SUBMITTED TO :-

Dr. K.K. AGRAWALAssociate Professor

PRESENTED BY :-

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU KRISHI VISHWA VIDHYALAYA JABALPUR M.P.

College of Agriculture Jabalpur (m.p.) India

GOVARDHAN LODHA (160111017)ARVIND AHIRWAR (160111003)DESHRAJ PATEL (160111004)GOLANDAS BAGHEL (160111006)KULDEEP S. SALLAM (160111008)

CONTENT –

1. Concept of sustainability2. Production potential under monoculture cropping, 3. Multiple cropping, 4. Alley cropping, 5. Sequential cropping and intercropping, 6. Mechanism of yield advantage in intercropping systems.

Agron 511

CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

The word "sustain," from the Latin sustinere (sus-, from below and tenere, to hold), To keep in existence or maintain, implies long-term support or permanence.

DEFINITION;-Sustainability is the production system aimed at achieving maximum production while maintaining the resources base for the future generations i.e. meeting the present demands while protecting ecology and preserving the resources base and high environmental quality.

FUTURE ECOLOGY IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN PRESENT ECONOMY.

CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY

Definition Of Sustainable Agriculture

Tha form of agriculture aimed at meeting the food and fuel needs of the present generation without endangering the resource base for the future generations. It is an efficient management system of renewable resources including soil, forests, crops, biodiversity and ecosystem without degradation, to provide adequate food and other needs for the current and future generations.

USDA (legal) Sustainable agriculture means, an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will, over the long term: Satisfy human food and fiber needs; Enhance environmental quality and the natural resource based upon which the

agricultural economy depends; Ø Make the most efficient use of nonrenewable resources and on-farm resources and integrate, where appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls; Ø Sustain the economic viability of farm operations; Ø Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole.

» The concept of sustainable agriculture has come up because yield from modern farming technique reaching a plateau and the environmental problems due to excessive use of chemicals and pesticides in food chain.

CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Type of agriculture Objective Input Output

Subsistence agriculture (Low level equilibrium)

To sustain life and familyNeed

Low Low

Commercial farming (high level equilibrium)

To obtain high income High High

Sustainable agriculture(Natural or ecological equilibrium)

Ecological balance Low High

Soil and water conservation to prevent degradation of soil productivity.

Efficient use of limited irrigation water to avoids problems of soil.

Appropriate crop rotations.

Integrated nutrient management that reduces the need for inorganic fertilizers, improves the soil health and minimize the environmental pollution by conjuctive use of organics, in-organics and bio-fertilizers.

Integrated plant protection that reduces the need for agrochemicals through crop rotation, weather monitoring, use of resistant varieties, timely planting of crops and biological plant protection.

Management systems to control weeds by preventive measures, tillage, timely cultivation and crop rotation which improve plant health.

Components of sustainable system.

Management practices for sustainable Agriculture

Soil managementSoil and water conservation technologySoil fertility managementProblem soil management

Water resources management

Integrated pest management Integrated disease managementIntegrated weed management

Objectives of sustainable Agriculture:- Satisfy human food and fiber needs. Enhance environmental quality and the natural

resource base upon which the agricultural economy

depends.

Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources.

appropriate, natural biological cycles and controls . Sustain the economic viability of farm operations. Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as

whole.

Characteristics of sustainable agriculture include

Conservation and preservationBiodiversityAnimal welfare: Economically viable

Socially just

Components of sustainable farming systems CROP ROTATIONS.

POLYCULTURES. AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS.

COVER CROPS. ANIMAL INTEGRATION

Design of Sustainable farming systemsoptimizing the use of locally available resourcesReducing the use of off-farmRelying mainly on resources within the agroecosystem by improving the match between cropping patterns and the productive potentialworking to value and conserve biological diversityTaking full advantage of local knowledge and practices

CROPPING SYSTEM The cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources, other farm enterprises, and available technology which determine their make up.

Cropping pattern The yearly sequence and spatial arrangement of crops and fallow on a given area. Cropping system comprises all components required for the production of a particular crop and the interrelationships between them and environment. In the cropping systems, sometimes a number of crops are grown together or they are grown separately at short intervals in the same field.

Basic Principle of cropping systems

Choose crops that complement each otherChoose crops and a cropping rotation which utilize available resources efficientlyChoose crops and a cropping that maintain and enhance soil fertilityChoose crops which have a diversity of growth cycleChoose a diverse species of cropsKeep the soil coveredStrategically plan and modify the cropping system as needed.

Benefit of Cropping systemMaintain and enhance soil fertilityEnhance crop growthMinimize spread of diseaseControl weedsInhibit insect and pest growthIncrease soil coverReduce risk for crop failureUse resources more efficiently

Objective of cropping system : Efficient utilization of all resources viz. Land, water,

and solar radiation maintaining stability in production and obtaining higher net returns.

The efficiency is measured by the quantity of produce obtained per unit resource in a unit time

Classifications of Cropping System Depending on the resources and technology available, different types of cropping systems are adopted on farms, which are as below Sole cropping (monoculture)

Intensive cropping: Multiple cropping IntercroppingSequential croppingCrop rotation

Monocropping This is where the field is used to grow only one crop season after season . Also known as solid planting

Disadvantages: it is difficult to maintain cover on the soilit encourages pests, diseases and weedsit can reduce the soil fertility and damage the soil structure.

