Laura Murphy, Tulane University, lmurphy2@tulane.edu

Crops, Cellphones Crops, Cellphones and T-Cells: and T-Cells: Technology Technology Change for Change for Livelihood Livelihood

Security in Sub Security in Sub Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa

Study questionsStudy questions

► How are African communities affected by HIV How are African communities affected by HIV and AIDS and AIDS actually respondingactually responding through the through the adoption, adaptation, innovation of adoption, adaptation, innovation of technologies to enhance their livelihood technologies to enhance their livelihood security?security?

► How do development How do development policiespolicies of of governmental and non-governmental actors governmental and non-governmental actors facilitate and/or hinder community-based facilitate and/or hinder community-based technology innovation for livelihood security?technology innovation for livelihood security?

► Funded by the John D and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

Technology change Technology change HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS

►““Technology” = adoption, adaptation, Technology” = adoption, adaptation, innovation of artefacts & systems of innovation of artefacts & systems of knowledgeknowledge

►a “Livelihood security” frameworka “Livelihood security” framework Human, natural, social, physical, $ capital Human, natural, social, physical, $ capital Diverse sources of goods, servicesDiverse sources of goods, services

►Prevention, Treatment & Care, Prevention, Treatment & Care, MitigationMitigation

Livelihoods and AIDS mitigationLivelihoods and AIDS mitigation► Infection, chronic Infection, chronic

illness, death = loss ofillness, death = loss of Labor, knowledgeLabor, knowledge Remittances, wagesRemittances, wages AssetsAssets

Changes in “coping strategies”:land use, cropping, consumption, health care, mourning, school enrollment

Need to Mitigate Impacts of AIDS on all forms of capital, vulnerability context

Labor-saving Labor-saving technologiestechnologiesFood & nutrition Food & nutrition Vulnerable Vulnerable populations:”OVCs”populations:”OVCs”

Burden of careBurden of careOrphans (single & Orphans (single & double)double)Widows & Child-Widows & Child-headed householdsheaded householdsExclusion, Exclusion, discrimination discrimination

PreventionPrevention Care & TreatmentCare & Treatment MitigationMitigation

Female condom reuseFemale condom reuse Homegrown nutrition & Homegrown nutrition & herbal remediesherbal remedies

Conservation Conservation agricultureagriculture

Rapid HIV testRapid HIV test Manufactured Manufactured therapeutic foodstherapeutic foods

Lightweight farmtoolsLightweight farmtools

Disposable syringesDisposable syringes Antiretroviral therapyAntiretroviral therapy Chickens, goats, Chickens, goats, rabbitsrabbits

Safewater systemSafewater system Improved sweet potatoImproved sweet potato

Mobile phoneMobile phone Mobile phoneMobile phone Mobile phoneMobile phone

telecenterstelecenters Handheld computers & Handheld computers & wirelesswireless

telecenterstelecenters

Razor blade in Razor blade in circumcisioncircumcision

Home based care kits Home based care kits & bicycles& bicycles

Community seed Community seed banksbanks

Peer group counseling, Peer group counseling, wife inheritance, ABCwife inheritance, ABC

Support Groups, Support Groups, mainstreaming, mainstreaming, workplace policiesworkplace policies

Child mentoring, Child mentoring, microcredit, microcredit, multisectoral programsmultisectoral programs

Examples from inventory of technology changes surrounding for HIV & AIDS

Information & Communication Technology (ICTs)

Boda-Boda (bicycle taxi)

Worldspace Radio Internet access through Open Knowledge Network

Satellite-internet at Post Offices in Kenya

•PDAs for health professionals

•Text messaging reminders & market prices

Mixed methodsMixed methods

► Mapping, Timelines, Participant Mapping, Timelines, Participant observation, in-depth observation, in-depth interviews, focus group interviews, focus group discussion, key informant discussion, key informant interviewsinterviews

► Agency reports, email, field Agency reports, email, field reports of technology changesreports of technology changes

