CROP PRODUCTIVITY INDEXCPI

SOIL ROOT SHOOT

CROP YIELD

. Soil-Plant Relations: Natural Processes

Sumber:. http://cnx.org/content/m41620/latest/#id1165166545097

Soil plays a key role in plant growth. Beneficial aspects to plants include

providing physical support, heat, water,

nutrients, and oxygen. Heat, light, and oxygen

are also obtained by the atmosphere, but the roots

of many plants also require oxygen.

Elemental nutrients, dissolved in soil water

solution, are derived from soil minerals and organic

material

Relationship among unavailable, slowly available, and readily available potassium in the soil-plant system..

Sumber: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc6794.html.

Three forms of K (unavailable, slowly available or fixed,

readily available or exchangeable) exist in

soils. A description of these

forms and their relationship to each other is provided in the paragraphs that

follow.

Structures involved in Absorption:

The root terminal region is made up various structures such as; from the tip towards base, apical meristem, zone of

elongation, root hair zone and zone of maturation. The root hair zone is studded with root hairs; they are the extensions

of epidermal cells in the form of tubular structures.

Most of the water is absorbed by the plants is through root hair zone. The figure shows the pathway of soil water into

root system.

Sumber:. http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

BULU AKAR – PENYERAPAN AIR DAN HARA.

Sumber:. http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

.ANATOMI BULU AKAR

Sumber:. http://preuniversity.grkraj.org/html/4_PLANT_AND_WATER_RELATIONSHIP.htm

Sumber air dan Perilaku air yang masuk ke dalam tanah.

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

Sebagian air hujan atau air irigasi disimpan dalam tanah zone

perakaran tanaman .Jumlah air yang dapat disimpan inii tergantung pada kedalaman zone

perakaran dan WHC-tanahnya.

Air inilah yang akan dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman untuk

pertumbuhannya.Kedalaman perakaran

merupakankarakteristik yang sangat penting.

. The relationship between water distribution in the soil and the concept of irrigation scheduling when 50 percent of the

PAW has been depleted..

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

. The amount of water extracted by plants is influenced by the distribution of the root in the soil..

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

Water uptake by a specific crop is closely related to its root distribution

in the soil. About 70 percent of a plant's roots are found in the upper half of the crop's maximum rooting

depth. Deeper roots can extract moisture to keep the plant alive, but they do not extract suffficient water to maintain optimum growth. When adequate moisture is present, water uptake by the crop is about the same as its root distribution. Thus, about 70 percent of the water used by the crop comes from the upper half of the root zone (Figure 10). This zone

is the effective root depth.

.. . Effective Root Depth

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

Rooting depth is the depth of the soil reservoir that the plant can reach to get PAW.

Crop roots do not extract water uniformly from the entire root zone. Thus,the effective root depth is that portion of the root zone where

the crop extracts the majority of its water.

Effective root depth is determined by both crop and soil properties. Plant Influence on Effective Root Depth. Different species of plants

have different potential rooting depths. The potential rooting depth is the maximum rooting depth of a crop

when grown in a moist soil with no barriers or restrictions that inhibit root elongation. Potential rooting depths of most agricultural crops

important in North Carolina range from about 2 to 5 feet.

For example, the potential rooting depth of corn is about 4 feet.

Ciri-ciri Tanah yg mempengaruhi kedalaman akar …..

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

Efek Tanah thd Kedalaman efektif

Perakaran.

The maximum rooting depth of crops in North Carolina is usually less

than their potential rooting depth and is

restricted by soil chemical or physical barriers.

Subsoil di North Carolina mempunyai pH = 4.5 -

5.0, menjadi barier kimia bagi pertumbuhan akar.

Kedalaman akar pd kondisi tidak ada barier fisik, tetapi ada barier kimia, yaitu subsoil yg

masam, pH rendah

Kedalaman akar pd kondisi ada barier fisik, cadas

keras atau tapak bajak, subsoil masam, pH rendah

. Corn rooting depth in North Carolina during various stages of development. Irrigation scheduling should be based on effective root

depth rather than maximum rooting depth.

Sumber: http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag452-1.html.

. Why deep-dug beds are important?Deep digging makes the soil loose and friable. This enables the plant roots to penetrate easily,

so a steady stream of nutrients can flow into the stems and leaves. Different plants have varying rooting depths, so extract nutrients and moisture from different points of the soil profile. The cultivation of different plants in the same part of the bed from

season to season does not overburden the soil.

Sumber: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?

