Charles Cave

� Generating ideas is not a chance processGenerating ideas is not a chance processGenerating ideas is not a chance processGenerating ideas is not a chance process.

� Ideas appear to arise when people are Ideas appear to arise when people are Ideas appear to arise when people are Ideas appear to arise when people are actually actually actually actually looking for themlooking for themlooking for themlooking for them....

3

� It happens to people who are

� Curious or inquiring.Curious or inquiring.Curious or inquiring.Curious or inquiring.

� Engaged in a search for opportunities, Engaged in a search for opportunities, Engaged in a search for opportunities, Engaged in a search for opportunities, possibilities, answers or inventionspossibilities, answers or inventionspossibilities, answers or inventionspossibilities, answers or inventions.

BrainstormingBrainstorming

BrainwritingBrainwriting

Nominal group techniqueNominal group technique

……..……..

Brainstorming is a method for generating ideas used to indicate verbal generation of ideas by a group.Brainstorming is a method for generating ideas used to indicate verbal generation of ideas by a group.

Intuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive methodIntuitive method

Initiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions of R&D in in in in developing products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologiesInitiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions Initiating ideas for future directions of R&D in in in in developing products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologiesdeveloping products, services and technologies

Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates many ideas quicklymany ideas quicklymany ideas quicklymany ideas quicklyBrainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates Brainstorming encourages creativity and generates many ideas quicklymany ideas quicklymany ideas quicklymany ideas quickly

“The best way to get a good idea is to get lots of ideas.”

Linus Pauling, biologist

� Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing was founded in1902.

� 3M is one of the most famous and the most appreciated corporations in the world, specially for its technological achievements

� 1995. company was awarded a National medal for technological achievements in last 90 years

� 3M has operations in more than 60 countries – 29 international companies with manufacturing operations, and 35 with laboratories.

� 3M products are available for purchase through � 3M products are available for purchase through distributors and retailers in more than 200 countries, and many 3M products are available online directly from the company.

� Brainstorming with line managers and external experts

� Deadline for finding the best idea was 4 days

� Rules:� Rules:◦ Nobody leads the meeting;◦ Nobody can put upon his own idea;◦ No idea is a bed idea;◦ Criticism about ideas was not allowed;◦ Anyone could suggest just one idea.

� First day: 130 participants with an idea, 70 ideas were selected

� Second day: 70 participants, 45 ideas were selected

� Third day: 45 participants, 9 ideas were selected� Third day: 45 participants, 9 ideas were selected

� Fourth day: from 9 ideas one was selected

� It was a ‘post-it’, of young manager Art Fry

1. Introduce a question, problem, or topic both orally and in writing on chart paper;

2. Invite participants to respond with as many ideas or suggestions as possible, ideally in single words or short phrases. Encourage everyone to participate but do not proceed in any set order; proceed in any set order;

3. Explain that until the brainstorm is complete, no one may repeat or comment on any response;

4. Record every response on chart paper. Often, the most creative suggestions are the most useful and interesting;

5. Afterward, prioritize, analyze, or use the list to generate discussion or problem solving.

Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are being generated.being generated.being generated.being generated.

Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants Collect as many ideas as possible from all participants with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are with no criticisms or judgments made while ideas are being generated.being generated.being generated.being generated.

All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out they seem.they seem.they seem.they seem.All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out All ideas are welcome no matter how silly or far out they seem.they seem.they seem.they seem.

Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this Be creative. The more ideas the better because at this point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.point you don't know what might work.

Criticism is ruled out

Free-wheeling is encouraged 5-7 minutes

30 minutes

Quantity is encouraged

Combinations of idea are encouraged

One person should be One person should be One person should be One person should be recorder of the ideasrecorder of the ideasrecorder of the ideasrecorder of the ideas

It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:

•• solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, •• answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, •• introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject,

It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:It can be used for:

•• solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, solving a specific problem, •• answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, answering a question, •• introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, •• introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, •• raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, •• surveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudes

•• introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, introducing a new subject, •• raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, raising interest, •• surveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudessurveying knowledge and attitudes

Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can Brainstorming is a useful and popular tool that you can use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.use to develop highly creative solutions to a problem.

