Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic …International Journal of Science and Engineering...

International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications

Volume 4 Issue 5, 2015, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)

www.ijsea.com 238

Crustal Structure from Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies in the Southern Part of the Cauvery

Basin, India

D.Bhaskara Rao,

Dept. of Geophysics

Andhra University

Visakhapatnam, India

T. Annapurna

Dept. of Geophysics

Andhra University

Visakhapatnam, India

Abstract: The gravity and magnetic data along the profile across the southern part of the Cauvery basin have been collected and the data is interpreted for crustal structure depths.The first profile is taken from Karikudito

Embalecovering a distance of 50 km. The gravity lows and highs have clearly indicated various sub-basins and ridges.

The density logs from ONGC, Chennai, show that the density contrast decreases with depth in the sedimentary basin,

and hence, the gravity profiles are interpreted using variable density contrast with depth. From the Bouguer gravity

anomaly, the residual anomaly is constructed by graphical method correlating with well data and subsurface geology.

The residual anomaly profiles are interpreted using polygon and prismatic models. The maximum depths to the granitic

gneiss basement are obtained as 3.00 km. The regional anomaly is interpreted as Moho rise towards coast. The

aeromagnetic anomaly profiles are also interpreted for charnockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of rocks

using prismatic model.

Key words : Cauvery Basin, Gravity, Variable density contrast, Granitic gneiss basement, Magnetic, Charnockite Basement

1. INTRODUCTION

The Cauvery basin is located between 9oN-120N

latitudes and 78o301E - 80o301E longitudes on the east

coast of India and covers 25,000 sq. km on land and

35,000 sq. km offshore. It consists of six sub-basins and

five ridge patterns. The basement is comprised of the

Archean igneous and metamorphic complex

predominantly granitic gneisses and to a lesser extent

khondalites.Sastri et al (1973, 1977 and 1981) and

Venkatarengan (1987) provided the earliest details on

stratigraphy and tectonics of the sedimentary basins on

the east coast of peninsular India. The Cauvery basin has

come into existence as a result of fragmentation of the

eastern Gondwanaland which began in the Late Jurassic

(Rangaraju et.al, 1993). Lal et al (2009) have provided a

plate tectonic model of the evolution of East coast of

India and the NE-SW trending horst and grabens of

Cauvery basin are considered to be placed juxtaposing

fractured coastal part of Antarctica, located west of

Napier Mountains The Cauvery basin is a target of

intense exploration for hydrocarbons by the Oil and

Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) and has been

extensively studied since early 1960. This is one of the

promising petroliferous basins of India. Many deep

bore-wells have been drilled in this basin in connection

with oil and natural gas exploration. These wells

revealed a wealth of information about the stratigraphy

and density of the formations with depth. The Cauvery

basin is for the most part covered by Holocene deposits.

Sediments of late Jurassic to Pleistocene age crop out in

three main areas near the western margin of the basin

and gently dip towards the east. The oldest sediments in

this basin are Sivaganga beds of late Jurassic age. The

maximum sediment thickness of the basin is about

6000m (Prabhakar and Zutshi, 1993).O.N.G.C.



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conducted gravity and magnetic surveys in the Cauvery

basin in 1960s (Kumar, 1993) and presented the

Bouguer gravity anomaly map. Avasthi et al (1977) have

published gravity and magnetic anomaly maps of

Cauvery basin. Verma (1991) have analyzed few gravity

profiles in the Cauvery basin. Subrahmanyam et al

(1995) has presented offshore magnetic anomalies of

Cauvery basin. Ram Babu and Prasanti Lakshmi (2004)

have interpreted aeromagnetic data for the regional

structure and tectonics of the Cauvery basin. The

geological and geophysical work clearly delineated the

presence of a number of ridges and sub-basins trending

in NE-SW directions (Prabhakar and Zutshi, 1993 and

Hardas, 1991): They are: i. Pondicherry sub-basin ii.

