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SEMINAR ON
Speaker:
KADAM SHIVAJI KADAM SHIVAJI BALABHIMBALABHIM
M.Sc (Agri.) studentReg. No. 03M/07A
Research Guide Seminar InchargeResearch Guide Seminar Incharge
Dr.A.S. Karle Dr.A.S.JADHAVDepartment Of Agronomy
College of Agriculture PARBHANI.
For sustainable agriculture
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TOTAL FOOD GRAIN PRODUCTION
(219 m tonnes)
KHARIF( Area:74 m ha)116 million tonnes
RABI (Area: 50 m ha) 103 million tonnes
INDIAN AGRICULTURE INDIAN AGRICULTURE SCENARIOSCENARIONet Cultivated Area : 141 m ha Irrigated Area : 56 m ha (40%)Rainfed/Dryland Area : 85 m ha (60%)
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Regions States % Rainfed area (range)
Cold arid Northern States
Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh,
60-81
States Arid Western
Rajasthan, Gujarat 66-68
Semi arid to arid Central & Southern States
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
76-82
Sub humid to humid Eastern States
Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal
33-73
RAINFED FARMING AREA IN INDIARAINFED FARMING AREA IN INDIA – (85 m ha)(68.5 m ha fully rainfed & 18.0 m ha partial rainfed)
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A shift of a crop or cropping system to another crop or cropping system.
Use of resources in best possible way by changing and modifying the degree, trend and time options of crop/cropping activities.
A shift from less profitable and sustainable crop or cropping system to more profitable and sustainable crop/cropping system.
CONCEPT OF CROP CONCEPT OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONDIVERSIFICATION
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NEED OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONNEED OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Crop diversification has become an important option to attain several objectives Viz.
Natural resources
sustainability Ecological balance, Output growth, Buffer stocks, Employment generation, Risk coverage : Mono
cropping high risk, etc.
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Reducing risks associated with yield, market and prices,
Arresting the degradation of natural resources and environment and
Attaining the national goals like self-reliance in critical crop products, earning foreign exchange and employment generation.
Thus, the necessity for crop diversification Thus, the necessity for crop diversification arises on account of the need for-arises on account of the need for-
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Number of factors governs nature and speed of crop diversification. Resource endowments: ● Agro climatic conditions ● Soil ● Labour ● Facility of irrigation Technological factors
House hold factors
Institutional and infrastructural factors
Price factors
DETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONDETERMINANTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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For raising farm income.
Sustainable production and income.
Food and nutrient security.
Promotion of export.
Employment generation.
Poverty alleviation.
Judicious use of land and water
resources.
Reduction in environmental pollution.
The important facts highlighting The important facts highlighting the need of crop diversification in the need of crop diversification in
India:India:
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Priorities for crop diversification in Priorities for crop diversification in IndiaIndia1)Changing of resource use efficiency
parameters.
2)Crop rotation effect.
3)Incorporation of crops and technologies.
4)Research on actual farm environment through farmer participatory mode.
5)Assurance against the risk to farmers under changing weather and sharp fluctuation in prices.
6)National issues like nutritional and food security.
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Crop diversification under assured irrigation situations.
Crop diversification under water scarce conditions.
Crop diversification for nutrient management.
The important crop diversification approaches in rainfed areas of India
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Delineate area : Scientific data base priorities and target the area.
Choice of alternative crops and technology.
Priority Input / credit supply for alternative crops.
Share the risk of new system.
Market support - Rural uplinking.
Crop Diversification
REQUIRED STEPS FOR DIVERSIFICATIONREQUIRED STEPS FOR DIVERSIFICATION
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Table 1: Issues and functions provided by diversificationTable 1: Issues and functions provided by diversification in dryland regions.in dryland regions.
Hegde et al., (2003)RAU, (Bikaner)
Issues Functions provided by diversification
Productivity and stability
Increased yield, reduce intra seasonal variation and improved stability through diverse components viz., crop, tree, plant and animal.
High risk and high cost
Risk and cost minimization through yield and income from annual and perennial mixtures.
Unabated land
degradation
Minimization of kinds, effect and extent of land degradation by appropriate land care through alternate land use system.
