is tough enough to resist annoying scratches. It should not be very loose or baggy as loose clothing can get caught on obstacles or in machinery. It should not be skin tight as some circulation of air is recommended. Sun-safe, breathable heavy duty cotton materials are recommended for general purpose clothes in the construction industry. Hand Protection Gloves are available for many duties that are hard on the hands. The range includes general purpose gloves, gloves for heat protection, gloves for chemical protection, and many others. You should not be afraid to wear gloves simply because you may be considered soft. Ignore such remarks and protect yourself from bad cuts and chemicals attack etc.

Mouth or Breathing Protection Breathing dust, fumes and chemical vapours are all possible while working in the construction industry. From simple dust masks to more complex breathing masks are available. What is needed for the job may depend on the type of job being performed. If in doubt it may be necessary to consult your employer or read the material safety data sheet that is available. More information is provided on this topic later. Above are masks for dust, mist and fume protection Skin Protection Other types of PPE are available and should be seriously considered as part of the tool kit. Sun creams min factor 30+ and Extended brims for hard hats or Protective creams etc.

Each of the PPE displayed above are only a sample and a very wide range of each of the PPE items is possible. It is important to make your selection carefully because if you are not protected properly, you may suffer lifelong consequences.


date


Page 54 of 71

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Steel tape Steel tapes vary in length from 3 to 30 metres long. You can use them to measure distances, such as when you are setting out and checking wall and building sizes.

Spirit Level Spirit levels vary in length and quality. A trades person usually purchases a reputable brand that guarantees a long life and remains accurate. Cheap levels will rarely provide a long accurate life.

Straight Edges Straight edges are used to align materials, mark pencil lines on walls or floors, to extend the length of a spirit level and many other uses. They need to be handled carefully so as not to cause damage to the edges or face of the straight edge. Straight edges are very useful to check the alignment of wall framing members. It is recommended to have at least two straight edges so that it is possible to use the tool in restricted work areas.

Trowel - Gauging A tool used to apply cement mortar or waterproofing in awkward areas where a floating or setting trowel cannot be used. Often used when doing mould work. Gauging trowels are like a smaller version of the large trowel used in bricklaying but with a rounded end. They come in sizes from 100 mm to 225 mm.


date


Page 55 of 71

Floats Steel floats are used to spread mortar bedding materials of sand and cement. A wooden float is best to move the mortar to shape the concrete material and the steel float is useful for finishing to a smooth finish.

ELD You must have an earth leakage device or ensure that the power supply is protected by earth leakage. Construction sites that use temporary power supplies are required to have these built into the power supply. If using a private household power supply, it is essential to connect an Earth Leakage Device (ELD) to the power point first. Connect extension leads to the ELD or protected power supply. Do not use double adaptors at any time. These are illegal. Use only heavy duty extension leads. It is unwise to connect several leads to create a very long power source. This causes significant power loss and can damage the tools being used.

Extension Leads Protect the extension leads so that they do not get damaged by other working in the vicinity. If wheel barrows or vehicles are required to run over the leads, protect them with two boards spaced apart to protect the lead. Better still keep them up off the road or walk ways out of danger.


date


Page 56 of 71

Broom A broom is an essential piece of equipment. A tidy worksite involves keeping areas swept clean of mud, dirt and rubble.

Wheel Barrow Wheel barrows come in various size and quality. They are ideal for moving materials such as sand and cement and tiles on a building site.

NOTE: All tools and equipment should be cleaned and stored in the appropriate place after use each day.

PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS Plans are drawn to accurately describe a particular object or building to all interested parties before it is constructed. If accurate plans are prepared then the proposed building will be fully understood by the builder and trades persons who will build it. Everyone has to work to some sort of plan, in order to meet the customer’s requirements. On large construction jobs, very detailed plans are needed. On smaller jobs the plans are not as detailed. They still give information such as:

• What you are making, including sizes and design

• The materials to use

• Where to install the product, if required

• How to install the product.

Information Found on Plans

Plans will show: • The location and size of the spaces in the building

• The materials that are to be used

• The location of the building on the site

• Special fittings and finishes

• In some cases the layout of services e.g. power and gas.


date


Page 57 of 71

Take Control of Your Own Safety Objective 1. List the two most commonly reported causes

of death of tilers and waterproofers. 2. Interpret the meaning of commonly posted

warning signs.