It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new It is particularly helpful when you need to develop new ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.ways of looking at things.

When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.

When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, When there is the need to develop new opportunities, to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches to improve the service, or when existing approaches just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.just aren't giving expected results.

Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all Used in a team, it helps to bring the experience of all team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.team members into play during problem solving.

Advantages Disadvantages

Enormous NUMBER of the ideas

No process for making decisions

Brainstorming

People FEEL GOOD about themselves and about the ideas

Sometimes gets of trackSometimes gets of trackSometimes gets of trackSometimes gets of track

Ideas might NOT be QUALITY

Fosters creativity

Encourages communication

Its group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent generation of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writingIts group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent Its group method that emphasizes the silent generation of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writinggeneration of ideas in writing

BrainwritingBrainwritingBrainwritingBrainwriting isisisis goodgoodgoodgood forforforfor peoplepeoplepeoplepeople whowhowhowho dodododo notnotnotnot likelikelikelike totototo givegivegivegiveideasideasideasideas andandandand suggestionssuggestionssuggestionssuggestions inininin publicpublicpublicpublicBrainwritingBrainwritingBrainwritingBrainwriting isisisis goodgoodgoodgood forforforfor peoplepeoplepeoplepeople whowhowhowho dodododo notnotnotnot likelikelikelike totototo givegivegivegiveideasideasideasideas andandandand suggestionssuggestionssuggestionssuggestions inininin publicpublicpublicpublic

It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period It gives a large number of ideas in short time period

It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4----7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative atmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphere

It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4It is applied in small groups (4----7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands 7 people) and demands heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative heterogeneity of participants for more creative atmosphereatmosphereatmosphereatmosphere

All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.All evaluation and criticism of ideas is forbidden.

Wild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouraged....Wild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouragedWild and unusual ideas are encouraged....

Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.Quantity, not quality, of ideas is the goal.

New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.New combinations of ideas are sought.

Advantages Disadvantages

It produce more ideas than brainstorming

Some people do not feel comfortable expressing ideas in writing

Brainwriting

You can use Brainwritingideas in writing

This technique is useful when there is a little time available and where is no need for verbal interaction

You can use Brainwritingwithout having a facilitator

Concerns of people expressing themselves in front of the group is eliminated

50-60

Problem description

Participants Idea 1

Idea2

Idea3

1

• Means 6 participantswhich write 3 ideas in 5 minutes.

50-60 minutes.

2

3

4

5

6

• Gives 108 ideas

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TR1i1PPd8ZU

Problem: Think about purpose of chip cards, information they would contain and their features.1. Executive director

1.1. Should contain occupatation, office phone number 1.2. Should contain CV

1.3. For use of phone (without code)

2. Manager of telecommunication

2.1. CV with additional info (licence, office phone number, information from personnel...)

2.2. Personal planner, time organizer

2.3. I think it’s unpractical for phoning, especially when one has a lot of calls

3. Information system engineer 3.1 Authorisation of comunication, electronic signiture with CD

3.2. Access to telephone, computer... 3.3. Access to a bank account

4. Technician4. Technician4.1. ID card available for reading from mobile phone

4.2. Use of company car, recording times of departures and arrivals

4.3. Updating all important data on an individual

5. Electrical engineer5.1. Authorization- electronic signature is preferable

5.2. Access to the computer network and telephone

5.3. External access to a bank account

6. Manager of electronic data processing centar

6.1. Authorization- electronic signature is preferable

6.2. Access to Entelinformation system

6.3. Possibility of reading data from the card, similar to USB memory

� Example 1:

◦ Opening the complex for eco tourism in western Serbia. Which innovative services should be included?

Example 2:

◦ Opening the hostel complex in Belgrade. How to ◦ Opening the hostel complex in Belgrade. How to access global customers?

Example 3:

◦ Faculty wants to improve the website for international master program. What features should the website contain?

� Example 4: � Opening multiplex cinema complex in Novi

Sad. Which innovative services should be

included?

Example 5: � Example 5:

� Sustainable development: How to promote energy saving in younger populations?