Inadequate employment
Staggered employment round the year.
Low profitability
High components income generation from various area.
Poor energy management
Energy efficient implements.
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Key determining factors:Key determining factors: Farmers AngleFarmers Angle
Profit margin of new system Availability of market for produce
Ease of operation / cultivation / storage Risk factor / technology available
Other compelling reasons to shift for a new system
Incentive, if any. 15
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Over all strategies for crop diversificationOver all strategies for crop diversificationDiversion of high water requiring crops to less water intensive crops.
Diversion of cotton to pulses, oilseeds and maize in light textured and shallow soils.
Replacement of low yielding low value coarse cereals to high yielding high value crops like pulses.
Inter cropping or mixed cropping be promoted in dry areas.
Shift high risk crops with short duration pulses and drought resistant oilseeds crops.
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Area - mha Prod.- m t
Crop
Present area (2005-06)
Additional area through Expected diversification Additional Production
Pulses 23.12 2.5 1.57 Oilseeds 23.32 3.00 2.50
Maize 6.87 0.5 1.00 Horticulture 15.70 2.5* - Other (Fodder etc)
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1.5 -
POSSIBLE ADDITION OF AREA TO DIFFERENT CROPSPOSSIBLE ADDITION OF AREA TO DIFFERENT CROPS
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Animal Husbandry
Mix farming
Horticulture
Floriculture
Sericulture
ForestryLow YieldingLow YieldingFood grain Food grain
cropscrops
DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTUREDIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE
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Crop and crops component
Area in ’00 ha
98-99 01-02 04-05 06-07
Jowar (k.) 2385 2768 2383 2773
Bajri (k.) 1206 1556 1999 1701
Small millets 193 113 129 123
Total pulses (k.) 7523 7152 6789 5834
Rabi jowar 3663 3622 3741 3545
Total rabi pulses 887 1468 515 1264
Groundnut (k.) 949 1031 907 945
Groundnut (s.) 887 1277 370 605
Sesamum 907 907 796 719
Castor 1881 1483 1047 1305
Cotton 14104 16585 17498 19063
Wheat 6060 7014 4701 7274
Tobacco 318 337 255 213
Table 2:Crop wise area in Maharashtra state (Agronomical crops)
Directorate of Agriculture, 19
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State Weather constraints
Traditional crops grown
Proposed crops to be taken
Tamil Nadu Droughts, high temperature
Rice, pulses Banana, sugarcane, onion
Gujarat Droughts,High temperature
Upland paddy, coarse cereals,Cereals
Maize, sesame, castor, intercropping sugarcane, soybean, vegetables, horticultural crops.
Maharashtra Droughts, high temperature
Paddy, coarse cereals, cotton
Oilseeds, soybean, horticultural crops, medicinal plants and flowery culture.
Table 3: State wise crop diversification in context to weather
Gov. of India, Dept. of Agril. and Co. Office of Agril. Commissioner, July, 2003. 20
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Oilseed crops
1981 2005 Change in production
Percent change
Groundnut 5.97 6.81 0.84 7.44
Rapeseed and mustard
2.04 5.20 3.17 28.02
Sunflower 0.098 0.79 0.69 6.16
Soybean 0.30 6.45 6.19 54.78
Other 1.57 1.97 0.40 3.54
Total 10.0 21.31 11.31 100.0
NCAR Annual Report 2005-06
Table 4: Change in production of different oilseeds in India (Million tonnes)
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Table 5: Crop diversification programmeTable 5: Crop diversification programmeUnit : (000’ ha)
Singh (2006)New Delhi
YearIncrease in
Maize area
Increase in
Pulses area
Increase in Oilseed
area
2002-03 15.92 134.96 104.04
2003-04 20.97 205.44 125.59
2004-05 27.67 226.08 151.38
2005-06 53.59 261.20 192.02
Increase compared to 2002-03
236% 94% 86%
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SHARE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE IN INDIA DURING 1980S AND 1990S.
