Criminal InvestigationCriminal InvestigationUnit 2 LectureUnit 2 Lecture Instructor:

Joe Yocum

Criminal Investigation: A Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing Method for Reconstructing

the Pastthe Past 55thth Edition Edition

By James W. Osterburg and RICHARD h. WardBy James W. Osterburg and RICHARD h. Ward

Copyright 2007Copyright 2007Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., a member of the

LexisNexis Group Newark, N.J.LexisNexis Group Newark, N.J.877-374-2919877-374-2919

Grade Book CommentsGrade Book Comments

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Physical Evidence:Physical Evidence:Discovery, Preservation, Collection, Discovery, Preservation, Collection,

TransmissionTransmission

Osterburg & Ward, 2007

Modus OperandiModus Operandi

What is Modus Operandi?What is Modus Operandi? Please give a practical examplePlease give a practical example

Modus Operandi (MO)Modus Operandi (MO)

Modus Operandi (MO) is an offender’s pattern of Modus Operandi (MO) is an offender’s pattern of operation, their method of preparing for and operation, their method of preparing for and committing a criminal act.committing a criminal act.

Generally, the term modus operandi (M.O.) Generally, the term modus operandi (M.O.) represents the functional components which are represents the functional components which are necessary for an offender to be successful in necessary for an offender to be successful in committing a crime (Keppel, 1997; Douglas et al. committing a crime (Keppel, 1997; Douglas et al. 1992).  1992). 

Modus Operandi (MO)Modus Operandi (MO) Ideally, MO characteristics can identify an offender. When an Ideally, MO characteristics can identify an offender. When an

individual has an arrest record and a unique MO is on file, an individual has an arrest record and a unique MO is on file, an identification may occur if the MO is used again and identification may occur if the MO is used again and recognized.recognized.

In general, however, MO characteristics are not sufficiently In general, however, MO characteristics are not sufficiently unique for this purpose. Often, they’re the same as a dozen unique for this purpose. Often, they’re the same as a dozen others.others.

MO can lead to the identification of an offender when a string MO can lead to the identification of an offender when a string of crimes is recognized as having a common perpetrator and of crimes is recognized as having a common perpetrator and the respective clues are pooled and used inductively.the respective clues are pooled and used inductively.

The pooled information also can send the investigator to The pooled information also can send the investigator to search records, set up a surveillance, or seek out an search records, set up a surveillance, or seek out an informant. informant.

(Osterburg & Ward, 2007).(Osterburg & Ward, 2007).

M.O.- Additional DefinitionM.O.- Additional Definition MO stands for Modus Operandi and it literally means MO stands for Modus Operandi and it literally means

way of working, and it’s what an offender does in way of working, and it’s what an offender does in order to carry out a crime. order to carry out a crime.

For example, a burglar who always uses a glass cutter For example, a burglar who always uses a glass cutter to gain access to a house is demonstrating an aspect to gain access to a house is demonstrating an aspect of his or her MO or way of working. of his or her MO or way of working.

From an investigative point of view analysis of the From an investigative point of view analysis of the offenders MO can be used to link cases at crime offenders MO can be used to link cases at crime scenes, however, a major stumbling block is that an scenes, however, a major stumbling block is that an offenders MO (way of working) can change. offenders MO (way of working) can change.

http://ezinearticles.com/?Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-http://ezinearticles.com/?Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Ripper-And-Signature-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Ripper-And-Signature-Behavior&id=258078Behavior&id=258078 (Accessed 03/10/10). (Accessed 03/10/10).

Jack the Ripper’s Modus Jack the Ripper’s Modus OperandiOperandi

He attacked white female prostitutes in their 40’s He attacked white female prostitutes in their 40’s A cluster of victims within a short distance of each other. A cluster of victims within a short distance of each other. The first four victims Mary Nichols, Annie Chapman, The first four victims Mary Nichols, Annie Chapman,

Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were killed and Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were killed and found outdoors in the Whitechapel area; then he changed found outdoors in the Whitechapel area; then he changed his MO by killing and leaving the fifth victim Mary Kelly, his MO by killing and leaving the fifth victim Mary Kelly, indoors. indoors.

