181
9 17 21 23 25
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39 9
45 48 10
50 11
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53 13
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54 14
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63 65 17
66 18
66 -i
66 -ii
66 -iii
66 -iv
67 19
68 20
69 73 21
75 81 85 22
87 23
92 24
96 25
99 26
103 106 27
107 28
111
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116 29
199 122 30
125 31
126 32
129 131 135 33
137 34
137 -i
141 35
142 -ii
145 148 36
152 37
153 -i
154 -ii
154 -iii
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156 -vi
157 -vii
158 -158 -158 -
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159 -viii
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165 167
169 38
170 39
173 40
174 41
175 42
176 43
178 44
179 182 45
189 46
193 47
198 48
199 49
206 50
207
8
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1920 (Cosmology)
(Edwin Hubble)
(Steady-State Theory)
1965
25
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14
2011
(B i g B a ng )
(Big Bang Theory)
15
65 1905
1965 (Cosmic Background Radiation)
26
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(Subatomic Particles)
(Radiat ion)
(Density) 80 4
18 10
4
40 5 3 14
2
(Nuclei) 2 62 90 3
27
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(Deuterium)
40 5 30 30
(Antiparticles)
(ions)
(B i g C r u nc h )
28
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(Nebul ae)
10
(Nuclear Fusions) 0.06 100
1,70,000 -1
1,90,000 -2
22,00,000 (M31) -3
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(Nebul a)
(Protostar)
(Edwin Hubble)
:
(E l l i pt i c al G al a xi es) -1
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(Infra Red)
- 3
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(E7)
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(Sba, Sbb, Sbc)
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(Milky Way)
35
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10 Orion Arm
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4.2 (Proxima Centauri)
50 22 (Cosmic Year)
(Radiat ion) Centaurus A.
(Nuclei)
(B l a c k
Centaurus
5128
36
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Holes)
13 3002000
(Binary 75%
& Multiple Star System)
-1
(Wave Lenth) 1963
13
37
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(Centre Mass)
-2
(Multiple Stars) (Castor) (Gemini Constellation)
6
-3
(Variable Stars)
47 6
2
38
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(Protostars) 0.06%
1.4%0.06% 10
18 10
(Red G i a nt )
0.06%
39
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100 (Planetary Nebula)
(White Dwarf) 100
%4.2%1.4
(Red Giant)
80 1
40
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10
26 70
(Supernova)
10 106 20
(Red
Super Giant)
1.4 (Red Super Giant)
41
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Cygnus X-1
(Event Horizon)
3 9
(Primordial Black Holes)
(Cygnus Constel lation)
43
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30 9
40
50 2
40
210 745 3,30,000
109 8,63,000 13,92,000 13
47
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(Sunspots)
3,600 2,000
11 11
(Photosphere)
11
1990
24
35 6
48
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(Photosphere)
10 Spicules
9,000 15,000
(Photosphere) (Chromosphere)
(Photosphere)
Prominence
60,000 1,00,000
49
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(Corona) (Solar Flares)
(Radiat ion)
9
-iii -ii -i
-vi -v -iv
50
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-ix -viii -vii
1999 1979
1992
120 200
1 1992 40 5 80 8
My Very Educ ated Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizza s.