Tranquebar sub-basin iii.Tanjavur sub-basin

IV.Nagapattinam sub-basin v. Palk Bay sub-basin and

vi. Mannar sub basin and i. Madanam Ridge ii.

Kumbakonam Ridge iii.Karaikal Ridge iv. Mannargudi

Ridge v. Mandapam Ridge. The gravity and magnetic

surveys are carried out in the entire Cauvery basin along

nine profiles, at closely spaced interval, and placing the

profiles at approximately 30 km interval and

perpendicular to various tectonic features. In this paper

gravity and magnetic anomaly profile is PP’ presented

along the tectonic map of Prabhakar and Zutshi

(1993).The gravity anomalies are interpreted with

variable density contrast for granitic gneiss basement

and the aeromagnetic profiles are interpreted for the

chornockite basement below the granitic gneiss group of

rocks

.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS.

GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC

SURVEYS

The gravity, magnetic and DGPS(Differential Global

Position System) observations are made along three

profiles across the various tectonic features (Prabhakar

and Zutshi, 1993) in the central part of the Cauvery

basin as shown in Fig.1.Gravity measurements have

been made at approximately 1.5 to 2km station interval.

Gravity readings are taken with Lacoste-Romberg

gravimeter and Position locations and elevations are

determined by DGPS(Trimble).The HIG (Haiwaii

Institute of Geophysics) gravity base station located in

the Ist class waiting hall of Vridhachalam railway

station is taken as the base station. The latitude and

longitude of this base are 11032106.4588511N and

79018159.1986611E respectively. The gravity value at

this base station is 978227.89 mgals. With reference to

the above station, auxiliary bases are established for the

day to day surveys. The Bouguer anomaly for these

profiles is obtained after proper corrections viz (i) drift

(ii) free air (iii) Bouguer and (iv) normal. The Bouguer

density is taken a value of 2.0gm/cc after carrying out

density measurements of the surface rocks. The gravity

observations are made along available roads falling

nearly on straight lines .The maximum deviations from

the straight lines at some places are around 5 km. Total

field magnetic anomalies are also observed at the same

stations using Proton Precession Magnetometer but the

data is later found to be erroneous. In order to get

magnetic picture, aeromagnetic anomaly maps in topo

sheets 58M, 58N, 58J, 58K, 58O, 58L, 58H covering the

total Cauvery basin on land from GSI are procured and

anomaly data is taken along these three profiles. The

total field magnetic anomalies are observed at an

elevation of 1.5 km above msl. IGRF corrections are

made for this data using standard computer programs

and the reduced data is used for interpreting magnetic

basement.

Gravity profile along PPꞌ

The profile (PPꞌ) runs from Karikudi(Latitude

10°01.06.84367"N and Longitude 78°33'13.8292"E) to

Embale, (Latitude 9°01'08.47826"Nand Longitude

78°59'12.71739"E) covering a distance of 50 km and

23 stations are established along this profile (Fig.1).The

data is collected on 20/3/2007. This profile passes across

the Tanjavur sub-basin, Mannargudi ridge (Fig.1). The

profile is sampled at 5 km station interval .The

minimum and maximum Bouguer gravity anomalies



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over the basins and ridges are -45,-35,1.8 and 2,-