By choosing to murder Kelly indoors, the killer By choosing to murder Kelly indoors, the killer demonstrated that he was an experienced night time cat demonstrated that he was an experienced night time cat burglar and stalker, as he attacked all his victims in the burglar and stalker, as he attacked all his victims in the early morning hours when dawn was approachingearly morning hours when dawn was approaching

SignatureSignature

What is Signature? What is Signature? Share some practical examples Share some practical examples

please.please.

““The Wet Bandits”The Wet Bandits”

“All the great ones leave their mark... We're the Wet Bandits!”

SignatureSignature

Innate behavior that is static and rigid Innate behavior that is static and rigid Behavior that remains the same over time. Behavior that remains the same over time. This behavior relates to the things offenders are This behavior relates to the things offenders are

psychologically compelled to do over and above psychologically compelled to do over and above what it takes to commit the crime. what it takes to commit the crime. http://ezinearticles.com/?Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-http://ezinearticles.com/?Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Ripper-And-Signature-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Ripper-And-Signature-Behavior&id=258078Behavior&id=258078 (Accessed 03/10/10). (Accessed 03/10/10).

Signature BehaviorsSignature Behaviors

Signature behaviors are those acts committed by an Signature behaviors are those acts committed by an offender that are not necessary to complete the offense. offender that are not necessary to complete the offense.

Their convergence can be used to suggest an offender’s Their convergence can be used to suggest an offender’s psychological or emotional needs (signature aspect). psychological or emotional needs (signature aspect).

They are best understood as a reflection of the They are best understood as a reflection of the underlying personality, lifestyle, and developmental underlying personality, lifestyle, and developmental experiences of an offender. experiences of an offender. http://ezinearticles.com/?http://ezinearticles.com/?Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Going-Beyond-The-Mo:-Criminal-Profiling,-Jack-The-Ripper-And-Signature-Behavior&id=258078Ripper-And-Signature-Behavior&id=258078 (Accessed (Accessed 03/10/10).03/10/10).

Jack the Ripper’s Signature Jack the Ripper’s Signature

This relates to what he did This relates to what he did over and aboveover and above what what was necessary to commit the crime, it transcends was necessary to commit the crime, it transcends the MOthe MO

Each victim was posed in a sexually degrading Each victim was posed in a sexually degrading position, intentionally left that way so the position, intentionally left that way so the discovery of the bodies would startle the people discovery of the bodies would startle the people who found them. They were not concealed or who found them. They were not concealed or hidden away, but placed in locations where they hidden away, but placed in locations where they would be easily discovered. would be easily discovered.

Jack the Ripper’s Signature Jack the Ripper’s Signature

The placing of the victims The placing of the victims on their back, grotesquely on their back, grotesquely laid out with their throats laid out with their throats cut and viscera exposed or cut and viscera exposed or missing, reflect the cruel missing, reflect the cruel reality of the killer, his total reality of the killer, his total mastery over their bodies. mastery over their bodies. The pleasure for the killer The pleasure for the killer was demonstrating each was demonstrating each victims vulnerability.victims vulnerability.

Catherine Eddowes – murdered on September 30th 1888. http://www.bing.com/images/search?

q=jack+the+ripper+victims&FORM=IGRE#

Jack the Ripper’s Signature Jack the Ripper’s Signature

Incidentally Keppel does not believe that all Incidentally Keppel does not believe that all the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper the murders attributed to Jack the Ripper where in fact carried out by him. where in fact carried out by him.

Keppel claims that in the case of three of Keppel claims that in the case of three of his alleged victims, there were fundamental his alleged victims, there were fundamental differences in the signature of these crimes differences in the signature of these crimes compared to the others.compared to the others.

Jack the Ripper’s Signature Jack the Ripper’s Signature

However, there is no doubt However, there is no doubt that like his fellow writers on that like his fellow writers on the topic Keppel firmly believes the topic Keppel firmly believes that signature behavior that signature behavior represents a real and intrinsic represents a real and intrinsic part of the offender’s part of the offender’s personality.personality.