► Secondary data on farm Secondary data on farm production, wage work, sugar production, wage work, sugar industry, HlV/AIDS surveillance, industry, HlV/AIDS surveillance, IEC, VCT, HBC, ART programsIEC, VCT, HBC, ART programs

Desk reviewDesk review

Case studies

Findings Findings from field from field researchresearch

► Western Western Province, KenyaProvince, Kenya

► High High prevalence, prevalence, generalized generalized epidemicepidemic

► Lake Victoria, Lake Victoria, fishing, TZ/UG fishing, TZ/UG borders, truck borders, truck routes, sugar routes, sugar industry, history industry, history of mobility, of mobility, wage workwage work

SOUTH NYANZA

BUNGOMA

Suba District, south Nyanza

Are labor-saving Animal Traction implements the answer to loss of labor due to AIDS?

Sub-question for land abundant south Nyanza

Rumpstad Multipurpose Lightweight Implement (plough, weed, ridge)Drawn by donkey or oxen:Does it meet needs of AIDS-affected communities?

Excerpt from Nyapuodi Village Map

Only 1 improved ploughMajor loss of livestock to disease

30% of 103 HH: HIV+, death, bed-ridden person, orphans,

Policy implication Policy implication (1)(1)

► Tsetse fly & Tsetse fly & trypanosomiasis control trypanosomiasis control will help mitigate AIDS will help mitigate AIDS

► Conservation policies Conservation policies (Ruma National Park) (Ruma National Park) conflict with human and conflict with human and livestock healthlivestock health Traps removed, bush Traps removed, bush

cover (habitat) remainscover (habitat) remains

Kakichumma Village, Bungoma

Kakichumma VillageKakichumma Village

► Population 2005 ~ 350 households, ~2800 Population 2005 ~ 350 households, ~2800

►HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS Arrived in 1991, widespreadArrived in 1991, widespread about 30% directly affected, others indirectlyabout 30% directly affected, others indirectly

► Poverty: thatch roofs, no hoe, no blanketsPoverty: thatch roofs, no hoe, no blankets

► Remote: no bus, phone, electricity, Remote: no bus, phone, electricity, extension services, official visitsextension services, official visits One NGO (ACE) active, some HBC trainingOne NGO (ACE) active, some HBC training Health center: 5 miles away (foot); hospital (ART) Health center: 5 miles away (foot); hospital (ART)

in Bungoma townin Bungoma town

Changes in Gardens w/ HIV / AIDS concernsChanges in Gardens w/ HIV / AIDS concerns

► PlantsPlants Diversity of herbs, shrubs, Diversity of herbs, shrubs,

grasses, trees, tubers, grasses, trees, tubers, legumeslegumes

knowledge intensive knowledge intensive (traditional and modern)(traditional and modern)

► TechniquesTechniques Pile vs. pit composting, Pile vs. pit composting,

intercropping, terracingintercropping, terracing Conservation agriculture Conservation agriculture

►Permaculture, organicPermaculture, organic

► Use Hand ToolsUse Hand Tools Hoes (jembes)Hoes (jembes) Machete/pangasMachete/pangas maybe shovels, pickaxe, maybe shovels, pickaxe,

occasional ox-plowoccasional ox-plow

► Storage, Processing, Storage, Processing, Cooking Cooking Non-chemical preservationNon-chemical preservation Nutritional Supplements Nutritional Supplements IGA IGA Seed bulking & banksSeed bulking & banks

► New “adopters” and innovators New “adopters” and innovators chronically ill, HIV +, orphans and chronically ill, HIV +, orphans and

vulnerable children, caregiversvulnerable children, caregivers

► New usesNew uses social support, nutritionsocial support, nutrition social structures & normssocial structures & norms

►community organization for land, community organization for land, labor, distributionlabor, distribution

►School clubsSchool clubs

Hybrid Systems responding to HIV & Hybrid Systems responding to HIV & AIDSAIDS

►New combinations New combinations Neglected indigenous leafy Neglected indigenous leafy

vegetables and new “ProvitA” vegetables and new “ProvitA” enriched sweet potato enriched sweet potato

►For staple food, micronutrients, For staple food, micronutrients, income-generationincome-generation