17,0.7,.The profile is passing through one ONGC well

which was drilled upto a depth, of; 1500.00 meters and

did not reach granitic gneiss basement and is plotted as

dotted lines in Fig.1,(Jayakondam-1).The basement

depths based on sub-surface geology (Prabhakar and

Zutshi, 1993), shown in Fig.1, are plotted as dotted

curve. Based on this data and by trial and error method

of modeling, a smooth regional curve is drawn such that

the interpretation of resulting residual anomalies with

quadratic density function gives rise to the depths

conforming to the depths given by wells and sub-surface

geology. The regional is -25mgals at the origin and

continuously increases reaching a maximum of 22mgals

at 50 km distance from the land border of the basin. The

regional is subtracted from the Bouguer anomaly and the

residual is plotted as shown in Fig 1. The residual

anomaly is interpreted with quadratic density function

using polygon model (BhaskaraRao and Radhakrishna

Murthy1986) and also with prismatic model

(BhaskaraRao 1986).The depths are obtained by

iterative method using Bott’s method and the results at

10th iteration are plotted as polygon and prismatic

models as shown in Fig.1. The errors between the

residual and calculated anomalies in both the methods

are below +0.1 mgals. The maximum and minimum

depths over the basins and ridges are the interpreted

depths are nearly coinciding with the depths given by

Prabhkar and Zutshi (1993). The regional is interpreted

for Moho depths. For this, the normal Moho value

outside the basin is taken as 42km from Kaila et al

(1990) and the regional anomaly is obtained by

removing a constant value of -25mgals from the regional

and a density contrast of +0.6 gm/cc is assumed

between the upper mantle and crust. The depths to

Moho are deduced from the regional anomaly by Bott’s

method and the Moho rise is plotted at the bottom of

Fig.1 and the Moho is identified at 34.0 km depth near

the coast to 42 km on land border of the basin in NW.

Figure 1. Interpretation of gravity anomaly

profile along PPꞌ

Magnetic profile along PPꞌ

The magnetic data for the profile PP’ is taken from

two topo sheets (58J and 58K).To construct the profile,

the observed stations are placed on topo sheets of the

magnetic anomaly map and a mean straight line is

drawn. The points of intersection of the magnetic

contours with the straight line are noted and these values

are plotted against the distance .This aeromagnetic data

was collected in the year 1983 and diurnal corrections

were made before contouring the data. IGRF corrections

made to this data using 1985 coefficients as and the

magnetic anomaly profile is constructed. The length of

the magnetic anomaly profile is 50 km and is sampled at

5 km interval. The magnetic anomalies vary from 36ɳT

to 164ɳT. The anomalies are interpreted for magnetic

basement structure below granitic gneisses using prism

model. The profile is interpreted by taking the mean

depth of the basement at 5.0 km and constraining the

depths to upper and lower limits of the basement as 2.0

km and 8.0 km respectively. The FORTRAN computer

program TMAG2DIN to interpret the profiles is taken



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from Radhakrishna Murthy (1998). The program is

based on the Marquadt algorithm and this seeks the

minimum of the objective function defined by the sum

of the squares of the differences between the observed

and calculated anomalies. A linear order regional, viz;

Ax+B, is assumed along this profile and the coefficients

A and B are estimated by the computer. The profile is

interpreted for different magnetizations angles (Φ)+18,-

18 and intensity of magnetizations (J) 450.The average

value for the total field (F)39780 , inclination (i)4.0 and

declination (d)0.0 along this profile and the measured

angle between the strike and magnetic north (α)22.

Based on this data, the magnetization angle Φ is

calculated to be 11.00°. But by trial and error, the best

fit of the anomalies for Φ and J. The values of the

objective function, lamda (ג), regional at the origin (A),

regional gradient (B) and the no.of iterations executed

for normal as well as reverse magnetization. Here the

objective function for normal magnetization is 3.46 and

that of reverse magnetization is 18.51. The residual

anomaly after removing the regional from the observed

anomaly is plotted in the figure 2. The differences

between the residual and the calculated anomalies are

negligible as shown in the figure 2. The interpretations

of the depths for normal and reverse magnetizations for

charnockite basement. The depths for these two

interpretations are not much different. As the average

susceptibility of the granitic gneisses is of the order of

10*10-6cgs units and that of charnockite is 2000*10-6cgs

units, granitic gneiss basement cannot explain the

observed magnetic anomalies. The modeling results

place the charnockite basement 0 to 8 km below the

granitic gneiss basement along this profile. The

existence of charnockite basement below granitic

gneisses was also noted by Narayaswamy (1975).