"Hidden among the evidence, "Hidden among the evidence, often gleaned from the marks often gleaned from the marks and wounds on the victim’s and wounds on the victim’s body…these signatures are the body…these signatures are the only ways the killer truly only ways the killer truly expresses himself.“expresses himself.“

(Keppel & Burns). (Keppel & Burns).Mary Kelly- Murdered on November 9th 1888. http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=jack+the+ripper+victims&FORM=IGRE#

M.O. vs. SignatureM.O. vs. Signature The signature of a crime is often mistaken for The signature of a crime is often mistaken for

the MO, but is entirely different. the MO, but is entirely different. The signature is the psychological calling The signature is the psychological calling

card of the killer, his or her personal stamp. card of the killer, his or her personal stamp. The MO is strictly limited to the aspects The MO is strictly limited to the aspects

necessary to carry out the crime, anything necessary to carry out the crime, anything beyond that is part of the signature. beyond that is part of the signature.

The signature, unlike the MO, is immutable The signature, unlike the MO, is immutable and never varies. A killer can develop and never varies. A killer can develop different techniques and methods of killing, different techniques and methods of killing, but the motive behind the killing remains but the motive behind the killing remains constant. constant.

M.O. vs. SignatureM.O. vs. Signature Many officials throughout history have Many officials throughout history have

overlooked killers' signatures, as knowledge of overlooked killers' signatures, as knowledge of signatures did not come about until the late signatures did not come about until the late 1900's. 1900's.

The signature is the common thread that The signature is the common thread that connects the crimes of a specific killer, the connects the crimes of a specific killer, the similarities that are apparent in all of the cases. similarities that are apparent in all of the cases. The signature remains constant even when the The signature remains constant even when the MO is deliberately altered to confuse authorities. MO is deliberately altered to confuse authorities. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/26120http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/261205/william_heirens_interpreting_the_signature.htm5/william_heirens_interpreting_the_signature.htmll (Accessed 3/10/10) (Accessed 3/10/10)

Preservation of Evidence Legal Preservation of Evidence Legal RequirementsRequirements

IdentificationIdentification Item of evidence must be identical with that Item of evidence must be identical with that

discovered at crime scene or secured at arrestdiscovered at crime scene or secured at arrest

Continuity of possession/chain of Continuity of possession/chain of custodycustody Evidence must be accounted for from time Evidence must be accounted for from time

of discovery until presentation in courtof discovery until presentation in court

Vulnerability of evidenceVulnerability of evidence Evidence must be logged in a timely fashionEvidence must be logged in a timely fashion

Osterburg & Ward, 2007Osterburg & Ward, 2007

Chapter 4Chapter 4

People as a Source People as a Source of Informationof Information

Osterburg & Ward, 2007

Follow-Up ActivitiesFollow-Up Activities

SurveillanceSurveillance

Lineup Lineup (identification parade)(identification parade)

Neighborhood canvassNeighborhood canvass

Questioning peopleQuestioning people

Aids to Questioning PeopleAids to Questioning People

Polygraph examinationsPolygraph examinations Voice stress analysisVoice stress analysis HypnosisHypnosis Nonverbal communicationNonverbal communication

KinesicsKinesics ParalinguisticsParalinguistics ProxemicsProxemics

Assignments for Unit 2Assignments for Unit 2

If you haven’t done so already….If you haven’t done so already….……be sure you complete the Discussion Board (DB) be sure you complete the Discussion Board (DB)

portion of the classportion of the class

Respond to the DB topic and reply to, at least, two Respond to the DB topic and reply to, at least, two posts by classmatesposts by classmates

If you missed the Seminar, complete the Seminar If you missed the Seminar, complete the Seminar Make-up EssayMake-up Essay

Complete the Unit 2 Quiz… pick up easy course Complete the Unit 2 Quiz… pick up easy course points!!points!!

Criminal Investigation Criminal Investigation

APA Citation StyleAPA Citation Style

William T ForbesWilliam T ForbesKaplan UniversityKaplan University

When to cite?When to cite?

Whenever you are referring to an idea Whenever you are referring to an idea that is not uniquely your own, one that that is not uniquely your own, one that has been drawn from another source, has been drawn from another source, you must “cite” that idea as someone you must “cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most common example is else’s. The most common example is from a periodical or book:from a periodical or book: Criminal investigation must be conducted Criminal investigation must be conducted

within the framework of our democratic within the framework of our democratic system (system (Osterburg & Ward, 2007Osterburg & Ward, 2007).).

When to cite?When to cite?

The citation follows the expression of The citation follows the expression of the idea; typically at the end of a the idea; typically at the end of a sentence (an exception would be sentence (an exception would be when you express two or more ideas when you express two or more ideas in one sentence:in one sentence:• Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (Jones, 2005Jones, 2005).).

