Crispus Attucks,

the Business of Whaling

and the Boston Massacre

tp://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/battles/paul-revere-boston-massacre.htm

http://russell.gresham.k12.or.us/Colonial_America/+graphics/pictures/Attucks.gif

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http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Boston%20Massacre

March 5, 1770: The Boston Massacre

http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/winter96/enlargement.html

http://www.fotosearch.com/NSP130/peop_005/

http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/nell/nellfp.jpg

Frontispiece illustration from the 1855 edition of "Colored Patriots of the American Revolution" by W.C. Nell shows Crispus Attucks, the "first martyr of the American Revolution" fired on by British soldiers in Boston on March 5, 1770. Chapter: New Hampshire, Excerpted from William C. Nell's "Colored Patriots of the American," Robert F. Wallcut, Boston, 1855.

massacre = murder

What happened in Boston on that winter day?

http://www.historynow.org/09_2009/historian6.html

This man was Crispus Attucks.

He was the first American to die for independence from England.

http://www.africawithin.com/bios/crispus_attucks.htm

We do not know a lot about Crispus Attucks. There is little information about his life.

•Born about 1723 in Massachusetts Colony.

• Son of an African father and a Native American mother?

•Attucks means ‘deer’ in Natick Indian language.

We know that when he was in his 20s, Attucks was a slave.He lived with his master, Deacon William Brown, in Framingham, Massachusetts.

http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/manewzz.gif

http://americangallery.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/man-on-a-horse-by-a-pond.jpgTheora Hamblett (1895 – 1977)

Some historians believe that Attucks earned money by trading horses and cattle. He saved enough to pay for his freedom, but Brown refused to accept payment.

Many believe Crispus Attucks ran away for his freedom.

This fugitive slave notice appeared October 2, 1750 in The Boston Gazette:

10 Pound Reward For Return of Run Away Slave

Ran away from his master William Brown of Framingham on the 30th of Sept. last a mulatto fellow about 27 years of age, named Crispus, 6 feet and 2 inches high, short curl'd hair, his knees nearer together than common; and had on a light colour'd beaver skin coat, plain new buckskin breeches, blue yarn stockings and a checked woolen shirt. Whoever shall take up said runaway and convey him to his aforesaid master shall have 10 pounds old tenor reward,and all necessary charges paid. And all masters of vessels and others are hereby cautioned against concealing or carrying off said servant on penalty of law.

Possibly, he went to Nantucket Island.

http://www.raremaps.com/maps/medium/m21096.jpg

Nantucket

Historians believe that Attucks ran away and worked as a ropemaker.http://www.solarnavigator.net/images/rope_making_Metters_machine_serpentine.jpg

http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/nlanews/2003/jan03/article2.html

Later, he became a sailor.

http://images.statelibrary.tas.gov.au/Fullimage.asp?Keywords=whale+whales+whaling&oper=OR&Page=4&ID=AUTAS001124066978

In the 1700s, there were many African American sailors.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2h81.html

This portrait of an unidentified Revolutionary War sailor was painted in oil by an unknown artist, circa 1780. Image Credit: The Newport Historical Society

http://www.nga.gov/feature/watson/story1.shtm

Some African American sailors became important leaders:

Paul CuffeJames Forten

http://www.seacoastnh.com/blackhistory/jacks.html#1role

Frederick Douglas escaped slavery using the ID of a free African American sailor.

http://janicehuse.com/images/FrederickDouglas.jpg

In the 1700s, lots of sailors worked on whaling ships.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walvisvangst_bij_de_kust_van_Spitsbergen_-_Dutch_whalers_near_Spitsbergen_%28Abraham_Storck,_1690%29.jpg

Lots of African American sailors worked on whalers.

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/0590483137/ref=dp_image_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books

http://cruise-handbook.npolar.no/site-images-new/hornsund/whaling2.gif

Whaling method from the early 1600s, illustrated and explained in terms we might find in Moby Dick. (From A Collection of Voyages and Travels, by John Churchill, 1704, London: Awnsham and John Churchill.)

http://www.kera.org/artandseek/content/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/moby-dick-medium.jpg

http://blueridgebluecollargirl.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/moby-dick.jpg

These three drawings are imaginative. The pictures are from copies of a famous American novel, Moby Dick.

In 1851, Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick when he was 32. He worked on whaling ships as a young man.