. Root System of a Transplanted Cabbage Plant

Sumber: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod? .

.

. Short Taproot of a Pepper Plant

Sumber: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod? .

. Thin Taproot of a Cucumber Plant

Sumber: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod? .

. Fibrous Root System of an Onion

Sumber: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod? .

PEMADATAN TANAH - PERTUMBUHAN AKAR.

Pertumbuhan akar terhambat karena

pemadatan tanah oleh pukulan air hujan,

pengolahan tanah dan jalur jalan kendaraan.

Source: Compaction-Soil Management Series 2.

University of Minnesota Extension Service, BU-

7400

Sumber: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/components/3115s01.html .

Kerak permukaan

Pemadatan dalam atau Subsoil

Pertumbuhan akar tdak

terhambat

Pemadatan permukaan (di bawah jalur jalan kendaraan)

Tapak bajak (di bawah ke dalaman

olah tanah)

Tree Root Growth RequirementsDr. Kim D. Coder (The University of Georgia July 2000)

Graphical representation of compaction effects on soil.

Sumber: http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/index.php3?docID=393&docHistory[]=2&docHistory[]=412.

Persyaratan Tumbuh AkarBrief list of root growth resource requirements.

Growth in trees may not be a positive increase in living mass, but does represent

expansion of tissues into new spaces. For roots, the tips elongate and the tissues

thicken in diameter. Lateral roots are developed

adventitiously and allowed to elongate and radially thicken.

Root density, mass, and activity vary with internal and

external conditions. Sumberdaya yg diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan akar

disajikan Tabel 1.

Sumber: . http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/index.php3?docID=393&docHistory[]=2&docHistory[]=412

requirements

root resourceminimal maximum

oxygen in soil atmosphere (for root survival) 3% 21%

air pore space in soil (for root growth) -- 1.4 clay

-- 1.8 sandpenetration strength (water

content dependent) 0.01kPa 3MPa

water content in soil 12% 21%root initiation ( % in soil

atmosphere) 12% 21%

root growth ( % in soil atmosphere) 5% 21%progressive loss of element in absorption in roots ( % in soil

atmosphere) 10% 21%

temperature limits to root growth 40°F/4°C 94°F/34°C

pH of soil (wet test) pH3.5 pH8.2

. Root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

Sumber: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0034-737X2011000400015&script=sci_arttext

KARAKTERISTIK TANAMAN - AKAR.

Sumber:http://www.yara.us/agriculture/crops/potato/key-facts/agronomic-principles/default.aspx.

Potatoes produce a fibrous root system. These roots are at best no more than 24in long. Thus potatoes are shallow rooted compared to cereals for example, which can root to at least 47in depth. As a result, potatoes are often unable to exploit nutrients and soil moisture at depth

within a soil profile.While root growth occurs when soil temperatures are between 50 to 95˚F (10 to 35˚C), best, most active root development is at soil temperatures of between 59 and 68˚F (15 and 20˚C).

Efek suhu tanah terhadap perkembangan akar tanaman kentang

Efek Tekstur dan BI tanah terhadap perkembangan akar tomat

Sumber:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098847213000476

Exploring the interacting effect of soil texture and bulk density on root system

development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.).

Saoirse R. Tracy, Colin R. Black, Jeremy A. Roberts, Sacha J. Mooney.

Environmental and Experimental BotanyVolume 91, July 2013, Pages 38–47.

Diagram showing typical root systems grown in clay loam (A) and

loamy sand (B) soil at all bulk densities and destructively harvested

at 3 (upper row) and 10 days after transplanting (DAT; lower row).

Gradien Bar mencerminkan peningkatan BI tanah dari kiri

ke kanan.

Effect of Ca:H ratio in solution on relative root length in soybean (Sanzonowicz et al., 1998a)..

Sumber:. http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_5.html

Pada kondisi lingkungan tanah masam (kaya H+),

pertumbuhan akar kedelai terhambat; diperlukan

penambahan Ca++ untuk

memperbaiki pertumbuhan

akar.Nilai kritis rasio molaritas Ca/H

sekitar 750.

Effect of Ca:Al ratio in solution on relative root length in soybean (Ferrufino et al., 2000). .

Pada kondisi lingkungan tanah

yang kaya Al-tersedia, pertumbuhan

panjang akar kedelai terhambat; diperlukan

penambahan Ca untuk memperbaiki

pertumbuhan panjang akar.