This is the citation

When to cite?When to cite?

The order of the citation is important, The order of the citation is important, and should include, in parenthesis, and should include, in parenthesis, the author’s name, a comma, and the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication:the year of publication:• Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (Jones, 2005Jones, 2005).).

Author name Year

When to cite?When to cite?

You must cite the particular book You must cite the particular book each time you draw from it; not just each time you draw from it; not just the first time you use it in a text. the first time you use it in a text.

When to cite?When to cite? If your citation refers to a specific page or pages, If your citation refers to a specific page or pages,

you should also include that in your citation:you should also include that in your citation:• Motive is an important factor in pointing to Motive is an important factor in pointing to

possible suspects in a homicide. Often there is a possible suspects in a homicide. Often there is a personal relationship between victim and personal relationship between victim and perpetrator that, if subjected to stress may impel perpetrator that, if subjected to stress may impel one of them to kill the other. (one of them to kill the other. (Osterburg & Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 355Ward, 2007, p. 355).).

Page number

When to cite?When to cite?

Important: if you directly quote a Important: if you directly quote a text, you must put the quote in text, you must put the quote in quotation marks:quotation marks:• ““Community policing involves Community policing involves

developing a relationship between developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” citizens and the police department” according to one source (according to one source (Jones, 2005, Jones, 2005, p. 48p. 48).).

Note the blue portion is a direct quote from the Jones source

When to cite?When to cite?

As mentioned earlier, you might have As mentioned earlier, you might have two ideas from two different sources two ideas from two different sources (notice the placement of the first (notice the placement of the first citation after the first idea):citation after the first idea):• Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48Jones, 2005, p. 48) ) as well as teaching citizens how to as well as teaching citizens how to handle their own crime problems handle their own crime problems ((Smith, 1998Smith, 1998).). 2nd “idea”

When to cite?When to cite? AlmostAlmost without exception, your in-text without exception, your in-text

citation should “connect” to an entry in citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your your reference list toward the end of your paper. Reference list formats are covered paper. Reference list formats are covered later:later:• Anyone who discloses investigative Anyone who discloses investigative

information can be considered an information can be considered an informant. (informant. (Osterburg & Ward, Osterburg & Ward, 2007, p. 2332007, p. 233).).

Osterburg J. & Ward R., (2007). Criminal Investigation: A Method for Reconstructing the Past. (5th Ed)Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender & Company

Reference list

When to cite?When to cite?

You may also at times refer to works You may also at times refer to works without the parenthesis, if it “flows” without the parenthesis, if it “flows” better with your paper:better with your paper:• Jones has stated that community Jones has stated that community

policing involves developing a policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (2005, p. 482005, p. 48).).

Note the author is left out because it

was mentioned earlierin the sentence

When to cite?When to cite?

Here is another example of not using Here is another example of not using parenthesis:parenthesis:• In 1998, Jones reported that community In 1998, Jones reported that community

policing involves developing a policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (p. 48p. 48).).

In this instance the author and the year are mentioned in the prior sentence. The page number (specific to the idea) is the

only citation listing. If you are referring to the entire work’s idea, you might not even have the page number in parenthesis.

Examples: No authorsExamples: No authors

What if your source does not have an What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will list author listed anywhere? You will list the first few words of the title of the the first few words of the title of the work:work:• Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (“Policing in “Policing in Action”, 2005Action”, 2005).).

Title synopsis

Examples: No dateExamples: No date

What if your source does not have a publish date What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will list the author, and listed anywhere? You will list the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”:“n.d.” for “no date”:• Community policing involves developing a Community policing involves developing a

relationship between citizens and the police relationship between citizens and the police department (department (Jones, n.d.Jones, n.d.).).

n.d. = “no date”

Note: if you don’t have anauthor or a date, your citation

might read:(“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

Examples: Two authorsExamples: Two authors

Your book or periodical might have Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list more than one author. You must list bothboth authors authors everyevery time you draw time you draw and idea from that particular source:and idea from that particular source:• Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (Jones & Smith, Jones & Smith, 2005, p. 482005, p. 48).).