Multiple cropping:Growing two or more crops on the same field in a year.Annual and perennial plants can be organized in fields together. It is a form of polyculture

tomatoes + onions + marigold; the marigolds repel some tomato pests.

Intercropping:Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field. There is intercrop competition during all or part of crop growth. It is further sub-divided as

(a) Mixed intercropping: (b) Row intercropping: (c) Strip intercropping: (d) Relay intercropping:

Mixed intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously with no distinct row arrangement. Also referred to as mixed cropping. Ex: Sorghum, pearl millet and cowpea are mixed and broadcasted in rainfed conditions.

Strip intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously in strips wide enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough for the crops to interact agronomically. Ex. Groundnut + redgram (6:4) strip.

Strip intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously in strips wide enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough for the crops to interact agronomically. Ex. Groundnut + redgram (6:4) strip.

Mixed intercropping:

Growing two or more crops simultaneously with no distinct row arrangement. Also referred to as mixed cropping. Ex: Sorghum, pearl millet and cowpea are mixed and broadcasted in rainfed conditions.

Row intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously where one or more crops are planted in rows. Often simply referred to as intercropping. Maize + greengram (1:1), Maize + blackgram (1:1),Groundnut + Rredgram (6:1).

Relay intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously during the part of the life cycle of each. A second crop is planted after the first crop has reached its reproductive stage of growth, but, before it is ready for harvest. Often simply referred to as relay cropping.

THE OVERALL ADVANTAGES OF INTERCROPPING INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

Biodiversity and stability: Increased yieldMaintenance of soil fertilityFodder and manure: Soil cover Risk spreading and food securityWeed controlMicroclimatePhysical support: Pest and diseases control

Disadvantages,

• Mechanized planting and harvesting are difficult;

• It is more difficult to apply needed fertilizers and other chemicals as in sole cropping; and

• Experimentation with intercropping is more complex and difficult to manage than with sole cropping.

Sequential cropping Growing two or more crops in sequence on the same field in a farming year. The succeeding crop is planted after the preceding crop has been harvested. Crop intensification is only in time dimension. There is no intercrop competition.

Double cropping: Growing of two crops in a year in sequence.

Tripple cropping: Growing of three crops in a year in sequence.

Quadruple cropping: Growing of four crops in a year in sequence.

Fennel resprouts from the stump! Cut the main bulb high, and then harvest baby sprouts a few weeks later.

(b) Ratoon cropping: The cultivation of crop re-growth after harvest, although not necessarily for grain. Ex.Fennel:ratoon; Broccoli: ratoon

Alley Cropping Alley cropping is broadly defined as the planting of two or more sets of single ormultiple rows of trees or shrubs at wide spacing, creating alleyways within which agricultural, horticultural, or forage crops are cultivated.  Benefits of Alley Cropping Diversify farm enterpriseReduce erosionImprove water qualityProtect cropsEnhance wildlifeImprove aesthetics

Mechanism Of Yield Advantages In Intercropping System:

Since several crops are involved in intercropping system, it is not logical to compare total yield of different crop in on system with the other. Several indices are developed to evaluate yield advantages in intercropping system.Crop equivalent yield (CEY): Land equivalent ratio (LER): Relative yield total (RYT):Relative crowing coefficient (RCC):

LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO (LER):

Land equivalent ratio (LER) is the relative land area under sole crops that is required to produce the yields achieved in intercropping. LER can be mathematically represented as follows-

  LER = Yi / Yij

Where, Yi is the yield of ith component crop from a unit area grown as intercrop and Yij is the yield of ith component grown as sole crop over the same area.

Example:- Let the yields of groundnut and redgram grown as pure crops be 1200 and 1000 kg/ha

respectively. Let the yields of these crops when grown as intercrops be 1000 and 600 kg/ha

respectively. The land equivalent ratio of groundnut +redgram intercropping system is as follows :

Yield of inter crop (1000) LER of groundnut = ----------------------------

Yield of sole crops(1200)LER of redrgram = 600/1000

LER of system= + = 1.43

LER of the indicates that 43 per cent yield advantage is obtained when grown as intercrops compared

to growing as sole crops. In other words the sole crop have to be grown in 1.43 ha to get the same yield

level that is obtained from 1.00 ha of intercropping.

LER more than 1 indicates yield advantage, equal to 1 indicates no grain or no gain or no loss and less than 1 indicates yield loss. It can be used both for replacement and additives series of

intercropping. LER is the summation of ratios of yields of intercrop to the

yield of sole crop. LER gives a better picture of the competitive abilities of the

component crops. It also gives actual yield advantage of intercropping. In other words LER is the measure of production efficiency of

different system by convening the production in terms of land acreage.

LER gives an accurate assessment of the biological efficiency of intercropping.

References-

Principles of agronomy by Reddy And Reddy. Modern concepts and advance principles in crop

production by Panda S.C. Fundamentals of Agriculture by Arun Katayan. Hand Book of Agriculture by ICAR New Delhi. Principles of agronomy. By Reddy and Reddy . Irrigation agronomy by Dr.S.R.Reddy. Agriinfo.net Tnau study material Krishikhosh ethesis Lectur e notes of Dr. k.k. Agrawal, professor ,jnkvv

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Govardhan LodhaM.Sc.(Ag.) Agronomy

J. N. Agriculture University, Jabalpur College of Agriculture, Jabalpur (M.P.), India