Crime in AmericaCrime in America

Chapter 1Chapter 1

The Study of CrimeThe Study of Crime

Perception of CrimePerception of Crime

MediaMedia

1. Distortion1. Distortion

2. Consequences2. Consequences

Social ScientistsSocial Scientists

• Domain of StudyDomain of Study• ParametersParameters• Norms & ValuesNorms & Values• LawsLaws• SanctionsSanctions

Characteristics of CrimeCharacteristics of Crime

• Social HarmSocial Harm• DevianceDeviance• Criminal IntentCriminal Intent

– Mens rea Mens rea – Mala prohibitaMala prohibita– Strict liabilityStrict liability– ExcusesExcuses– JustificationsJustifications

Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquency

• Adjudicated delinquentAdjudicated delinquent• Criminal behaviorCriminal behavior• Status offenseStatus offense• AdjudicationAdjudication

– FilingFiling– ResultsResults– In re Gualt In re Gualt

• Annual ReportAnnual Report

Strategies of Criminal Strategies of Criminal Justice ResearchJustice Research

• ComparativeComparative• HistoricalHistorical• BiographicalBiographical• PatternsPatterns

– Criminal historyCriminal history– Cohorts studyCohorts study

• SurveysSurveys• ExperimentsExperiments• ObservationsObservations• Mathematical Mathematical

modelsmodels• Integrated modelsIntegrated models

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 2Chapter 2

Measuring CrimeMeasuring Crime

Classical CriminologyClassical Criminology

• The age of The age of enlightenmentenlightenment

• Cesare Cesare Beccaria(1738-Beccaria(1738-1794)1794)

• Essay on crime Essay on crime and punishmentand punishment

• Rational thoughtRational thought• ConsequencesConsequences

• Free WillFree Will• Harm to SocietyHarm to Society• Role of JudgesRole of Judges• DeterrenceDeterrence

CartographyCartography

• Maps and chartsMaps and charts• Crime dataCrime data• Emile Durkheim Emile Durkheim

(1858-1917)(1858-1917)

• Initial applicationsInitial applications• Initial conclusionsInitial conclusions

PositivismPositivism

• Elimination of Elimination of Free willFree will

• Scientific Scientific neutralityneutrality

• Crime or CriminalCrime or Criminal

• Ceasare Ceasare Lombroso(1835-Lombroso(1835-1909)1909)

• Enrico Ferri(1856-Enrico Ferri(1856-1929)1929)

• Raffaele Raffaele Garofalo(1852-Garofalo(1852-1934)1934)

Official Crime StatisticsOfficial Crime Statistics

• Reported CrimeReported Crime• Agency ResponsibleAgency Responsible• Crime IndexCrime Index

– Part IPart I– Part IIPart II

Part I Index CrimesPart I Index Crimes

• Crimes against a Crimes against a personperson– MurderMurder– Forcible RapeForcible Rape– Aggravated Aggravated

assaultassault– RobberyRobbery

• Crimes against Crimes against propertyproperty– BurglaryBurglary– Grand TheftGrand Theft– Motor Vehicle Motor Vehicle

TheftTheft– ArsonArson

Official Crime ReportingOfficial Crime Reporting

• Crime ratesCrime rates– PrevalencePrevalence– IncidenceIncidence

• Police responsePolice response– ProactiveProactive– ReactiveReactive– ClearanceClearance

• Non-reportingNon-reporting– Recording Recording

practicespractices– Political Political

atmosphereatmosphere– Policy implicationsPolicy implications

Victimization DataVictimization Data

• The Dark Figure of CrimeThe Dark Figure of Crime• NCVSNCVS• Methodical IssuesMethodical Issues

– SourceSource– SizeSize– External ValidityExternal Validity– Internal ValidityInternal Validity

