Crop Production in Indira Gandhi Canal Command with Special Reference to Water Management : A Case Study at Distributory Level 1994-95 to 2003-04

By :-

Anita Yadav

Under Supervision of

Dr. NR KaswanHead Department of Geography

Dr. BR Ambedkar Govt. PG College, Sriganganagar

Contents

Need for Study Objectives Methodology Cropping Pattern Relative Water Supply Constraints Results Suggested Interventions

Introduction

Need for Study Problem of water logging and soil salinization Water scarcity due to high water requirement crops. Need for minimizing water usage in irrigation Need to assess water supply and crop water requirement Need for interventions for crop diversification and water

application methods Lack of technical know how among farmers about water

management

Study Objectives

To study the cropping pattern and yield trends in selected distributory

To assess relative water supply through crop water demand and water availability

To identify the major production constraints with special reference to water management

To suggest appropriate interventions

Methodology

Cropping Pattern of 10 years from 1994-95 to 2003-04 Growth rate calculated for both seasons as well as

major crops Worked out Relative water supply which is the ratio

of water availability and water demand Water availability assessed by effective rainfall and

spatial release of water in distributory. Water demand worked out on the basis of water

requirements of different crops with respect to area covered.

On basis of primary data constraints were studied.

Methodology (Data Collection)

Secondary data regarding crop production collected from Tehsil records

Canal Data as well as rainfall data collected from office Asstt. Engineer, Lakhuwali

Primary data collected from 240 farmers of distributory in a set schedule prepared for the study.

Cropping Pattern and yield trends

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Area (ha)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Fig. 4.01: Area under cultivation during Kharif Season

Area (ha)

Cropping Pattern… (contd.)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Area(ha)

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

Year

Fig. 4.02: Area under cultivation in Rabi Season

Area (Ha)

Cropping Pattern… (contd.)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Area (ha)

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Fig. 4.03: Area (ha) under major crops during Kharif Season

American Cotton

Desi Cotton

Guar

Cropping Pattern… (contd.)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Area (ha)

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

Year

Fig. 4.04: Area (ha) under Major crops during Rabi Season

Wheat

Mustard

Gram

Cropping Pattern… (contd.)

29-2.24-1.02248.785Total

98.8-0.02-1.00028.087Rabi

24.6-6.93-1.06938.153Kharif

Significance (%)Compound growth rate (percent per annum) ( r )

Regression coefficient (b)

Intercept (a)Season

Table 4.13: Compound growth rate of area under Kharif and Rabi crops in KWD

Cropping Pattern… (contd.)

7.1-19.2-1.1925.832Chickpea

88.61.361.01365.312Mustard

48.5-0.67-1.00677.896Wheat

32.211.071.11074.311Cluster bean

15.2-14.21-1.14216.2Desi Cotton

11.3-9.69-1.09697.883American Cotton

Significance (%)Compound growth rate (percent/ annum) (r)

Regression coefficient (b)

Intercept (a)Season

Table 4.14: Compound growth rate of area under major crops in KWD

Relative Water Supply

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Days

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Canal water availability

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

Relative Water Supply

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

mm

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Year

Rain water Availability

December

November

October

September

August

July

June

May

April

March

February

January

Relative Water Supply

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

ha cm

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

Fig. 5.03: Avalibility of canal water (ha cm) during Kharif season

APM

KWM

KWD

Relative Water Supply

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

ha cm

94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Year

Fig. 5.04: Availability of canal water (ha cm) during Rabi season

APM

KWM

KWD

Relative Water Supply

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

ha cm

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Years

Fig. 5.05: Water requirement of Kharif crops over the years

Others

Sesame (Til)

Paddy

GroundNut

Fodder

Mung

Guar

Desi Cotton

Americal cotton

Relative Water Supply

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

ha cm

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

Year

Fig. 5.06: Water requirement of Rabi crops over the years

Others*

Vegetable

Fodder

Taramira

Mustard

Gram

Barley

Wheat

Relative Water Supply

Fig. 5.07: Relative Water Supply in Kharif Season over the years

0.000.50

1.001.50

2.002.50

3.003.50

4.00

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

RW

S

KWD

KWM

ARM

Total

Relative Water Supply

Fig. 5.08: Relative Water Supply in Rabi season over the years

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

1994-95

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

2003-2004

Year

RW

S

KWD

KWM

ARM

Total

Constraints

III

32.535.0

7884

Marketing Constraints• Problem in selling the produce• Not getting proper selling price

IIIIII

10051.279.2

240123190

Policy Constraints• Unavailability of canal water as per need• Unavailability of subsidy• Unavailability of electricity

VIIIIVIII

20.837.135.053.381.2

508984128195

Technical Constraints• Unavailability of certified seeds• Unavailability of fertilizers• Unavailability of pesticides/weedicides• Unawareness about improved package of

practices• Unawareness about critical stages of irrigation

III

48.739.6

11795

Resource Constraints• Problematic/poor Soil• Brackish ground water

RankPer centFrequencyConstraints

Table 6.11 Constraints faced by the farmers

Results

The main crops in Kharif season were American Cotton, Desi Cotton, Cluster Bean, Paddy and Fodder

Main crops in Rabi season were Wheat, Mustard, Chick pea, Fodder and Barley

Maximum area occupied by American Cotton during Kharif, and by wheat during Rabi.

Major Share of water was utilized by American Cotton and Wheat.

Area under crops in during Kharif & Rabi seasons declined at compound rate of 6.93% and 0.02 %.

Results

The main crops in Kharif season were American Cotton, Desi Cotton, Cluster Bean, Paddy and Fodder

Main crops in Rabi season were Wheat, Mustard, Chick pea, Fodder and Barley

Maximum area occupied by American Cotton during Kharif, and by wheat during Rabi.

Major Share of water was utilized by American Cotton and Wheat.

Area under crops in during Kharif & Rabi seasons declined at compound rate of 6.93% and 0.02 %.

Results

Area under American Cotton declined at the compound rate of 9.69%, Desi Cotton at 14.21%, where as cluster bean increased at 11.07%.

In Rabi season Chickpea showed negative growth American Cotton alone required 34.84% to 82.75 %

of total water. Among Rabi crops share of wheat was highest at

71.62% to 91.87% and mustard received 1.32% to 16.83%.

On an average relative water supply during kharif season varied from 0.57 to 1.04

Results

Relative water supply during Rabi season varied from 0.35 to 0.96

Relative water supply was less in Rabi season than Kharif season

Unavailability of water as per need, unawareness about critical stages of irrigation and problematic /poor soil were major constraints from farmers point of view

Suggested Interventions

Need to replace high water requiring crops with low water requiring crops.

Brackish water should be used for raising salt tolerant crops with scientific approach.

Ground water should be used in conjunction with canal water.

Soil health management is the major task to improve productivity.

Mass awareness on water saving is necessary.

Suggested Interventions

Regulation of canal water should be done according to water requirement of crops of the area.

All concerned groups should sit to finalize the canal regulation for every season.

Thanks

Anita YadavDept. of Geography

Dr. BR Ambedkar Govt. PG College, Sriganganagar