CREATIVE SPACES INFORMATION PACK TEN · glassy tips. That year The Seed Cathedral pavilion won the...

CREATIVE SPACES – INFORMATION PACK TEN

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C CREATIVE SPACES 2004 This drawing/illustration/photograph/text has been prepared and issued in good faith. It may be copied and/or re-produced only for the purposes of the Creative Spaces Challenge only and nothing else.

PAGE 1. WHAT IS TEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE? 1 2. SHELTER – TENTS AND BIVOUACS 3 3. ON THE MOVE – NOMADS, TEPEES, YURTS AND CARAVANS 5 4. PAVILLIONS, EXHIBITIONS & PERFORMANCE SPACES 7 5. EMERGENCY SHELTERS 9 6. CARDBOARD CHURCHES, PAPER OFFICES & CARDBORIGAMI 11 7. INFLATABLE STRUCTURES – BLOW THEM UP! 13 8. MODULAR STRUCTURES – BUILDING WITH BITS 15 9. TENSILE STRUCTURES – STRETCH IT! 17


Cover Images:

Umbrella Teahouse

Japan, 2013


Temporary Cinema Auditorium

Birmingham, 2013

The word “temporary” is an adjective which means lasting for only a limited time or not permanent.

01

WHAT IS TEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE?



Similarly temporary architecture is a building or structure which is designed and constructed to last for a limited time in one place. A good example of temporary architecture is the famous Ice Hotel which is built each winter in Jukkasjärvi, a small village in Northern Sweden. It is constructed during the months of November and December from 1,000 tonnes of Torne River ice and 30,000 tons of “snice”, a combination of ice and snow.

For example an ice cube which is taken out of the freezer and put outside in the sun will only last as an ice cube temporarily before melting.

The Ice Hotel, Jukkasjärvi, Sweden

There are many reasons to design and build temporary architecture. Temporary architecture can be: - cheaper than a permanent building

-fast to construct and easy to dismantle

- mobile buildings

- homes for people on the move

- a shelter for people who have lost their homes due to civil disaster or other misfortune

- shelter for refugees escaping war or famine

- pavilions

- exhibition or performance venues

- movie theatres

- shops and offices

- parts of a space station

… just about anything

Each winter, some 50,000 visitors from all over the world come to see the Ice Hotel. Because it is so cold in Jukkasjärvi during the winter the hotel stays frozen but by the end of April the hotel begins to melt and eventually returns to Torne River.



The Ice Hotel, bedroom The Ice Hotel, bar

Training Frame for Cat Burglars, by Heath Robinson

02

A tent is another type of ancient temporary shelter, consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over or attached to a frame of poles or a supporting rope. Tent ruins which archaeologists believe date back to 40,000BC have been found in Russia. These early tents were made using of mammoth hides.

What happened to you?

This caveman said he wanted to invent a new temporary structure called a tent

People have been designing, building and living in temporary structures for thousands of years. These structures have provided the basic survival need of shelter. Early dwellings would have also provided people with places where they could defend themselves from predators and rivals.

SHELTER – TENTS & BIVOUACS



A very basic temporary shelter can be constructed in a forest or jungle using natural materials like branches to form a structure which can then be covered with leaves, ferns or similar materials to provide a waterproof layer to keep the rain out. This type of structure is sometimes called a bivouac.

Today we still require shelters to protect us from the external environment and many of these are temporary. Even when you go down to the beach and put up a sun umbrella or windbreak you are constructing temporary architectural shelters.

03

As a means to house their ever expanding mobile military forces the Romans employed tents. Roman Army tents were usually made out of calf or goat skin and slept around eight soldiers.



Bafin Island Hanging Bivouac, Canada, 1999

Modern day tents are very portable, lightweight and incorporate new man-made materials such as aluminium, fibreglass and synthetic fabrics however they function in exactly the same way that early tents did. They provide an essential accessory for all human activities that require a shelter capable of being set up and dismantled in a relatively short time.

04

A nomad is a person with no settled home, who moves from place to place as a way of obtaining food, finding pasture for livestock, or otherwise making a living. A mobile dwelling or house is essential if you are a nomad. Portable dwelling structures such as yurts and teepees are often associated with the earliest forms of nomadism.

ON THE MOVE – NOMADS, TEEPEES, YURTS & CARAVANS



Yurt construction sequence, Mongolia

1 2 3

4 5 6

Yurts have been in use at least since the 12th century and there are indications that the design is much older. A traditional yurt is a round structure and consists of an expanding wooden circular frame with a felt cover. The felt is made from sheep wool. A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts carried compactly on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site. Complete construction takes around 2 hours. They are even used today by some Mongol people and can sleep four or five people.

Nomads preparing to move, Tibet

05

The caravan could be considered the home for the modern nomad. While caravans and mobile homes are often used for holidays they can also provide temporary living or working accommodation.