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 3Chapter 3

• Crime and It’s CostCrime and It’s Cost

Types of CrimeTypes of Crime

• ConventionalConventional• White CollarWhite Collar• OrganizedOrganized

• VictimlessVictimless• Crimes against Crimes against

the personthe person• Crimes against Crimes against

propertyproperty

Types of CostTypes of Cost

• Direct lossDirect loss• Transfer of propertyTransfer of property• Criminal violence Criminal violence

costscosts• Illegal expendituresIllegal expenditures• Enforcement costsEnforcement costs• Prevention & Prevention &

protection costsprotection costs

Distribution of CrimeDistribution of Crime

• ViolenceViolence• PropertyProperty• RaceRace• GenderGender• RelationshipRelationship

Specific CrimesSpecific Crimes

• MurderMurder• Forcible rapeForcible rape• RobberyRobbery• AssaultAssault• BurglaryBurglary• Larceny-theftLarceny-theft• Motor vehicle theftMotor vehicle theft• ArsonArson

• FraudFraud• VandalismVandalism• Organized crimeOrganized crime• White collar crimeWhite collar crime• Victimless crimeVictimless crime

– Drug useDrug use– GamblingGambling– ProstitutionProstitution

Fear of CrimeFear of Crime

• Economic responseEconomic response

• Social responseSocial response

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 4Chapter 4

Dimensions of CrimeDimensions of Crime

Cross-NationalCross-National

• Economic Economic developmentdevelopment– Murder ratesMurder rates– Non-lethal Non-lethal

offensesoffenses

• Cultural Cultural influencesinfluences– HeterogenicHeterogenic– HomogenicHomogenic

Regional VariationsRegional Variations

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Murder Property

Offenses

N. East

Mid. W.

West

South

Variations by CommunityVariations by Community

• United StatesUnited States– SizeSize– DensityDensity– Economic Economic

developmentdevelopment

• Multi-nationalMulti-national– Cultural issuesCultural issues– Social processSocial process– Economic Economic

developmentdevelopment

Concentric Zone Theory

Factory Zone

f Zone of Transition

Workingmen’s

Homes Zone

Residential Zone

Commuter Zone

Ecology of CrimeEcology of Crime

• Rodney StarksRodney Starks• Urban neighborhoodUrban neighborhood

– DevianceDeviance– DensityDensity– PovertyPoverty– Mixed usedMixed used– TransientTransient– DilapidationDilapidation

• Broken Window SyndromeBroken Window Syndrome

Geography of CrimeGeography of Crime

• TriadTriad– Location of crimeLocation of crime– Residence of offenderResidence of offender– Residence of victimResidence of victim

• White Collar Crime White Collar Crime

• DyadDyad– Location of crimeLocation of crime– Residence of Residence of

offenderoffender

Migration and CrimeMigration and Crime

• NationalNational• SeasonalSeasonal• TypologyTypology

– YoungYoung– MaleMale– SingleSingle– Family tiesFamily ties

• The American The American ExperienceExperience

• Thomas SellinThomas Sellin• Culture Conflict & Culture Conflict &

CrimeCrime• Inter-generationalInter-generational

Seasonal Variations in Seasonal Variations in CrimeCrime

• WinterWinter

• SpringSpring

• SummerSummer

• FallFall

Annual Variations in CrimeAnnual Variations in Crime

• Uniform Crime Uniform Crime ReportReport

• National Crime National Crime Victimization Victimization SurveySurvey

Gender VariationGender Variation

• OffenderOffender– AdultAdult– JuvenileJuvenile

• VictimVictim– AdultAdult– JuvenileJuvenile

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 5Chapter 5

Biological & PsychologicalBiological & Psychological

ExplanationExplanation

Early Scientific Early Scientific ContributionsContributions

• PhysiognomiesPhysiognomies • PhrenologistsPhrenologists

Response to LombrosoResponse to Lombroso

• Charles GoringCharles Goring– The English The English

ConvictConvict– MethodologyMethodology– ConclusionConclusion

• Earnest HootonEarnest Hooton– American American

AnthropologistAnthropologist– InfluencesInfluences– Organic statusOrganic status– ConclusionConclusion

Father of CriminologyFather of Criminology

• Ceasare LombrosoCeasare Lombroso• AtavismAtavism

– Born criminalBorn criminal– Out of timeOut of time– Physical characteristicsPhysical characteristics