Greatest Dangers to Life In construction projects, either for an individual homeowner, or a major commercial contractor, workers use all types of ceiling and wall tiles and heavy waterproofing materials. This construction work involving ceiling or wall tiles is especially dangerous because it can involve overhead work and the possibility of falling materials. It comes as no surprise that these materials can be very heavy if they are made of cement, latex, ceramic, or even concrete. If there is an unfortunate accident and these materials fall serious and catastrophic injuries can occur. These catastrophic injuries can result in serious bodily injury or even death. Fortunately there are ways to prevent such accidents including properly securing the construction area. It is also important to post warning signs during construction to alert passer-by’s. In some situations, nets or platforms can be used to catch or deflect falling tiles. If you have been injured by a falling materials it is important to first receive the necessary medical treatment and then an experienced construction accident attorney can discuss your legal rights with you. If you have been hit by a falling tile someone has been negligent and you have the right to compensation from either the construction site owner, the contractor, or possibly the manufacturer of the tiles.

3. Crushed by Palette of tiles

" After starting an unloading procedure two tilers were helping the truck driver guide palettes of tiles to the designated area as they were being lifted with the truck crane. Unfortunately one palette slipped and crushed a man to death!

4. Crane accident

" A tiler was walking to the entrance of a high rise complex where he was working on the 10th floor. As he approached the entry area, materials became dislodged from a palette being moved to and 8th floor balcony. The wind moved the palette suddenly causing the materials to fall striking him on the head and shoulders. The weight of the materials combined with the distance they fell cause such severe injuries that he was declared dead on site by the emergency doctor who attended the accident.

Help Yourself Safe work habits are important. Here are three actions you can take to be safe on the job site. 1. Learn all you can.

Pay attention to safety instructions on your job site and if you see unsafe work practices then report them. If you have questions, stop and ask your supervisor before you continue.

2. Concentrate on working safely. Sometimes you may be tempted to take risky shortcuts. Remember that an accident can leave you permanently injured or cut your life short. For your safety and the safety of those around you, do not take unnecessary risks. No deadline is so pressing you can't take the time to do your work safely.

3. Additional Precautions Do not work if you are tired or have taken drugs or alcohol. If you are on medication, discuss with your doctor or pharmacist if you are capable of carrying out your job safely.

" A tiler was working on scaffolding, tiling a building facade. The scaffold became unstable in windy conditions and as there was no hand rail protection in place the tiler was either thrown or lost his balance and fell 7 stories to the ground. He was taken to hospital with severe head injuries and died 2 days later without gaining consciousness.

The Safety Procedure includes: Safety measures 1. Keep a well-stocked, up-to-date first aid kit in an accessible area. 2. Always wear appropriate protective gear. Train workers thoroughly Your site is a workplace and you are responsible for the health and safety of workers and visitors. Inexperienced workers are much more likely to be injured in job site accidents. You can prevent injuries in many ways: • Supervise inexperienced workers at all times. • Make sure your workers are thoroughly

trained in equipment operation and safety.

Be careful when tiles are delivered to site and stay away from all overhead loads

Stay away from loads being moved by a crane. Be aware that the load can move, fall, slip or become unstable especially in windy conditions.

Report any missing or damaged safety equipment to your supervisor

Report any missing or damaged safety equipment to your supervisor

This triangle shape is the symbol for caution. The exclamation mark in the centre means Pay Attention. In some instances, the triangle-shaped sign will show a picture. Other times, words explain why the sign is used.


date


Page 58 of 71

• Keep all equipment in good repair. • Warn workers of potential hazards and insist

they use equipment safely. • Only allow a worker to perform a task when

you are confident they can handle it. • Keep visitors well away from operating

machinery such as grinders and wet saws and warn them of potential hazards.

Protect children from accidents Children account for one in seven job site related fatalities and children under the age of sixteen account for one in four job site related deaths. You can protect children from harm in many ways: • Warn children of the hazards and make them

aware of safety issues. • Always remove keys or power from

machinery. • Make sure that equipment storage areas are

securely locked and inaccessible. • Don’t leave tools unattended.