Whalers traveled all over the world.

http://amehttp://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_7.htmlricanhistory.si.edu

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Abraham_Storck_-_Walvisvangst.jpg

http://curiousexpeditions.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/sperm-whale.jpg

Arctic whaling in the 1700s. The ships are Dutch and the animals depicted are Bowhead Whales. Beerenburg on Jan Mayen Land can be seen in the background. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:18th_century_arctic_whaling.jpg

Whaling Scene on the Coast of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whaling_Scene_on_the_Coast_of_Japan.jpg

Japan, an engraving published November 1855 in Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, Boston, Massachusetts.

http://historytodaymagazine.blogspot.com/2008/10/history-in-news-17th-century-whaling.html

Whaling was dangerous business.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whaling-dangers_of_the_whale_fishery.jpeg

http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~tonyf/whale/whaling.html

http://www.wdcs-na.org/graphics_bin/oldtimewhaling.jpg

http://www.netstrider.com/documents/ambergris/books/whaling2.jpg

Whaling in the South Atlantic, Late 1940's or Early 50's.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hvalskyting.jpg

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/AG_056230.html

Sailor on whaling ships used harpoons to kill whales.

http://www.coolantarctica.com/gallery/whales_whaling/images/azores1.jpg

http://sweetspringscandles.com/History_of_Candles/sperm_whale.jpg

http://www.old-picture.com/american-adventure/pictures/Whaling.jpg

http://www.xray-mag.com/en/content/greenland-poised-leaving-whaling-commission

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/1990.0018.102.html

The heavy head spade was used for decapitating the whale, by chopping through the vertebrae at the base of the animal’s skull.

ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whale_Fishing_Fac_simile_of_a_Woodcut_in_the_Cosmographie_Universelle_of_Thevet_in_folio_Paris_1574.png

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_7.html

The cutting spade was used to cut “blanket pieces,” or long, thick, wide slices of skin and blubber from the body.

http://www.taxidermy4cash.com/Mammals.html

Blue Whale hunting in Antarctica.

http://biostate.blogspot.com/2006_04_01_archive.html

http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/images/frontpage/oceans/whaling/japan_whaling.jpg

http://www.epa.gov/nbh/gif/OIL.jpg

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/AG_055818.html

These forks were used to pitch the pieces of minced blubber* into the hot try-pots to boil it down into oil. The long handles prevented sore backs from too much bending over and protected the men from getting too close to the boiling oil.

*blubber = whale meat

http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/p9207atl.jpg

Why did people kill whales?

http://www.acsalaska.net/~benmuse/blog/images/Unangan%20whalers%203.jpg

http://biostate.blogspot.com/2006_04_01_archive.html

In some cultures, people eat whale blubber.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mink_Whale_Meat_Iceland.JPG

http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/hist/canp1/images/ca04_2b.gif

Workers boiled whale blubber into whale oil. People sell whale oil for different purposes.

http://www.epa.gov/nbh/gif/SHIPS.jpg

Barrels of Whale Oil

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_7.html

Whale oil was used in machines...

http://s3.images.com/huge.69.349277.JPG

http://www.breyantiques.com/images/e5624_excelsior_variant_whale_oil_lamp.jpg

http://www.roberthouse.com/images/antiques/whale_oil_lamp.jpg

http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/o7097wrm.jpg

… in lamps,

to make candles…

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/exhibition/3_7.html

http://www.ehow.com/about_4568679_products-made-whales.html

…and to make soap.

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-whale-waste-is-valuable

http://mega-shops.com/shop/images/CHANEL-5.jpg

Ambergris was whaling’s most valuable prize. A waxy substance from a sperm whale’s intestines, it was occasionally found in whales’ stomachs but more commonly floating on the sea or washed up on shore. Some pieces weighed several hundred pounds. For many decades, perfume makers used it as a fixative to prolong scents.

Why whales produce ambergris remains unknown. It may coat indigestible fragments, such as pieces of squid beaks, to protect a whale’s intestines. Or it may be the whale’s equivalent of human gallstones.