1980s 1990s
23Crop Diversification in India: Nature, Pattern and Drivers, P. K. Joshi
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Crop/crops component
1952-53 1964-65 1985-86 2004-05
Oilseeds 11.20 15.14 17.42 26.23
Cotton 6.27 8.00 8.02 9.11
Jute+Mesta 0.76 1.24 1.26 1.08
Sugarcane 1.79 2.36 2.79 4.05
Tobacco 0.34 0.42 0.43 0.471
Coconut 0.65 0.82 1.07 1.831
Potato 0.25 0.42 0.74 1.261
Others 14.24 11.39 13.67 22.67
Total 35.50 39.90 45.40 66.70
Table 6: Area changes from food grain to non food grain crops (million hectares)
Govt. of India (2005) 24
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Crops/ Crop groups 1985-86 2004-05
Spices 1.47 2.90
Plantation crops 0.88 1.30
Other vegetables 3.38 4.61
Fruits 2.83 3.37
Guar seed 2.27 2.12
Other including fodder crops
2.84 8.01
Total 13.67 22.67
Table 7: Area under other non-food grain crops (million hectares)
Govt. of India (2005)25
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Item2001-2002 2007-2008
Target Achieve-ment
% of achieve-ment
Target Achieve-ment
% of achievement
Rice 92 92 100 93 94 101
Wheat 78 71 91 78 74.81 95.9
Coarse cereal
33 35 106 33 36.07 109.3
Pulses 15 14 93.3 16 14.44 90.95
Total Food grains
218 211 96.7 220 219.3 99
Pooled 96.8 99
Source: Ministry of agriculture 26
Table 8: Food grain production: Targets and achievement (Million Tonnes)
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Species Characters need modification
Strategies to improve traits
Zizyphus Anti digestion factors, dwarf, seedless, ploidy level, fruit borer
Metabolic pathway, wide hybridization, embryo rescue, mutation and micro propagation.
Pomegranate Soft seeded, dwarf, fruit cracking, virus free material
Mutation, micro propagation shoot tip culture.
Amblica officinalis
Dwarf, Vit. C, fruit drop, frost resistance.
Regeneration, mutation, gene transformation
Cucumis Alkaloid, more pulp and keeping quality
ACC gene
Citrullus Seedless Polyploid
Prickly pear Toxins, spines Mutation
Table 9: Certain applications of biotechnology for crop diversification
ICAR Winter School, (2004) 27
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CASTOR, A SUBSTITUTE OF PEARL MILLET IN CASTOR, A SUBSTITUTE OF PEARL MILLET IN GUJARATGUJARAT
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CASTOR IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION CASTOR IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION SCENARIOSCENARIO
It is an important non edible oil seed crop, earns valuable foreign exchange.
High yield potential under irrigated conditions (30- 35q/ha).
Also higher yield potentials under dry lands.
Economically remunerative crop as compare to existing crop sequences.
Suitable for crop rotation and maintenance of fertility as castor posses long tap root system.
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Table 10: Yield, monetary returns and benefit:cost ratio of castor- based intercropping systems under dryland conditions.
Solapur (Maharashtra) Koli et al., (2004) 30
Treatment Mean yield (kg/ha)(1995 to 2002)
Mean Monetary Returns (Rs/ha)
Benefit: cost ratio
Main crop
Inter crop
Sole castor 653 - 8496 1.60
Castor+Mothbean(1:2) 580 48 7960 1.81
Castor+Ridgegourd 581 1918 13312 2.13
Castor+Bittergourd 536 229 7426 1.76
Castor+Smoothgourd 531 242 7877 1.73
Castor+Clusterbean 546 1171 15308 1.97
Castor+Dolichos lablab 524 - 6809 1.52
CD (P= 0.05) 3552
Prices (Rs/q): castor seed, 1300; moth bean, 1500; ridge gourd, 400; bitter gourd, 400;smooth gourd, 400; cluster bean, 700
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Table Area (Million ha) Production (Mill. t) Productivity(kg/ha)
Pre-HYV
Post-HYV Pre-HYV Post-HYV Pre-HYV Post-HYV
Rajasthan 4.13 4.28 0.87 2.54 188 470
Maharashtra 1.73 1.58 0.47 1.02 270 646
Gujarat 1.57 0.99 0.58 1.09 370 1125
U. P. 1.07 0.82 0.57 1.03 534 1240
Haryana 0.78 0.56 0.25 0.59 315 1131
Karnataka 0.62 0.32 0.31 0.17 505 516
A. P. 0.51 0.10 0.29 0.10 593 1047
T. N. 0.51 0.16 0.12 0.23 234 1448
M. P. 0.19 0.15 0.11 0.16 597 1091
India 11.32 9.03 3.67 6.67 324 730
Pre-HYV=1955-66, Post-HYV=2000-03
ICAR Winter School, 2004
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Table 11: Impact of HYVs of pearl millet on area, production and productivity in India
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Table 12: Example of partial crop diversification in rice-wheat system (rice equivalent yield, q/ha)
Sharma and Sharma (2002)
Price (Rs/q): rice grain 800, rice straw 20, wheat grain 550, wheat straw 50, berseem 40,potato tuber 200, Indian mustard grain 1200, Indian mustard stover 20, green gram 1200.