► range of HIV & AIDS-range of HIV & AIDS-affectedaffected

“brainwashed” to grow foreign kale

Maize displaced millet & sorghum in 1950s

Constraints to rural garden technology Constraints to rural garden technology changechange

► (the right) Seeds and (the right) Seeds and Planting Material in Planting Material in short supplyshort supply

► Water: In the wrong Water: In the wrong place, wrong timeplace, wrong time

► Tools: inadequate, Tools: inadequate, worn, lackingworn, lacking

► Technical information Technical information scarcescarce

► Labor & timeLabor & time

Policy implications

Seed bulkingSoil & Water conservationAgricultural Mechanization SAP cutbacksSAP cutbacks “Demand- “Demand-driven extension services”driven extension services”

Social safety netsSilence among leaders, delayed responseMultisectoral programs

►““Appropriate technology” to Appropriate technology” to combat HIV and AIDS is wide-combat HIV and AIDS is wide-rangingranging

Not only “labor-saving” –often capital Not only “labor-saving” –often capital intensive (animal traction)intensive (animal traction)

more intelligent use of labor, more more intelligent use of labor, more productive, multi-purpose outputsproductive, multi-purpose outputs►hoes + cellphones, drip irrigation + hoes + cellphones, drip irrigation +

HAARTHAART►Drudgery reduction, home based careDrudgery reduction, home based care

Appropriate Technology to combat HIV and AIDS

Diffusion & AdaptationDiffusion & Adaptation

► Social Networks Social Networks NGOS like ACE NGOS like ACE trainees, friends, opinion leaders, trainees, friends, opinion leaders,

neighborsneighbors Mobility & Remittances Mobility & Remittances cash, ideas infusion cash, ideas infusion

► Constant adaptation, rejection, recombinationConstant adaptation, rejection, recombination Constant recovery of old, and infusion of newConstant recovery of old, and infusion of new

► Rural innovations abound Rural innovations abound Development, globalization, HIV/AIDS all bring challenges Development, globalization, HIV/AIDS all bring challenges

and opportunitiesand opportunities► Information, better nutrition, Anti-retroviral therapyInformation, better nutrition, Anti-retroviral therapy

Polarization and intensification of povertyPolarization and intensification of poverty► material goods, labor, cash, land, hopematerial goods, labor, cash, land, hope

further conclusionsfurther conclusions

►HIV/AIDS in generalized rural epidemic: HIV/AIDS in generalized rural epidemic: everyone is affected everyone is affected through networks and interconnectionsthrough networks and interconnections Cumulative burden over time, prevention not Cumulative burden over time, prevention not

enoughenough Eager to talk and learnEager to talk and learn

►Household-level “AIDS affected” measures Household-level “AIDS affected” measures used in studies are inadequateused in studies are inadequate ““chronically ill” , “presence of orphans” chronically ill” , “presence of orphans” Cumulative effects, missing, dissolvedCumulative effects, missing, dissolved need to view community as a whole over timeneed to view community as a whole over time

Policy implication (2)Policy implication (2)

Agency policies Agency policies that are donor that are donor driven and driven and single purpose single purpose might miss the might miss the point. point.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

►Action in the Community Action in the Community environment (ACE Africa), environment (ACE Africa), BungomaBungoma

►Animal Draft Power Programme Animal Draft Power Programme (ADPP), Homa Bay(ADPP), Homa Bay

►Residents of Nyapuodi VillageResidents of Nyapuodi Village►Residents of Kakichumma VillageResidents of Kakichumma Village►Paul Harvey, co-investigator, ODIPaul Harvey, co-investigator, ODI

Resources: HIV/AIDS, food and Resources: HIV/AIDS, food and livelihoodslivelihoods

► International Food Policy Research International Food Policy Research InstituteInstitute www.ifpri.orgwww.ifpri.org

►FANTAproject.org (nutrition)FANTAproject.org (nutrition)

►Food and Agriculture OrganizationFood and Agriculture Organization www.fao.org/hivaidswww.fao.org/hivaids