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Cross Layer Design-Suparna

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Agenda Introduction

Signaling Methods

Architecture Applications

Issues

Proposed solutions Conclusion & Future Work

References

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What lead to CLD? Advanced applications like VOIP, Web browsing ,

multimedia conferences & video streaming

demanded Widely varying and diverse QoS guarantees

Adaptability to dynamically varying networks & traffic

Modest Buffer requirements

High and effective Capacity utilization

Low processing overhead per packet

Video streaming high bandwidth requirements are coupled with

tight delay constraints

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What lead to CLD? The approach of any layerednetwork is to treat different layersas different entities and performlayer specific operation independentof other layers

TCP is a point-to-point protocol thatsets up a connection bet twoendpoints using a handshake signal,hence it cannot be used in multicastenvironment

QoS was not an issue for the

application using Layered approachfor providing multi vendor interface

FIFO buffers were used for resourcehandling and sharing

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Cross Layer Design CLD is a way of achieving information sharing

between all the layers in order to obtain highestpossible adaptivity of any network.

This is required to meet the challenging Data rates,higher performance gains and Quality of Servicesrequirements for various real time and non real timeapplications.

CLD is a co-operation between multiple layers tocombine the resources and create a network that ishighly adaptive

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Cross Layer Design This approach allows upper layers to better adapt

their strategies to varying link and network

conditions.

This helps to improve the end-to-end performance

given networks resources.

Each layer is characterized by some key parameters,

that are passed to the adjacent layers to help themdetermine the best operation modes that best suit the

current channel, network and application conditions

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Cross Layer Design Wireless Networking

Architecture: Connection Vs

Connectionless

Energy efficient analysis of manets

Traffic theory & protocols

Signal processing

Increasing the spectral efficiency

Reducing Bit Error Rate

Reducing transmission energy

Information Theory

Developing capacity limits

Designing efficient source coding and

channel algorithms

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Cross Layer Signaling Methods Method IPacket headers

Method IIICMP Messages

Method IIILocal Profiles

Method IVNetworks Services

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Method IPacket headers Interlayer signaling pipe stores the cross layer

information of the Headers of theIPv6 packets

It makes use of IP data packets as in-bandmessage carriers

There is no need to use a dedicated message

protocol

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Method IPacket Headers Method IIICMP Messages

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Method IIICMP Messages

A message can be generated at any layer and propagated to

any upper layer, thus a message is transferred using these

holes rather than a pipe as in method I

The messages are propagated through the layers using theInternet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

This is more flexible and efficient method.

But, ICMP encapsulated message have to pass by network

layer even if the signaling is requires between link andapplication layer.

Only upward ICMP messages are reported

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Method IIILocal Profiles

Cross layer information is abstracted from

related layer and stored in separate profiles

within a Mobile Host (MH). Interested layers can select profiles to fetch

desired information.

This is not suitable for time-stringent taskslike real time applications.

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Method IIILocal Profile

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Method IVNetworks Services

Channel and link information from physical

layer and link layer are gathered, abstracted

and managed by WCIWireless channelInformation Servers.

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Method IVNetworks Services

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Some applications of CLD

QoS support in the 3Gpp2 Wireless Systems

AD-HOC networks for real-time video

streaming QoS mapping architecture for video delivery

in wireless network

Multimedia over wireless

Multi hop wireless networks

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Application of CLD in AD-HOC Networks for

Real time Video Streaming

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CLD for Real Time Video Streaming

Link Layer: Adaptive techniques are used to maximize the linkrates under varying channel conditions.

MAC Layer: Assigns time slots, codes or frequency bands toeach links.

Network Layer: Network layer operates jointly with MAC layerto determine the set of network flows that minimizescongestion.

Transport Layer: Congestion-Distortion optimized schedulingis performed to control the transmission and retransmission of

packets. It uses a CoDiO Scheduler which selects the mostimportant packet in terms of video distortion and transmits it inan order that minimizes congestion. It avoids transmittingpackets in large bursts.

Application Layer: It determines the most efficient encodingrate that will suite the given requirements for that application

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Adaptive Link Layer Technique

The data rate of the link is improved by adaptingthe link layer variation to the variation of thechannel like transmitter power, target BER and

Symbol rate. Adapting the Packet length depending on the

SINR and the link layer parameters to optimizethroughput.

The optimal packet length L is calculated as

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PSNR performance for video Streaming for two

different Networks

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Issue 1:Video Delivery in Wireless Networks

(Link layer, Transport Layer & Application Layer)

Providing better quality of service QoS mappingtechniques so that each video layer is optimallymapped to its corresponding priority class.

There should be a proper coordination mechanismbetween priority transmission system and videoapplications. This is because in transmission layerthe QoS is expressed in terms of probability ofbuffer overflow and the probability of delay

violation at the link layer. Whereas, in Videoapplication layer QoS is measured by mean squarederror (MSE) and Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).

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Architecture of a cross layer QoS Management

for video delivery over wireless

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QoS Mapping Technique

The QoS mapping and the Adaptation Moduleare the key factors of the cross layer design.

It has to be designed to optimally matchapplication layer QoS and the link(Transmission layer) QoS.

The video application layer QoS and link-

layer QoS are allowed to interact with eachother and adapt along with the wirelesschannel condition.

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GOP structure of MPEG video file

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QoS Mapping Issues

Packets from the same GOP structure have toplaced on the same QoS class.