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Cropping system 1995-96 2000-01
Pooled
Rainy Winter Summer Total
Rice-wheat 78.3 81.2 46.3 33.5 -- 79.8
Rice-wheat-greengram
86.3 89.7 48.7 48.3 34.3 5.4
Rice-berseem 110.0 113.8 48.2 63.6 -- 112.3
Rice-potato-greengram
126.3 135.9 55.9 61.9 19.4 131.1
Rice-Indian mustard
94.4 100.9 47.9 30.9 18.8 97.6
CD (p=0.05) 6.63 9.89 1.56 6.58 2.67 7.50
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RESEARCH ACTIVITIESRESEARCH ACTIVITIESIt is always desirable to change the crops and
cropping system in certain years.
The choice of crops or cropping system depending
upon price, soil fertility and pest build up will be
desirable.
Synthesize or decide the most suitable system on
considering productivity.
Choice of suitable variety is very important to fit in
the system with high productivity.
Under the diversified intensive system of cropping,
contingent planning is also important. Therefore,
suitable adjustments should to be made as per
emerging needs and prospects.
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CONSTRAINTS IN CROP DIVERSIFICATIONCONSTRAINTS IN CROP DIVERSIFICATION 1) Over 117 m.ha (63 percent) of the cropped area in the
country is completely dependent on rainfall.
2) Sub-optimal and over-use of resources.
3) Inadequate supply of seeds and plants of improved
cultivars.
4) Fragmentation of land holding less favoring
modernization and mechanization of agriculture.
5) Poor basic infrastructure like rural roads, power,
transport, communication etc.
6) Inadequate post-harvest technologies .
7) Very weak agro-based industry.
8) Weak research - extension - farmer linkages.
9) Decreased investments in the agricultural sector over the
years.34
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GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATIONCROP DIVERSIFICATION
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Implementing National Agriculture Insurance Scheme. Operationalzing Technology Mission on Cotton. Provision of Capital Subsidy of 25 percent for
Construction / Modernization / Expansion of Cold
Storages and Storages for Horticultural Produce. Creation of Watershed Development Fund. Strengthening Agricultural Marketing. Seed Crop Insurance. Seed Bank Scheme. Cooperative Sector Reforms.
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CONCLUSIONCrop diversification or crop shift is a new
paradigm of sustainable agriculture. Crop diversification is not only a shift from traditional and less remunerative crop (s) to more remunerative crop (s) but it is a demand driven, need based situation specific and national goal seeking continuous and dynamic concept and involves spatial, temporal, value addition and resource complementary approaches. However, crop substitution and addition of more crops in existing cropping system has been the major approach of diversification in India. The nature of crop diversification is has been mainly from low value coarse cereals to high value oilseeds and other food grains.
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FUTURE THRUST: Inclusion of high value crops through horizontal and
vertical diversification approach.
Need to synthesize high potential cropping systems and evaluate both on station and on farm in farmers participatory approach.
The crop varieties short in duration with high potential yield and most suited for the synthesized systems needs to be identified.
The location specific approaches and full packages need to be prepared.
For arid and semi arid areas the crops and cropping systems for long term sustainability should be preferred.
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