2nd Author

Examples: Three to Six AuthorsExamples: Three to Six Authors

If you have three to six authors, you cite two If you have three to six authors, you cite two different ways. The first time you cite the source, different ways. The first time you cite the source, you list all authors: you list all authors: • Community policing involves developing a relationship Community policing involves developing a relationship

between citizens and the police department (between citizens and the police department (Jones, Jones, Smith, & White, 2005)Smith, & White, 2005)..

Each additional time you cite this source in your Each additional time you cite this source in your paper, you only list the first author, and follow it paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up with “et al.”:up with “et al.”:• Community policing involves developing a relationship Community policing involves developing a relationship

between citizens and the police department (between citizens and the police department (Jones, et Jones, et al.)al.)..

“et al.” stands for “and others”

Examples: Agency as AuthorExamples: Agency as Author

Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, such as a government agency, as the author (and such as a government agency, as the author (and not an individual). In this instance you simply list not an individual). In this instance you simply list that agency within the citation: that agency within the citation: • Community policing involves developing a relationship Community policing involves developing a relationship

between citizens and the police department (between citizens and the police department (U.S. U.S. Department of Justice, 2005)Department of Justice, 2005)..

Agency listed

Examples: Personal CommunicationsExamples: Personal Communications

Personal communications, such as e-mails, Personal communications, such as e-mails, interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within your text, but they are your text, but they are NOTNOT listed in the listed in the reference list: reference list: • Arthur Jones stated that community policing involves Arthur Jones stated that community policing involves

developing a relationship between citizens and the developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (personal communication, May personal communication, May 8th, 2005)8th, 2005)..

This will NOT be listed in thereference list

ReferencesReferences

Recall that Recall that almostalmost without exception, your without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. of your paper. • Community policing involves developing Community policing involves developing

a relationship between citizens and the a relationship between citizens and the police department (police department (Jones, 2005, p. Jones, 2005, p. 4848).).

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.

References - FormattingReferences - Formatting

References are formatted in the fashion References are formatted in the fashion below. The reference is in “hanging below. The reference is in “hanging indent” style, with the first line not indent” style, with the first line not indented and all lines that follow indented. indented and all lines that follow indented.

Jones, A. (2005). Jones, A. (2005). Community Community Policing. Policing. Hartford, CT: Hartford, CT: Scholarly Scholarly Publishers, IncPublishers, Inc..

“Hanging indent”

References - FormattingReferences - Formatting

In general, the author is listed first; last In general, the author is listed first; last name first, first initial next. The year is name first, first initial next. The year is listed in parenthesis after that. The title is listed in parenthesis after that. The title is then displayed in italics. If it is a book, the then displayed in italics. If it is a book, the city (and possibly the state) of publication city (and possibly the state) of publication is offered, followed by a colon and the is offered, followed by a colon and the publishing company name. publishing company name.

Jones, A. (2005). Jones, A. (2005). Community Community Policing. Policing. Hartford, CT: Hartford, CT: Scholarly Scholarly Publishers, IncPublishers, Inc..

References - FormattingReferences - Formatting

Reference lists are in alphabetical order by the Reference lists are in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. author’s last name.

Multiple authors for the same reference are listed Multiple authors for the same reference are listed in alphabetical order. in alphabetical order.

If you have more than one reference by the same If you have more than one reference by the same author, you list them in order by the year of author, you list them in order by the year of publication.publication.

Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listing multiple Use “&” as opposed to “and” in listing multiple authorsauthors

Reference Examples: 2-6 Reference Examples: 2-6 authors authors

All authors (up to six) are listed in All authors (up to six) are listed in alphabetical order. alphabetical order.

Anderson, M., Bell, J., & Jones, A. Anderson, M., Bell, J., & Jones, A. (2005). (2005). Community Policing. Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Hartford, CT: Scholarly

Publishers, Publishers, IncInc..

Reference Examples: More than Reference Examples: More than 6 authors 6 authors

The first six authors are listed, every author The first six authors are listed, every author after that is referred to as “et al.” (“and after that is referred to as “et al.” (“and others”). others”).

Anderson, M., Bell, J., Connors, G., Anderson, M., Bell, J., Connors, G., Davis, L., Engram, P., Jones, Davis, L., Engram, P., Jones,

A., A., et al. (2005). et al. (2005). Community Community Policing. Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Hartford, CT: Scholarly

Publishers, IncPublishers, Inc..