The video playback frame rate at the end useris F frames/sec. And if the mobile terminalstarts to play back the first video frame ofGOP at time Tp, then for uninterrupted

playback the video frame n in the same GOPshould be received before

Td(n) = Tp + ((n-1)/F)

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Solution: Tree search approach

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Tree approach for optimal Mapping

Find out the number of the video layers and markthem as the stages of the tree

Mark the priority classes as the nodes of the stages

Create all the possible branches in order to accountfor all the accumulated buffer occupancies.

Compute the accumulated distortion reduction toeach mapping and after that the optimal mappingsolution will be the route from the leaf node to thetree root which had the minimum accumulateddistortion reduction.

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Solution for Priority Transmission and

Video Application Module

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Solution for Priority Transmission and

Video Application Module

Video coding module sets up a QoS bound r(t) in terms ofexpected video distortion (PSNR). It then send a transmitrequest (Txreq) to transmission module

Transmission Module offers a set of statistical Qosguarantees for each priority class. The QoS parameters thatprovide the lowest distortion and satisfy the range of videoquality requirement r(t) will be chosen as the QoS parametersfor the transmission.

The transmission module requests the video coding module toadjust itself to the lower value.

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Solution for Priority Transmission and

Video Application Module

The video coding module sends the selected QoSparameters to set up the QoS parameters for eachpriority class of the network. In the next step thetransmission module acknowledges this after set upis complete.

The prioritized video bit stream is uploaded onto thenetwork based on the QoS parameters and the videolayer mapping policy.

Upon the change of the channel service rate,parameters have to rearranged by using the sameprocedure.

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Issue:2 Providing Multi User Gain

In cross Layer Design for wireless networks

on of the important issue is related to

providing multi user gain withoutcompensating for the QoS requirements of the

users.

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CLD Architecture for a Wireless Network

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Scheduler

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Related Issues

How to support real time data users simultaneously

with good QoS, with packet delays not exceeding

given thresholds ?

How to support a mixture of real time and non real

time data users simultaneously with real time user

receiving their desired QoS and non real time users

receiving maximum throughput ? How to fairly allocated Bandwidth among various

user?

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Proposed Solution The optimal scheduling for a wireless networks

consists of N queues and a single server is serving allthe queues.

The arrival process to each of the queues is assumedto be i.i.d (independent n identical distribution)bernoulli process and the channel perceived by eachqueue is also i.i.d ON-OFF process.

Then it has been proved that the policy which

minimizes the number of packets in the system iswhen the server serves the user whose channel is Onand has the longest queue.

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Simulation Results for Traffic Mix Parameters

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Issue: 3

Whenever Cross Layer design is implemented

problems like Time Separation, Stability andunintended interactions between the layers

have to be taken care of.

This issue deals with these problems with thehelp of some examples like Adaptive Rate

MAC Layer.

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Rate Adaptive MAC and Minimum

Hop Routing Problem

The rate adaptive protocol is a simple

variation of IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol.

The idea behind rate-adaptive MAC protocolsis to send data at higher rates when the

channel quality is good. And such higher rates

can be achieved by changing the modulationscheme.

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Rate Adaptive MAC and Minimum

Hop Routing Problem

The transmission rate can be set as requireddepending on the Modulation scheme

The RTS/CTS are always transmitted at Base

rate At receiver, it measures the signal strength and

figures out the maximum rate at which the Datacan be received given that signal strength

This rate is then communicated through CTS Then the transmitter send the subsequent ACK

and DATA packets at this data rate.

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Plain IEEE 802.11 protocol

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Rate Adaptive Mac Protocol Using minimum Hop Routing Protocol with higher layers

protocol like Destination Sequenced Distance Vector(DSDV), then it had some undesirable effects.

DSDV builds routing tables by sending hello packets to

neighbors. Hello packets are broadcast packets that containcumulative routing information.

Since hello packets are broadcast packets, they are sent at thebase rate, and thus have a large range.

Minimum-hop routing thus chooses the longest possible hops

on the path, which causes low received signal strength, whichin turn implies a low data rate.

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Destination Sequence Distant Vector

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Comparison of Adaptive Rate MAC and Plain

IEEE 802.11

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Conclusion & Future Work

CLD is one of the most rapidly growing technologies which

involves cooperation and state information sharing between all

layers, thus bringing a revolutionary approach.

CLD creates some interactions between the layers. Some of these

are intentional but some are unintentional resulting into the poor

performance of the system which is contradictory to why CLD is

used in first place?

As the CLD architecture is not a modular one, everything is

interconnected to other, more complex algorithms have to bedesigned.

A system wide CLD can lead to spaghetti implementations

which in turn will hamper further innovations and it becomes

difficult to maintain.

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Questions?

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References Introduction:

http://www.iet.ntnu.no/projects/cuban/archive/1812041.pdfhttp://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%20paper.pdf

Architecture:

http://www.stanford.edu/~esetton/Wcomm.pdf

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/32173/01497859.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1497859&isnumber=32173

issue:1http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/9692/30597/01417549.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1417549&isnumber=30597

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References Issue2:

http://140.98.193.112/iel5/49/28068/01254584.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1254584&isn

umber=28068

http://www.tech.plym.ac.uk/see/research/cdma/Papers/QWang%20EPMCC03%2

0paper.pdf

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/27698/01235598.pdf?tp=&arnumber=1235598&

isnumber=27698

Issue3:

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/7742/30466/01404568.pdf?tp=&arnumber=140456

8&is%20%20%20number=30

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