Credit: Lucas Taylor
Credit: CERN
Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
Big Ma
chines
Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
Big Ma
chines
High Energies
Credit: CERN
Credit: Lucas Taylor
High Energies
and Tiny Particles
Big Ma
chines
Frederik Van der Veken
INSPYRE 2020
Physicsat the
Femtoscale
Whát scale… ?
1
5cm
(10-2m)
5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
Femto!(10-15m)
5cm
(10-2m)
1Å
(10-10m)
0.01pm
(10-14m)
1am
(10-18m)
Femto!(10-15m)
Credit: CERN
Credit: CERN
Credit: CERN
Big machines
reach high energy
By accelerating protons
(of femtometer size)
and use them to search
for tiny particles
Big Machines
2
Particle Colliders
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
Particle CollidersAccelerate: increase the energy of their particles
Collide: smash two particles on each other to release extreme energy
Detect: observe the creation of (new) particles
Understand: analyse the results, to deeply probe the mysteries of Life
Humans, not machines (though this is changing…)
Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider
Particle CollidersPrime example: the Large Hadron Collider
26.659 km 9593 magnets 1~2 billion collisions / s
Magnets?
Accelerators
Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicular
Accelerators
Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction
Like pushing a swing from the side
Accelerators
Magnets?
Lorentz force is perpendicularEffect of magnet is in ‘wrong’ direction
Like pushing a swing from the side
Accelerators
Accelerators
Electric field
Accelerators
Electric field
Force is longitudinal
Credit: JLAB
Accelerators
Electric field
: cavities
Field should be positive at right moment
Correct timing is crucial
Credit: CERNForce is longitudinal
Credit: JLAB
Accelerators
But.. But..
But.. But..
LHC has 9600 magnets!
Then.. why?
But.. But..
LHC has 9600 magnets!
Magnets
dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
Magnets
dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
quadrupole: focussing
Credit: CERN
Magnets
higher orders: other stuff
dipole: bending
Credit: CERN
quadrupole: focussing
Credit: CERN
Magnets
The Large Hadron Collider
The Large Hadron Collider
Detectors
The Large Hadron Collider
AccelerationDetectors
The Large Hadron Collider
Acceleration
Beam dump
Detectors
The Large Hadron Collider
Acceleration
Beam dump
Beam cleaning
Detectors
The Accelerator Complex
LINAC 2
North Area
LINAC 3Ions
East Area
TI2TI8
TT41TT40
CLEAR
TT2
TT10
TT66
e-
ALICE
ATLAS
LHCb
CMS
SPS
TT20
n
p
p
RIBsp
1976 (7 km)
ISOLDE1992
2016
REX/HIE2001/2015
IRRAD/CHARM
BOOSTER1972 (157 m)
AD1999 (182 m)
LEIR2005 (78 m)
AWAKE
n-ToF2001
LHC2008 (27 km)
PS1959 (628 m)
2011
2016
2015
HiRadMat
GIF++CENF
p (protons) ions RIBs (Radioactive Ion Beams) n (neutrons) –p (antiprotons) e- (electrons)
2016 (31 m)ELENA
LHC - Large Hadron Collider // SPS - Super Proton Synchrotron // PS - Proton Synchrotron // AD - Antiproton Decelerator // CLEAR - CERN Linear
Electron Accelerator for Research // AWAKE - Advanced WAKefield Experiment // ISOLDE - Isotope Separator OnLine // REX/HIE - Radioactive
EXperiment/High Intensity and Energy ISOLDE // LEIR - Low Energy Ion Ring // LINAC - LINear ACcelerator // n-ToF - Neutrons Time Of Flight //
HiRadMat - High-Radiation to Materials // CHARM - Cern High energy AcceleRator Mixed field facility // IRRAD - proton IRRADiation facility //
GIF++ - Gamma Irradiation Facility // CENF - CErn Neutrino platForm
2017
The CERN accelerator complexComplexe des accélérateurs du CERN
Detectors
Detectors
Tiny particles
3
What are wemade of?
What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
Why does everythingjust “work”?
What are wemade of?
What is the universemade of?
Why does everythingjust “work”?
… ?
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
17particles
The Standard Model
High Energy
4
High Energy Physics
How do we do it?
How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
p
p
How do we do it?Black Box Mechanism:
we know what we put in we measure what comes out use statistics to deduce what happened in between
p
p new
physi
cs
Statistics!
Statistics!Higgs found!
Example process
Statistics!Higgs found!
Example process
Statistics!Higgs found!
Black box: Can be everything; we don’t know (Higgs, photon, gluon, ….) Use statistics and probability to peek into process
It walks like a Higgs…
Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
quark, lepton
antiquark, antilepton
photon
gluon
weak boson
Notations
Inside the Black BoxFeynman diagrams
quark, lepton
antiquark, antilepton
photon
gluon
weak boson
Notations Interactions
The Future
5
Expanding the search…
Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better
Expanding the search…Bigger, larger, better
(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?
(Anti)Matter AsymmetryHidden somewhere far?
Created asymmetrically?
(Anti)Matter Asymmetry
Asymmetric decay?
Hidden somewhere far?
Created asymmetrically?
Dark Matter
Dark MatterBlack holes?
Dark Matter
WIMPs?
Black holes?
Dark Matter
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
Dark Matter
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
Dark Matter
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
WIMPs?
Sterile neutrinos?
Black holes?
Dark Energy
Dark Energy
Variable energy field?
Dark Energy
Fundamental property of space?
Variable energy field?
Dark Energy
Fundamental property of space?
Gravity behaves different at large scales?
Variable energy field?
One more thing..
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
String Theory
?
Basic Bricks of the Universe
Credit: http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.1769
String Theory
?Nah..
These are open questions left to be explored…
Thank you for your attention
Questions?