Draw up an emergency plan An emergency plan is vital. Some suggestions include: • Ensure easy access to a suitable and well-

stocked first aid kit. • Make sure at least one person on the job site

is trained in first aid. • Keep emergency numbers and correct addresses next to the telephone. • Plan routes to the nearest hospital. • Regularly talk through your emergency

plan with other workers. Where to get help Your doctor • In an emergency, always call triple zero

(000) For an ambulance

Remember Ensure that everyone working on the job is thoroughly familiar with operating procedures and safety requirements for all tools and machinery they use. Safety Messages and Signs Manufacturers put important safety messages on each piece of equipment and in the operator's manual. It is critical to read, understand and follow all safety messages. Many safety messages use the words Caution, Warning and Danger to get your attention. Following are safety messages and their meanings. Each of these signs will have a written message, and perhaps a picture, about an

unsafe condition. Below the well known stop bat traffic controller. Who should be used on large sites where deliveries of many truckloads of tiles and materials may occur.

CAUTION means you need to be careful. Follow the directions on the sign or you could get hurt.

WARNING is more serious and means you need to follow the directions on the sign or you could be badly hurt or killed.

In residential construction, large vehicles on small lots present special hazards for workers and home owners, especially during remodelling or making additions. A ground guide should help move big vehicles that have limited views. A sign warning of a laser in use is required when using a tiler’s laser! Environmental Hazards Objectives 1. Identify environmental hazards. 2. Recognize treatment and first aid for exposure

to environmental hazards.

All workers in Australia are committed observing and practicing environmental management in all aspects of their job and in undertaking activities in compliance with all statutory legislation and other legal requirements.


date


Page 59 of 71

Environmental protection on the building site Environmental protection begins at the building site with the air workers have to breathe. They should be protected from any fumes from construction machinery, as well as fumes from building waste or materials such as glues, waterproofing and epoxy materials which need to be carefully separated and properly recycled or disposed of when the job is complete, the soil should be treated as a valuable asset and left unpolluted.

This environmental accident was caused by a tiler washing his epoxy grout bucket out and pouring it into the drain that ran directly to the local creek

Sun Exposure Prolonged exposure to sunlight causes skin cancer, cataracts and other serious illnesses. • Choose a sunscreen that is marked broad-

spectrum. This will protect you from both UVA and UVB rays. Ensure the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is at least 15 preferably 30+

• Wear a hat or sun visor, sunglasses, and lightweight long-sleeve shirts and pants on sunny days to help control body temperature and block the sun.

Treating Cuts and Burns Minor cuts &burns can be treated on the job site. Seek medical attention if: • Cuts are severely bleeding, more than one-

half inch long and one-quarter inch deep, or the result of a puncture wound.

• Burn area covers more than one-fifth of the body with blisters, blisters occur on the hands, feet, face or genitalia, or if the skin is blackened or charred.

Treating Cuts • Clean the area thoroughly. • Remove any debris that may be in the wound. • Apply pressure to the wound using gauze or a

clean, absorbent cloth until the bleeding stops. If blood seeps through the cloth, do not remove it; continue adding more gauze or cloth over the previous one.

• Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a bandage or clean gauze.

• Allow wound to heal and keep dirt from creating infection by changing the bandage or gauze frequently.

• If a limb has been amputated, elevate while applying direct pressure and call 000.

Treating Burns • Cool the burn by placing it under cool running

water or in a container of cool water for at least 15 minutes.

• Cover the area with gauze or a clean cloth. • Allow burn to heal and keep dirt from creating

infection by changing the gauze frequently. • If blisters occur, do not break them. Cover

with gauze and allow them to break on their own.

First Aid Kit Contents The following is a list of minimum requirements for workplace first aid kit. • absorbent compress • adhesive bandages • adhesive tape • individual-use antiseptic applications • individual-use burn treatment applications • latex-free medical exam gloves

sterile pads • triangular bandage •


date


Page 60 of 71

1 The following areas are ‘Wet Areas’ - true or false. (a) Bathroom true false

(b) Garage true false

(c) Toilet true false

(d) Laundry true false

(e) Store room true false

2 Describe the basic difference between a Category 1 and a Category 2 wet area.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3 What is the most common material for sheeting over timber joists and forming the structural floor of a wet area?