Response to LombrosoResponse to Lombroso

• Charles GoringCharles Goring– The English The English

ConvictConvict– Challenged Challenged

methodologymethodology– ConclusionConclusion

• Earnest HootonEarnest Hooton– American American

anthropologistanthropologist– InfluencesInfluences– Organic statusOrganic status– ConclusionConclusion

SomatotyesSomatotyes

• William SheldonWilliam Sheldon– Integrated theoryIntegrated theory– Biological & PsychologicalBiological & Psychological

• EndomorphsEndomorphs• EctomorphsEctomorphs• MesomorphsMesomorphs

– Juvenile applicationJuvenile application

Biological ResearchBiological Researchon Crimeon Crime

• Variables of vulnerabilitiesVariables of vulnerabilities• Twin studiesTwin studies

– IdenticalIdentical– FraternalFraternal– Concordance rateConcordance rate

• Nature vs. NurtureNature vs. Nurture

Additional Biological Additional Biological TheoriesTheories

• XYY ChromosomeXYY Chromosome– Super-maleSuper-male

• Gender distinctionsGender distinctions– Cultural influencesCultural influences

• Premenstrual syndromePremenstrual syndrome– Aggression—ViolenceAggression—Violence– ““The chicken or the egg ?”The chicken or the egg ?”

• Biochemical factorsBiochemical factors• Learning disabilitiesLearning disabilities

– ADHDADHD

Contemporary ApplicationsContemporary Applicationsof Biological Theoriesof Biological Theories

• Volumes of researchVolumes of research• Political applicationPolitical application• Social challengesSocial challenges• Environmental influencesEnvironmental influences• General applicationGeneral application

Psychological Explanation Psychological Explanation of Crimeof Crime

• Intelligence and CrimeIntelligence and Crime– Standardize testingStandardize testing– Comparative analysisComparative analysis– Intelligence and class structureIntelligence and class structure– Policy and social implicationsPolicy and social implications

Personality and CrimePersonality and Crime

• Criminal personalityCriminal personality• TypologyTypology• Thought patternsThought patterns• Situational response Situational response • Clinical applicationClinical application

Self-Discipline & CrimeSelf-Discipline & Crime

• Social controlsSocial controls• Self-controlSelf-control• Instigation to aggressionInstigation to aggression• Contextual effectContextual effect• Simplistic psychosociallySimplistic psychosocially• ConsequencesConsequences

Aggressiveness & CrimeAggressiveness & Crime

• Habit strengthHabit strength• Inhibitors against aggressionInhibitors against aggression• Stimulus factorsStimulus factors• CompetitionCompetition

Specific Criminal Specific Criminal PersonalitiesPersonalities

• Homicidal ChildrenHomicidal Children– TypologyTypology– InfluencesInfluences

• RapistsRapists– ExploitativeExploitative– CompensatoryCompensatory– Displace angerDisplace anger– SadisticSadistic

Personality InventoriesPersonality Inventories

• MMPIMMPI• Psychopathic deviate scalePsychopathic deviate scale• Schizophrenia scaleSchizophrenia scale• Hypomania scaleHypomania scale• Justice Model scaleJustice Model scale

Specific Mental DisordersSpecific Mental Disorders

• Antisocial Antisocial Personality Personality DisorderDisorder– Conduct DisorderConduct Disorder– TypologyTypology– Clinical applicationClinical application

• SchizophreniaSchizophrenia– Mood DisorderMood Disorder– Propensity for Propensity for

crimecrime– De-institutionaliza-De-institutionaliza-

tiontion

Psychology & Criminal LawPsychology & Criminal Law

• Insanity StandardInsanity Standard– M’NaughtenM’Naughten– Brawner RuleBrawner Rule– Substantial Capacity TestSubstantial Capacity Test– Insanity Defense Reform ActInsanity Defense Reform Act– Guilty But Mentally illGuilty But Mentally ill

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 6Chapter 6

Social Cultural, and Economic Social Cultural, and Economic Sources of CrimeSources of Crime