Del Popolo’s Mobile Wood Fired Pizza Restaurant, San Francisco, 2012

The American Indians used teepees as portable dwellings. Teepees were a type of conical tent and traditionally consisted of three or four poles tied together at one end and covered with bison hides which were often decorated. The bison hides were waterproof and protected the interior from the outside elements. At the top was a hole to let the smoke escape and air to circulate. Teepees could be disassembled and packed away quickly when a tribe decided to move and could be reconstructed quickly upon settling in a new area.

Traditional North American Indian Teepee

Poles tied together for structure

Hole at top to let smoke out and air in

Door entrance Pegs to hold teepee down in windy conditions

Bison hides

Dad, when do we get to decorate the teepee?

When you’ve eaten your bison burger and finished your homework!

06

The word pavilion is derived from the Latin term “papilonem” which means tent. Historically a pavilion can refer to a type of free standing structure which has been designed to look good in the garden of a house. Pavilions of this type are often called a gazebo and are used by people who want to relax and enjoy the view.

PAVILLIONS, EXHIBITIONS & PERFORMANCE SPACES



One example was the UK Pavilion designed by Heatherwick Studio for the 2010 Expo in Shanghai, China. This pavilion was called The Seed Cathedral and consisted of a box, 15m high which included 60,000 identical plastic rods protruding from its surface like hairs. Inside the pavilion the ends of the rods formed a curvy space and at the end of each rod seeds had been cast into the glassy tips. That year The Seed Cathedral pavilion won the event’s top prize, the gold medal for pavilion design.

A World Fair or World Expo is a large public exhibition, usually lasting at least a few months and encourages trade between countries and cultural exchange generally. The next World’s fair will be Expo 2015 in Milan, Italy. Over the years these Fairs have become famous for the display of new technologies and inventions and each country constructs a pavilion which becomes a kind of advertisement or way of showcasing their culture and achievements. Because the fairs only last for a short time these pavilions are usually designed as temporary structures. This does not stop the designers from creating some incredibly sophisticated and exciting architecture.

The Seed Cathedral UK Pavilion, Shanghai, China 2010

07

Theatres and cinemas can also be designed and built using temporary architectural techniques. A temporary performance space is sometimes built to allow a theatre production to tour from place to place or to replace another theatre which is undergoing renovation work. Sometimes a temporary architectural solution is chosen because the number of performances is going to be limited.



The Tiny Travelling Theatre by Aberrant Architecture, London 2012

“Oh Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo”

I’m down this chimneys made from an old coal scuttles!

The Shed, A Temporary Theatre for the National Theatre by Haworth Tomkins Architects, London 2012

Concert Hall, Italy 2010 Summer Theatre, Estonia 2013 Floating Cinema, London 2013

08

Some architects have been designing emergency shelters, like the Accordian Tent above as alternatives to the traditional refugee tent. These shelters are designed to be cheap, durable, easy to transport, simple to build and provide suitable levels of privacy and space.

People can become suddenly homeless for many reasons. Often natural disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and floods can destroy homes. Unfortunately many people around the world also become homeless when they have to flee their homes due to war or persecution. These people are called refugees. Emergency shelters are required to give protection to these people. Shelter structures in refugee camps range from the most basic temporary tent accommodation to more permanent houses or settlements. Tents are used because they are easily transportable and cheap. However they do have their problems. They lack privacy and space especially when all the family members are forced to sleep in the same space and they are not well insulated either so get very cold when the temperatures are low and very hot when the temperatures are high.

EMERGENCY SHELTERS



09

When a major earthquake rocked Japan in 2011, the town of Iwaki was heavily damaged and many homes were destroyed beyond repair. In order to provide shelter for the residents of Iwaki, Japanese architects Kunihiro Ando and Satoyama Architecture Laboratory built 198 houses in just two months using prefabricated wall units which could be slotted into grooved posts. They also insulated the walls and floor with a type of dried grass and rice husks to ensure a balanced indoor climate. Despite their small floor area, the houses feel big inside and they are also designed to be easily dismantled and erected elsewhere.



Another Japanese architect called Shiregu Ban has become famous for designing and building emergency shelters for disaster relief using cardboard tubes. He has helped people all over the world by building these paper log houses.

Temporary Houses by Kunihiro Ando and Satoyama Architects, Iwaki, Japan 2011

Emergency Cardboard Tube Shelter by Shiregu Ban, Port-au-Prince, Haiti 2010

10

If you thought that paper would not be a good material to use to construct a building, you would be wrong. As mentioned in Chapter 5 the architect Shiregu Ban has been using cardboard tubes to construct temporary shelters for many years. When the cathedral in Christchurch, New Zealand was destroyed in an earthquake in 2011, Shiregu Ban was asked to design a new temporary cathedral to replace it. Paper tubes were used to form the triangular shape of the new cathedral which can also be used as an event and concert space.

CARBOARD CHURCHES, PAPER OFFICES & CARDBORIGAMI



Temporary Cathedral by Shiregu Ban, Christchurch, New Zealand 2012

11

Corrugated cardboard has also been used to design offices and shops. The material is manufactured using recycled paper and is stable, economical, and lightweight. It is available in different thicknesses, and when the project has finished it can be recycled.