________________________________________________________________

4 Name the two most common lining materials used on the walls of wet areas.

(a)___________________________________________________________________

(b)___________________________________________________________________

5 (a) What is different about fixing a wall sheeting in a wet area when it is to be tiled as opposed to when it is not?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

5 (b) What is different about the setting (flushing) of wall sheeting in a wet area when it is to be tiled as opposed to when it is not?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Self Check 1


date


Page 61 of 71

INSTALLING WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS

1 What satisfies the requirement for an impervious wall surface in domestic construction?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

2 The standard calls for waterproof membranes under showers. Name three (3) types of component which will satisfy the requirement?

(a) ______________________________________________________________

(b)______________________________________________________________

(c) ______________________________________________________________

3 Describe the difference between an internal and an external shower tray.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

4 (a) What is the purpose of a bond breaker?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

(b) Describe a common type of bond breaker used in shower construction?

________________________________________________________________

5 Name three (3) different types of membrane system.

(a) ______________________________________________________________

(b)______________________________________________________________

(c) ______________________________________________________________

Self Check 2


date


Page 62 of 71


date


Page 63 of 71

Complete the JSA You are to waterproof the wet areas of the Tracey house (see plans). Make up a job safety analysis for the unloading of gear, setting up the site, delivery of all materials, marking out areas to be waterproofed, waterproofing activities and procedures and clean up of the job using correct OH&S and methods of work. Complete the JSA and make notes for it below. You will need to inspect the work site or training area with your Trainer and discuss the activity to be undertaken, and the possible hazards and the safety controls you would implement. Make notes on the next page of conditions or hazards that will prevent you working effectively and safely. Doing this as part of team or think tank is preferable to identify hazards, although the final JSA should be your own individual work effort.

List the tasks or job steps in the first column of the JSA for your proposed work activity. Inspect the proposed work area making a list in the second column of any hazards you are able to identify which could include any of the following but is not limited to:- Falls from working at height, Crush injuries in excavation work, Slips and trips, Being struck by falling objects, Moving heavy loads, Bad working positions, often in confined spaces, Being struck or crushed by a workplace vehicle, Receiving injuries from hand tools, Inhalation of dust, Handling of rough materials, Exposure to dangerous substances (chemical and biological), Working near, in, or over water, Exposure to radiation, Loud noise, or Vibration from tools or vibrating machinery, underground or overhead services - possible electric shock, open trenches and many more. Assign your hazards a risk index number using the “Risk Matrix” comparing the ‘likelihood’ against the ‘consequences’ of something happening involving those hazards if nothing is done to downgrade or eliminate them. Make a list under the ‘control measures’ column of the steps or control measures you will be implementing to reduce or eliminate the risk of that hazard. Give each of these ‘control measures’ a risk index number using the “Risk Matrix” comparing the ‘likelihood’ against the ‘consequences’ now that the control measure will be implemented. Seek input and give feedback to other students or work mates to ensure that you have not missed any critical work steps or hazards and that they are also aware of the JSA results. Your goal is to achieve a reduction and where possible a large reduction in the ‘Risk Index Number’ where possible to at least the medium rage or lower. Ultimately your ‘job site’ should be now a lot safer to work on as you and your work mates are aware of the inherent dangers. NOTE: If your work task still remains in the extreme range after completion of this JSA then further control measures are required before commencing work.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Practical Exercise 1


date


Page 64 of 71

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Assessors “Complete the JSA” Checklist (Activity 1) Yes No

Procedures – Work site activity steps listed ☐ �

Possible Hazards Identified � �

Consequences & their effect determined � �

Risk score determined & given � �

Safety control measures a implemented � �

Revised risk score determined & given � �

The candidate’s performance was: Not Satisfactory � Satisfactory �

Assessors Name Date

Signature

List all the possible site hazards you can think of & their required control measures here individually or as part of a team-working group before attempting to complete the JSA!

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________


date


Page 65 of 71

How to use this Risk Assessment Matrix Step 1 List work steps in order and then the possible hazards & determine “Likelihood” What is the possibility that the effect will occur? Criteria Description

Almost certain Expected in most circumstances Effect a common result

Likely Will probably occur in most circumstances Effect is known to have occurred at this site or it has happened

Possible Might occur at some time Effect could occur at the site or I have heard of it happening

Unlikely Could occur at some time Effect is not likely to occur at this site or I have not heard of it happening

Rare May occur in exceptional circumstances Effect is practically impossible

Step 2 Determine the Consequence What will be the expected effect?

