Crustacean and Molluscs -production and diseases in Europe
Ed Peeler
Isabelle Arzul
Grant Stentiford
Disease emergence & host switching
Disease spread through trade in live animals
Spill over from farmed to wild populations
Wild populations as disease reservoirs
Disease control in open water farming
Farmed Wild
Managed
Exploited
Wild Farmed
Mo
lluscs •Oysters (Ostrea edulis, Crassostrea gigas)
•Mussels (Mytilis edulis, M. galloprovincialis)
•Scallops (e.g. Pecten maximus)
•Cockles (Cerastoderma edule)
•Clams (e.g. Venerupis decussata)
Cru
sta
ce
a
•Native crayfish
• Non-native crayfish (Signal crayfish )
•Crabs
•Lobsters
•Norway lobster
•Brown shrimp
•Shrimp (P. Japonicus)
Major European Shellfish Spp.
European crustacean consumption
(annual mt)
Crustacean production
- 2011 mt
Shrimp production (2011mt)
European mollusc production
(FAO 2008)
Mollusc production
Crassostrea gigas (Pacific oysters)
France, Ireland, Spain, Portugal
Mytilis edulis (blue mussel)
France, Netherlands, Ireland, UK
M. galloprovincialis (Mediterranean mussel)
Spain, Italy
European aquaculture relies on
non-native species Invasive Non-invasive
at least 80% increase in shellfish,
especially mussel, production by 2020
OIE listed diseases
CRUSTACEAN DISEASES
• Crayfish plague
• White spot disease
• Yellow head disease
• Taura syndrome
• Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis
• Infectious myonecrosis
• Necrotising hepatopancreatitis
• White tail disease
MOLLUSCAN DISEASES
• Bonamia exitiosa
• Bonamia ostreae
• Marteilia refringens
• Perkinsus marinus
• Perkinsus olseni
• Microcytos mackini
• Xenohaliotis californiensis
• abalone herpesvirus
• [Oyster herpesvirus µVar]
Diseases listed in EU legislation
White
spot ?
Taura
syndrome
Yellowhead
virus
Bonamia ostreae
Marteilia refringens
Bonamia exitiosa?
Perkinsus marinus
Microcystos mackini?
Diseases listed in EU legislation
Other crustacean diseases of
interest
• Gaffkaemia
(Aerococcus vividans)
• Haematodinium
infections
White spot syndrome virus
No reports of WSSV in the EU since 2001
WSSV
• The EU may be free of WSSV
BUT
• No WSSV approved free areas in the EU
have been established
costs benefits
Establishing WSSV freedom
Crayfish plague
Crayfish plague in Europe
1859
Introduction
from US via
ballast water /
fish / crayfish
1960
Introduction
of signal
crayfish for
farming –
further spread
to UK and
Greece
Oyster production in France
Marteilia refringens
• Not known outside Europe
• May have emerged in flat oysters by
jumping from mussels
• Can cause mortality in mussels but
economic impact unknown
• Small proportion of production in M.
refringens free areas
Bonamia ostrea
• Contributed to the decline in O. edulis
• First identified in Northern France and
Spain in 1979
• Associated with the import of O. edulis
from a hatchery in Californian
• Original host is a North American species
of oyster?
• Small proportion of production in free
areas
Bonamia exitiosa
• Well established in Australia and New
Zealand
• Discovered in Spain in 2009?
• Identified in France and Italy
• Date of introduction unknown
• Route of introduction unknown
• No observed impact on C. gigas
• Eradication not attempted
Oyster herpesvirus new variant • Emergence in France in 2008
• Spread through France and to other European
countries via movement of infected stock
• Subsequently observed in Australia and New
Zealand
• Free areas in Ireland the UK established under
EU legislation
– Recent spread through movement of stock for
human consumption
• Planned listing by the OIE
– Sets precedent for listing a specific strain
Vibrio aestauranius – a new
threat?
• Vibrios are endemic, ubiquitious bacteria
in the marine environment which can
cause mortality in oysters
• In 2012 mortality in adult C. gigas
attributed to V. aestauranius
Disease emergence & host switching
Disease spread through trade in live animals
Spill over from farmed to wild populations
Wild populations as disease reservoirs
Disease control in open water farming
Challenges • Disease emergence
– Underlying processes
– Early detection
• Rapid response to prevent spread
• Spread of disease through international
trade
– Importance of trade in commodity
– Notification of emerging diseases
– Rapid disease listing