Reference Examples: Periodical Reference Examples: Periodical

A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is A periodical, such a magazine or newspaper, is referred to like below. The title of the article is referred to like below. The title of the article is listed after the year. The name of the periodical listed after the year. The name of the periodical is next, followed by the volume number and is next, followed by the volume number and pages. pages.

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing.Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. River City MonthlyRiver City Monthly, , 55, 55, 25-32.25-32.

The periodical name and volumenumber are in italics

Page #’s, not initalics

Reference Examples: Internet/Print Periodical Reference Examples: Internet/Print Periodical

An internet/print periodical is listed in a reference An internet/print periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address includes the retrieval date and web address (Note: example is of a periodical that is also (Note: example is of a periodical that is also printed; note volume # and page #’s):printed; note volume # and page #’s):

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing.Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Community Policing WeeklyCommunity Policing Weekly, , 55, 55, 25-32. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, 25-32. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.compolicing.netfrom http://www.compolicing.net

Note retrieval date and web address

Reference Examples: Internet only Reference Examples: Internet only Periodical Periodical

An internet only periodical is listed in a reference An internet only periodical is listed in a reference list like any other periodical, however it also list like any other periodical, however it also includes the retrieval date and web address. includes the retrieval date and web address. Note also the retrieval date may differ from the Note also the retrieval date may differ from the publish date (if known). publish date (if known).

Jones, A. (2001). Community Policing.Jones, A. (2001). Community Policing. International Association of International Association of

Community PolicingCommunity Policing, , 55, 55, Article 2. Article 2. Retrieved May 8Retrieved May 8thth,,2005, from 2005, from http://www.compolicing.nethttp://www.compolicing.net

This can be a “hyperlink”

Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Organization Organization

Internet publications from organizations, Internet publications from organizations, government or private, will many times not government or private, will many times not display an author. The agency name is listed display an author. The agency name is listed instead of the author. instead of the author.

U.S. Department of Justice (n.d.). U.S. Department of Justice (n.d.). Community Policing.Community Policing. Retrieved Retrieved

May May 8th, 2005, from 8th, 2005, from http://www.usdoj.govhttp://www.usdoj.gov Note: “n.d” for

“no date”. This canbe used for any reference without

a date

Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Reference Examples: Govt. / Private Organization Organization

What about a private organization? Here is an What about a private organization? Here is an example: example:

Higgins Institute (1999). Community Higgins Institute (1999). Community Policing.Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://higginsinst.comfrom http://higginsinst.com

Reference Examples: Link from School Reference Examples: Link from School Website Website

Some websites, such as college or university Some websites, such as college or university sites, have links to informative articles. These sites, have links to informative articles. These links are handled as follows: links are handled as follows:

Jones, A. (1999). Community Policing.Jones, A. (1999). Community Policing. Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from the Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from the University of Nebraska, Criminal University of Nebraska, Criminal Justice Justice Research Section web site: Research Section web site: http://www.unl.edu/cj/compolicinghttp://www.unl.edu/cj/compolicing

Note: the website (Nebraska) is distinct from thearticle (authored by Jones), so it is noted

specifically in the reference list.

Reference Examples: Newspaper on the Reference Examples: Newspaper on the Web Web

Many newspaper have their articles on the web Many newspaper have their articles on the web now. Here is how you list this in your reference now. Here is how you list this in your reference list: list:

Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing Under Fire.Under Fire. River City Bugle. River City Bugle.

Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from Retrieved May 8th, 2005, from http://www.rcbugle.comhttp://www.rcbugle.com

Important Points Important Points

You must “credit” others for their You must “credit” others for their work; APA will do this for youwork; APA will do this for you

If this credit isn’t given, you might If this credit isn’t given, you might be committing plagiarismbe committing plagiarism

You must connect your citations to a You must connect your citations to a link in the reference list (with the link in the reference list (with the exception of personal interviews)exception of personal interviews)

Important Points Important Points

Consult the APA Publication Manual Consult the APA Publication Manual or or http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html ts/research/r_apa.html (Purdue (Purdue University’s English Lab APA website) University’s English Lab APA website) for further information. This for further information. This Powerpoint is merely a basic primer Powerpoint is merely a basic primer in APA formatting.in APA formatting.