Level of effect: Example of each level:

Insignificant / Acceptable No effect – or so minor that effect is acceptable

Minor First aid treatment only, no lost time from injury

Moderate Medical treatment, serious injury, temporary partial disability, lost time < 7days

Major Hospital admittance, Extensive injuries, Lost time injury > 7 days, Permanent total Disability, injury or death

Catastrophic Multiple Permanent Total Disability injuries, multiple deaths

Step 3 Determine the Risk Score Consequence

Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25

B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24

C (Possible) 4 8 13 18 22

D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19

E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15

Low Medium High Extreme

Step 4 Record risk score on JSA worksheet (Note – Risk scores have no absolute value and should only be used for comparison and to stimulate discussion) What will be the expected effect? Score Action

Red - Extreme DO NOT PROCEED – This requires immediate attention. Introduce further high-level controls to lower the risk level. Reassess before proceeding

Yellow - High Review before commencing work. Introduce new controls and or maintain high-level controls to lower the risk level. Monitor frequently to ensure control measures are working

Blue - Medium Maintain control measures. Proceed with work. Monitor and review regularly, and if any equipment/people/work processes or procedures change

Green - Low Record and monitor. Proceed with work. Review regularly, and if any equipment/people/work processes or procedures change


date


Page 66 of 71

INSTALL A WET AREA WATERPROOFING SYSTEM TO A SHOWER RECESS. To carry out this activity you will either supply a site with or be provided with a bathroom & shower recess area, lined with water-resistant plasterboard/fibro cement board, flashing materials, and membrane system. You will be required to waterproof the bathroom incorporating:

1. Inspect the lining materials and backgrounds to ensure they conform with and have been fixed in accordance with the requirements of AS3958.1 and the manufacturer’s specifications.

2. Install all required flashings including laps up walls and corners 3. Waterproof all appropriate penetrations 4. Waterproof all wastes and hobs 5. Install and detail a hobless frame shower enclosure 6. Detail a bath that abuts a masonry-connecting wall During the work procedures the selected membrane system must be installed in accordance with the requirements of AS3740 and the manufacturer’s specifications.

Assessors “Install wet area waterproofing” checklist (Activity 2) Yes No

1 Materials selected and checked against specifications/instructions. � � 2 Tools and equipment selected in accordance with the requirements of the

project and checked for safe operation. � �

3 Personal protective equipment correctly selected and used safely. � � 4 Safety hazards identified through JSA and correct procedures adopted to reduce hazards

to self and others. � �

5 Correct procedures, documents and legislation adhered to � � 6 Communicates and works effectively with others to receive, clarify and pass on

instructions � �

7 Location for waterproofing determined and marked out for application � �

8 Bond breakers, sikaflex/silicone sealant installed � � 9 Flashings and perimeter laps installed correctly � � 10 All wastes and hobs sealed & waterproofed correctly � �

11 Hobless frame shower detailed and waterproofing installed correctly

12 Bath abutting a masonry connections wall waterproofed correctly

13 All work completed to specifications � �

14 Reusable materials stacked/stored safely. � �

15 Work site cleaned up and waste materials disposed of in a safe and environmentally sound manner.

� �

16 Tools and equipment cleaned, maintained and stored correctly. � �

The candidate’s performance was: Not Satisfactory � Satisfactory �

Assessors Name Date

Signature

Practical Exercise 2


date


Page 68 of 71

Student Name : Student Signature:

Project : Trainers Name:

Location : Date : Accepted : Yes ! No !

Procedure - List of steps in doing a Job on a site.

Possible Hazards – What things can happen or go wrong, also what hidden dangers are there on this Job Site? Risk Safety Control – How can I stop or minimize these

things happening or going wrong or injuries occurring? Risk

Signature Trainer / Site Leader_____________________________________ Signature Building Supervisor___________________________________

Job Safety Analysis – 1 Copy to be handed in for each unit


date


Page 69 of 71


date


Page 70 of 71

Consequence

Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5

Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25

B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24

C (Possible ) 4 8 13 18 22

D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19

E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15

Low Medium High Extreme

Job Safety Analysis – Risk Matrix

Date post:	15-Nov-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	2 times
Download:	0 times

CPCCWP3002A Apply waterproofing process to internal wet ...

Documents