Did you hear about the origami cowboys?

No.

They got arrested for rustling.

An organisation called Cardborigarmi has even developed a type of fold-able cardboard shelter to provide instant privacy and weather protection for homeless people. The design is based on the art of origami (paper folding) and is water-resistant, flame-retardant and recyclable. One shelter can be constructed in only 30 minutes but can then be quickly folded back to its original size for easy transportation by one person.

Cardboard Office by RO&AD Architects, Eindhoven, Netherlands 2011

Cardborigami Shelter for homeless people in Los Angeles by Tina Hovsepian 2008

12

If you have ever played on a bouncy castle at a birthday party then you have experienced inflatable architecture. Basically, inflatable structures are just very big balloons.

INFLATABLE STRUCTURES – BLOW THEM UP!



Simple inflatable structures are easily made, repaired, and transported. All you need are some plastic sheets, some tape and some fans to blow them up. This makes them perfect for use in temporary architectural projects.

Mobile Action Space by Raumlabor Architects is an inflatable venue for 120 people, Berlin, Germany 2009

What’s that hissing noise

Susan? Oh no! I knew I shouldn’t have worn my high

heels.

13

Inflatable structures can have a huge range of uses. Some have been built as performance spaces, others as pavilions and recently NASA has announced that it is about to test a prototype inflatable module which will provide astronauts with an extra bedroom on the International Space Station. This inflatable room will fit into a 2.1m tube for transportation to the Space Station. If the module is a success, the inflatable technology could be used to build the first space hotel.

THE ICEHOTEL



Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM) for the International Space Station

Ark Nova Concert Hall by sculptor Anish Kapoor and architect Arata Isozaki, Tohoku, Japan 2012

14

Modular buildings are built using prefabricated components. This means that parts of the building have been built elsewhere, probably in a factory then delivered onto the building site and assembled like a big 3D jigsaw puzzle. There are many benefits to building like this. 1. It can be a cheaper way of constructing buildings because the construction time on site is reduced. 2. Also many copies of the same component can be made and the components can be made very accurately. 3. The components can often be recycled and used again after the life of the building is over. 4. Sometimes components which have been fabricated for another reason can be recycled and used to construct modular buildings. These advantages make modular building techniques perfect for temporary architecture. Argentine artist Tomás Saraceno’s amazing modular structure called “Cloud City” is both art and architecture and was built on top of the Museum of Art in New York in 2012. Based on geometric modules it was constructed with the use of reflective materials like glass and stainless steel.

MODULAR STRUCTURES – BUILDING WITH BITS



Barry, you know they say “modular architecture is

the future of construction.”

Yeah. I don’t know what all the fuss is

about. I’ve been building modular structures since

1958.

15

When architects Site Specific were asked to design a new Mazda car dealership in Bangkok they decided to use modular building techniques. They chose to use recycled shipping containers to construct the building. The shipping containers were proposed for four reasons: 1. They reduce the carbon footprint of the construction process by recycling existing materials. 2. It allowed the building to have an industrial appearance. 3. The containers are modular, which allows them to construct the building in phases. 4. Should the Mazda dealership ever need to move, the entire structure can be dismantled, transported and rebuilt in a new location.



Scaffolding is a type of modular building component which is often used to construct temporary structures. Scaffolding can be rented from local companies to reduce cost. It is lightweight, easily transportable and very fast to assemble and disassemble.

Across the Courtyard a design for a temporary theatre uses scaffolding and bales of hay to construct the walls.

16

A tensile structure is a construction of elements which are being stretched or in tension. Most tensile structures consist of a strong thin waterproof material or membrane supported by masts, or beams. This membrane is normally stretched around the edge using steel cables and used as a roof. This type of structure can provide an attractive and economical shelter which can cover a large area.

TENSILE STRUCTURES – STRETCH IT!



The O2 Centre (previously the Millennium Dome) designed by Richard Rodgers is a famous example of a tensile structure. Tensile structures are ideal as temporary shelters for special events and performances. They can be quickly installed and then removed as short notice.

Mast support

Ring beam

Steel cables

Membrane

Tensile Structure Diagram

O2 Centre by Richard Rogers Architects, London

Hey! What are you doing?

I’m just testing this membrane for a tensile

structure.

rubber band

17

One such tensile structure is in Kingly Court London to provide short term temporary cover for events such as fashion shows. The structures are shaped like upside-down fabric cones to protect the vast courtyard below from any bad weather.



Three relocatable shooting ranges were designed by MAGMA Architects for the London 2012 Olympic Games. Tensile structures made from PVC fabric were used to create these unique buildings. They are now dismantled but can be reused for future sporting events.

Another temporary tensile canopy is installed in the summer every year in Holland Park, London to create a performance space for operas. The new canopy which was installed in 2007 is free standing and consists of four main masts in two V-shaped configurations.

Kingly Court Canopy London

Holland Park Canopy London

Olympic Games Shooting Ranges by MAGMA Architects, London, 2012

18



Underbelly Inflatable Performance Venue Fringe Festival Edinburgh

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