Ambergris is used to make perfume.

http://www.taxidermy4cash.com/Mammals.html

baleen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleenhttp://mysite.du.edu/~ttyler/ploughboy/79.gif

Instead of teeth, some whales have baleen. Baleen and whale bones were used to make valuable things.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsethttp://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/19cdress/glosspix/1865-8_hoop_skirts.jpeghttp://www.firstalaskansmagazine.com/index.php?issue=04-2009&story=vault

http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/ZZ_RSN79788Y04.html

http://www.college-optometrists.org/filemanager/1134392612325.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsethttp://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~ulrich/19cdress/glosspix/1865-8_hoop_skirts.jpeg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domino_whale-bone_hg.jpg

Dominoes made from whale bones

http://www.soldbyauction.com.au/index.cfm/lot/121035-a-rare-and-important-mid-19th-century-whalebone-armchair-probabl/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simm_Stickerin.jpg

http://www.comollo.com/pages/recent.html

http://www.bmcsc.org/librarypubs/children/scrimshaw_set.htm

Scrimshaw = art made from whale bones.

Today, Native Americans living in Alaska continue to hunt whales for food.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/17/us/in-sacred-whale-hunt-eskimos-use-modern-tools.html

Slide Show .webloc

After twenty years, Crispus Attucks took a break from whaling.Perhaps he decided to look for work in the city.

We know that Crispus Attucks was in Boston in late winter, 1770.

There were a lot of angry Americans in Boston at that time.

For years, Americans were angry about new laws established by King George of England and the Parliament. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_III_Zoffany.jpg

http://faculty.umf.maine.edu/~walters/web%20230/Unit%2010%20Coming%20of%20Revolution.html

In 1770, Americans in Boston were very angry about King George’s unfair tax laws.

Americans said the tax laws were unfair because they could not vote for them.

Act = Law

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765

This political cartoon shows Americans’ opinion about the Stamp Act.

The British government sent 4,000 soldiers to Boston forcing Americans to obey the King’s laws.

http://royalandfederal.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/redcoat.jpg

The Americans hated the soldiers.

http://www.allposters.com/-sp/British-Soldiers-Plundering-an-American-Colonist-s-Home-under-the-Quartering-Act-c-1700-Posters_i2876946_.htm

Americans hated another law called the Quartering Act. This law permitted soldiers to move into people’s homes. The soldiers did not have to pay for using people’s things or eating their food.

Americans insulted the English soldiers by calling them ‘redcoats’ and ‘lobster backs.’

When Crispus Attucks came to Boston in 1770, Americans were angry at British soldiers and hated the British laws.

In the evening of March 5, an English soldier stood outside, working as a guard.An American wigmaker’s apprentice approached and argued with the soldier.The apprentice said the soldier owed money.

http://www.virginia-beach-family-fun.com/colonial-williamsburg.html

The soldier ignored the wigmaker’s apprentice.http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nspictou/images/redcoat.jpg

http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-7865752/stock-photo-giant-round-snowball-ice-globe-isolated-on-black-background.html

The wigmaker left.He returned with friends.

http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-7865752/stock-photo-giant-round-snowball-ice-globe-isolated-on-black-background.html

The wigmaker left.He returned with friends. The group began insulting the soldier.The group grew larger.

http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-7865752/stock-photo-giant-round-snowball-ice-globe-isolated-on-black-background.html

The wigmaker left.He returned with friends. The group began insulting the soldier.The group grew larger. After a few hours, about 300 – 400 Americans came out to yell at the soldiers. They dared the soldiers to ‘fire’ and threw snowballs at them.

9 British soldiers vs. an angry mob of 300

http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/original/clipart-angrymob.jpg

Crispus Attucks was in that crowd.

http://img2.timeinc.net/ew/dynamic/imgs/090204/British-Celebs/Boston-Massacre-redcoats_l.jpg

http://www.bostonmassacre.net/pictures/pictures13.htm

http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mpimages/mp015.jpg

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_tIMMkxU9BKc/RvPpDCYS1zI/AAAAAAAAAI8/jKu59s7cJBA/s400/Crispus%2BAttucks.jpg

http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/131846/1/Death-Of-Crispus-Attucks-At-The-Boston-Massacre,-5th-March,-1770,-1856.jpg

Crispus Attucks and four other Americans died that night.

http://www.earlyamericanimages.com/events1.html

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/vc006709.jpg

The soldiers were accused of murder.They were sent to trial.

The soldiers were acquitted.

This was the beginning of the American Revolution.

The death of Crispus Attucks made Americans want to fight for independence.

The Spirit of ‘76

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=1499&PIpi=312801

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/22772-american-history-paul-reveres-incorrect-engraving-video.htmages/vc006709.jpg

http://www.bostonmassacre.net/video.htm