Sumber:. http://courses.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc541de/units/ch3/main3_5.html

Root growth potential and seedling morphological attributes of narra (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) transplants

R.M Gazal, C.A Blanche, W.M Carandang. Forest Ecology and Management. Volume 195, Issues 1–2. 28 June 2004, Pages 259–266.

Sumber:. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112704002191

Effect of soil moisture regimes (soil at 50, 75 and

100%) of field capacity (FC), on root growth potential:

(a) number of new roots and (b) length of new roots of

narra transplants 7 days after transplanting.

Means with the same letters are not significantly different

at 5% level based on Duncan’s new multiple range

test.

. Fine roots of trees as indicators of environmental change, soil nutrient status and forest health

Sumber: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-626awt.

Respon akar-akar rambut (halus) terhadap kondisi lingkungan tanah (lengas tanah, temperature dan kimiawi larutan-tanah) dan

fluktuasinya juga dievaluasi pada kondisi lingkungan alamiah. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa:

1. Lengas tanah dan kimiawi larutan tanah menunjukkan variasi musiman dan tahunan

2. Akar-akar rambut Pinus sylvestris tidak terpengaruhi negatif oleh kondisi lingkungan tanah yg jelek kalau lengas tanah tidak membatasi pertumbuhan akar

3. If soil moitsure deficits are accompanied by an unfavourable soil chemical environment (high Al, low Ca:Al ratio), this may reduce fine root growth and increase mortality as well as alter the vertical distribution of the fine roots.

Fibrous root system of onion, 3.5 months old..

Sumber: http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010137veg.roots/010137ch3.html.

Some of the main roots ran outward, almost parallel to the soil

surface, to distances of 6 to 8 inches before turning downward at an angle of about 45 degrees.

These had a maximum lateral spread of about 12 inches on all

sides of the plant. Between these horizontal roots and the vertically descending ones, the soil volume

thus delimited was filled with numerous roots Which extended outward to various distances and

then turned downward, or pursued an outward and

downward course throughout their entire extent

A maturing onion excavated August 21. Root growth is not yet completed. Some of the roots shown in Fig. 9 had died..

From 20 to 25 roots arose from the base of the bulb. A few ran

vertically downward but most of them ran outward at various

angles, even to near the horizontal, and then gradually turned

downward. The volume of soil delimited at the previous

excavation (which had an area on the surface of about 4 square feet) had not been increased except in

depth. The former working level of 20 inches had been extended to 32

inches. A maximum depth of 39 inches was found

Sumber: http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010137veg.roots/010137ch3.html.

Crop Rooting Depth.

Sumber:. http://ucanr.edu/sites/Drought/Agriculture/Irrigation_Scheduling/Evapotranspiration_Scheduling_ET/Frequency_of_Irrigation/Crop_Rooting_Depth/

Plant Rooting CharacteristicsWhile the soil's texture impacts the amount of stored soil moisture, the plant's rooting characteristics determine how much of the soil

moisture can be accessed by the plant. A deep rooted crop has access to a greater amount of soil moisture than does a shallow-rooted crop,

usually allowing it to go longer between irrigations. The rooting depths of a number of crops are shown in the table below.

The rooting depth may be affected by the soil depth, constraining soil layers (hardpan, plowpan, etc.), or even abrupt changes in soil texture. When in doubt about the soil profile or rooting depth, use a soil auger

or better yet a backhoe, to determine the rooting depth and soil profile textural characteristics.

Depths to which the roots of mature crops will deplete the available water supply when grown in a deep permeable, well-drained soil under average conditions..

Source: Chapter 11, "Sprinkler Irrigation," Section 15, Natural Resources Conservation Service National Engineering Handbook Sumber: . http://ucanr.edu/sites/Drought/Agriculture/Irrigation_Scheduling/Evapotranspiration_Scheduling_ET/Frequency_of_Irrigation/

Crop_Rooting_Depth/

Better rooting = Greater yield potentialIn 3 weeks from planting there was over a 40% increase in root mass

where Avail treated phosphate was used..

Sumber:.

.

Sumber:. http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosr.htm

Root-hair Zone The root-hair zone is the zone in the differentiating root tip where the final maturation and full differentiation of all

the cells occurs. The prominent part of this zone is

the root hairs themselves. This is where most of the water and minerals are absorbed by the root.

BULU AKAR – ROOT HAIR.

Sumber:. http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosr.htm#Root%20Hairs

Bulu akar merupakan perluasan

protoplasmik sel-sel epidermis.

Bulu akar ini memperluas

permukaan akar , sehingga

memudahkan penyerapan air dan

hara dari tanah.