1930
51
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(Meteori tes)
(Arizona)
4,150 1,265
(Dirty Snowbal ls)
(Coma)
1.265180
50
25 40
1891
55
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10 (Coma)
(Oort Cloud)
(Halley's Comet)
76
1758 (Edmund Halley)
Jan Hendrik Oort (1900-92)
1.5 1950
76 76 1682
56
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(Parabolic Orbit)
1908 (Tunguska)
1758
1986 6 (Probes)
15 8
7974 240
2061
800 1908 30
57
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(Sidereal Day)
6 6
12 12
40
360 24 04 56 23
361
( 3 6 0 o )
59
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(Meridian)
24 04 56 23
365
(Sidereal 10 9 6
Year)
(Precession) (Tropical Yea r)
56 3
04 56 23 360
361 24
Meridian (Zenith)
60
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9,718 12,756 12,742
12,714 5.97361024 5,976 1,96,935 5,10,066
24,859.7 40,075 24,859.7 40,008
59o 15
o 5.52
5.52 24
23.4415o
14,95,98,000 9,29,56,000
365
65
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(The Crust) -1
(The Mantle) -2
(Outer Core) -3
(Inner Core) -4
6 40
2,800
2,300
66
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3,84,400 2 , 3 8 , 7 00
4,05,500 3,63,300
1/81 2,159 3,475
27.3 0.27
27.321661 27
1969
71
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(Maria) 117
o -261o -163
o 243
o Luna 3 1959
(Maria)
1969 7 3
2,159.3 3,475.1
0.0123 7.349X1 022 3.344
3,84,399. 1 27.321661
243oF 117.2oC -261 oF -162. 7oC
1 9 5 9
72
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(Conjunction)
Luna Program 10 1960
Apol lo-11 1969 20
1969 3 6 1972
6 12 18 1972
(Conjunction)
(Opposition)
73
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4 8
8
1924 (Edwin Hubble)
(Red Shift)
(Hubble's Law)
(Proxima 24.68 4.2 Centaur i )
8.3 14,92,96,644 9,27,72,934.58
78
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(Hubble's Constant)
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105
(Big Bang)
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o O
14
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1915
(Cosmological Constant)
84
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1922 (Alexander Friedmann)
1929 1965 (Robert (Arno Penzias)
Wilson)
1978
(Anti gravity)
(Sp ac e- Ti me ) -
85
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14
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(Big Bang Theory)
86
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(Isaac 1687
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Newton)
(Albert Einstein) 1915
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(Martin Ryle) (Allan R. Sandage)
(Arno Penzias) 1965
(Robert Wilson) (Cosmic Background Radiation)
(Minute Cosmic Egg)
88
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15
o
O
89
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(Curvature)
(Zero Vol ume)
(Primordial
Fireball)
80 18 10
90
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1948 (George Gamow)
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(Short-Wave)
(Radiat ion)
-273o
1965
-270
o 3 -273.16
o 1931 (George Lawaitre)
-273.16o
91
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14
1950
(Hans (Ral ph Alpher) (George Gamow) Bethe)
(Cosmic Red Shift) (Spectra)
3 1965
95
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(Heisenberg)
(Uncertainty Principle)
(Zero-Point
Fluctuations)
1948
(Hendrick Casimir) 1948
96
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(One Billionth
Second)
(One Thou- sandth Second)
o
o
O
O
97
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(10 Billionth (10,00,00,00,00,00,00,00,000) Second)
98
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(Nuclei)
(Motor Neurone Di sease)
"A Brief History of Time"
100
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86
(Q uas a r) PKS2000-300
18 1 0
10,00,00,00,00,00,000
(Cosmologists)
140
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-2
o
O
Proterozoic Era Pal a eozoic Er a Mes oz o ic Er a Cai nozoi c Er a
142
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(Cainozoic Era)
Phyl um. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ChordataSub Phyl um... . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .VertebrataCl ass.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .Mammali aOrder... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .PrimateSuperfami l y.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HominoidFami l y.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .HominoidGenus ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HomoSpecies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Homosapien
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150
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(Pi erre-Paul (C. H. Wa ddington)
(Stephen Jay Gold) Grasse)
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152
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100
(Ape)
-7
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15 100
157
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-9
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391020
500 100 (Ape)
310520
10124
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(Nilson Heribert)
(Prof. Max Westenhofer)
(Java Man) (Prof. Weismann) (Prof.
Gish)
(Nebraska Man)
1. Jeremy Rifkin, Algeny, Middlesex: Penguin,1984.
2. Paul S. Moorhead and Mirtin M. Kaplan, eds.
Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian
Interpretations of Evolution, Philadelphia: Wistar
162
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Institute Press, 1967.
3. Norman Macbeth, Darwin Retried: An Appeal to
Reason, Boston: Gambit, 1971.
4. Duane T. Gish, Evolution: The Fossils Say No!, San
Diego: Creation Life Publishers, 1978.
5. John Moore, On Chromosomes, Mutations and
Philogeny, Philadelphia, 1971.
6. Walter J. Bock, Book Review of Evolution, Orderly
Law, Science, (146) 1969.
7. Harold Francis Blum, Time's Arrow and Evolution,
Princeton University Press, 1968.
8. Nilson N. Heribert, Synthetische Artbildung,
University of Lund, Sweden.
9. Pierre-Paul Grasse, Evolution of Living Organisms,
New York: Academix Press, 1977.
10. David Raup. Conflicts Between Darwin and
Paleontology, Field Museum of Natural History
Bulletin. January 1979.
163
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1969 (Black Hole)
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169
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10
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1975 1965 (Roger Penrose)
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174
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