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Crude oil containshundreds of differenttypes of hydrocarbons all

mixed together. To make Crude Oil useful

you have to separate thedifferent types ofhydrocarbons.

This way to separatehydrocarbons is called theOil Refining which startswith a distillation process.

Crude oil is heated and

the different chains arepulled out by theirvaporizationtemperatures.

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Petroleum Gas- Used for cooking,make plastics and for heating.

Gasoline- Motor Fuel

Lubricating Oil- Used for Motor Oil

Residuals- Wax, Asphalt, etc.

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The extraction of petroleum is theprocess by whichusable petroleum is extracted andremoved from the earth to beprocessed.

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The oil well is created by drilling ahole into the earth with an oil rig. Asteel pipe (casing) is placed in thehole, to provide structural integrity

to the newly drilled wellbore. Holesare then made in the base of thewell to enable oil to pass into thebore. Finally a collection of valvescalled a "Christmas Tree" is fitted to

the top, the valves regulatingpressures and controlling flows.

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During the primary

recovery stage, reservoirdrive comes from anumber of naturalmechanisms.

These include: naturalwater displacing oil

downward into the well,expansion of the naturalgas at the top of thereservoir, expansion of gasinitially dissolved in thecrude oil, and gravitydrainage resulting from themovement of oil within thereservoir from the upper tothe lower parts where thewells are located

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The pressure will fall, and at somepoint there will be insufficient

underground pressure to force the oilto the surface. After natural reservoirdrive diminishes, secondary

recovery methods are applied. Theyrely on the supply of external energy

into the reservoir in the form ofinjecting fluids to increase reservoirpressure, hence replacing orincreasing the natural reservoir drivewith an artificial drive. Sometimespumps, such as beampumps and electrical submersiblepumps are used to bring the oil tothe surface.

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Tertiary, or enhanced oil recovery methods increase the mobilityof the oil in order to increase extraction.

Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods are tertiary recoverytechniques that heat the oil, thus reducing its viscosity andmaking it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most commonform and is often done with a cogeneration plant. In this type ofcogeneration plant, a gas turbine is used to

generate electricity and the waste heat is used to producesteam, which is then injected into the reservoir.