Free EnterpriseFree Enterprise

• White Collar CrimeWhite Collar Crime• Situational EntrepreneurSituational Entrepreneur• Pursuit of profitPursuit of profit• CompetitionCompetition• Comparative analysisComparative analysis

– CapitalisticCapitalistic– Socialist Socialist

Market StructureMarket Structure

• Seller concentrationSeller concentration• Product differentiationProduct differentiation• Trust and CreditTrust and Credit

– ObligationObligation– FraudFraud

• Corporate CrimeCorporate Crime– Bureaucratic structureBureaucratic structure– Working conditionsWorking conditions– Rational decision makingRational decision making

Computer CrimeComputer Crime

• Unauthorized dataUnauthorized data• Manipulation of dataManipulation of data• File creationFile creation• HackingHacking• Hardware, software, timeHardware, software, time• Support criminal enterprisingSupport criminal enterprising• ShavingShaving• AccessAccess• LogisticsLogistics• Electronic transferElectronic transfer

Organized CrimeOrganized Crime

• Contraband moralityContraband morality• ProhibitionProhibition

– Volstead ActVolstead Act– Wickersham commissionWickersham commission

• GamblingGambling• Loan sharkingLoan sharking• Illegal drugsIllegal drugs• Bankruptcy and stock fraudBankruptcy and stock fraud• Disposal of toxic wasteDisposal of toxic waste• ExtortionExtortion• Dark EconomyDark Economy

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

• Labor MarketLabor Market• Production expansionProduction expansion• UnemploymentUnemployment• PovertyPoverty

– ActualActual– RelativeRelative– EquityEquity

Means to CrimeMeans to Crime

• GoalsGoals– LegitimateLegitimate– IllegitimateIllegitimate

• MeansMeans– LegitimateLegitimate– IllegitimateIllegitimate

• Anomie to StrainAnomie to Strain• Durkheim to MertonDurkheim to Merton

• General Strain TheoryGeneral Strain Theory

• Modes of Modes of AdaptationAdaptation– ConformityConformity– InnovationInnovation– RitualismRitualism– RetreatismRetreatism– RebellionRebellion

Differential OpportunityDifferential Opportunity

• Focus GroupFocus Group• CultureCulture• Legitimate chancesLegitimate chances• Learning StructureLearning Structure• Available resourcesAvailable resources

Social Class, Values, & Social Class, Values, & DelinquencyDelinquency

• Reaction Formation TheoryReaction Formation Theory– Albert CohenAlbert Cohen– Available meansAvailable means– Conflicting valuesConflicting values

• Lower-Class Culture TheoryLower-Class Culture Theory– Walter MillerWalter Miller– Focal ConcernsFocal Concerns

• Subculture of Violence TheorySubculture of Violence Theory– Marvin Wolfgang & Franco FerracutiMarvin Wolfgang & Franco Ferracuti– Values and normsValues and norms– Expected behaviorExpected behavior

Crime in AmericaCrime in AmericaChapter 7Chapter 7

Social Control and Social Control and Commitment to the LawCommitment to the Law

The Drift TheoryThe Drift Theory

• Matza & SykesMatza & Sykes• Free WillFree Will• ValuesValues• Subterranean Subterranean

valuesvalues• Selective behaviorSelective behavior

• Techniques of Techniques of NeutralizationNeutralization– Denial of responsibilityDenial of responsibility– Denial of injuryDenial of injury– Denial of the victimDenial of the victim– Condemnation of the Condemnation of the

condemnerscondemners– Appeal to higher Appeal to higher

authoritiesauthorities

Techniques of Techniques of Neutralization-ExpandedNeutralization-Expanded

• Additional techniquesAdditional techniques– Defense of necessityDefense of necessity– Defense of the ledgerDefense of the ledger– Denial of equal justiceDenial of equal justice– Everyone’s doing itEveryone’s doing it– Claim of entitlementClaim of entitlement

• Application of Application of neutralizationneutralization– EmbezzlementEmbezzlement– Legitimacy for Legitimacy for

minoritiesminorities– Crimes of violenceCrimes of violence– DelinquencyDelinquency