Figure 2. Interpretation of total field magnetic

anomaly profile along PP'

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

The gravity and magnetic surveys have been carried out

along profile laid perpendicular to various tectonic

features, approximately at 30 km interval, in the

southern part of the Cauvery basin. The subsurface

geology and information available from the boreholes

along these profiles are used to estimate the regional in

the case of gravity anomalies. The residual gravity

anomalies are interpreted for the thickness of the

sediments in the basins and on ridges using variable

density contrast. The density data obtained from various

boreholes drilled in connection with oil and natural gas

exploration is used to estimate variable density contrast,

which is approximated by a quadratic function. The

gravity anomalies are interpreted with polygon model

(BhaskaraRao and Radhakrishna Murthy 1986) and also

with prismatic model (BhaskaraRao, 1986), and the

depths are plotted and these are nearly the same for both

the methods: The basement for the sedimentary fill is the



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granitic gneiss group of rocks. The maximum depths

obtained in the Tanjavur sub-basin is 3.0 km along PPꞌ

profile. The regional anomaly is interpreted for Moho

depths and it is rising towards coast along these profiles.

The Moho depth outside the basin is taken as 42 km and

the Moho depths near the coast are obtained as 34.0 km

for the PPꞌ. The gravity studies clearly brought out the

structure of the sedimentary basin along the profile and

supplement the geological studies. The aeromagnetic

anomalies along these three profiles are also interpreted

as a basement structure below the sediments. The

magnetic basements do not coincide with the gravity

basements. The depths obtained for chornackite

basement for normal and reverse magnetizations are

nearly the same. The best fit for the observed magnetic

anomalies is obtained for chornackite basement

structure0 to 8 km below the granitic gneiss basement.

The values of magnetizations angle and intensity of

magnetization show that the anomalies are caused by

remanent magnetization. There is no correlation between

the basements obtained by gravity and magnetic

methods. A close fit with the observed magnetic

anomalies is obtained for reverse magnetization.

However, the charnockite basement structure for normal

and reverse magnetizations are not much different. The

interpretation of magnetic anomalies clearly brought out

the existence of charnockite basement below the granitic

gneiss basement. The observed magnetic anomalies can

be best explained with the intensity of magnetizations

450 gammas for PPꞌ. The modeling results for various

profiles place the chornackite basement at 0 to 8km

below the granitic basement.

4. CONCLUSIONS.

The profile PPꞌ runs from Karikudi to Embale

covering a distance of 50 km. This profile passes

across the Tanjavur sub-basin and Mannargudi

ridge.The residual anomaly is interpreted with

quadratic density function using polygon and

prismatic models. The depths obtained by gravity

methods on the Tanjavur sub basin and

Mannargudi ridge are 1.8 km, and 0.7 km

respectively. The interpreted depths are nearly

coinciding with the depths given by Prabhakar and

Zutshi (1993) and drilled depths. The regional

gravity anomalies are interpreted for Moho depths.

The Moho is identified at 34.0 km depth near the

coast to 42 km on land border of the basin in NW.

The magnetic anomaly profile is interpreted with

different intensity of magnetizations (J) and dips

(Φ) for charnockite basement. There is no

correlation between the basements obtained by the

gravity and magnetic methods. The observed

magnetic anomalies can be best explained with the

intensity of magnetization of 450 gammas and dips

of ±18.0 degrees. The objective functions for

normal and reverse magnetizations are 3.46 and

18.51 respectively.

5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A part of this work was carried out during the DST

project (2005-2009) “Crustal structure, regional

tectonics and evolution of K-G and Cauvery basins from

gravity and magnetic surveys and modeling” and the

financial support received from the DST is gratefully

acknowledged. We thank the Director (Exploration),

O.N.G.C. for giving permission to use well log density

data. We also thank Prof.K.V.V.Satyanarayana, Retired

Professor of Geophysics for the help in field work. We

are also thankful to Prof.P.RamaRao, Head of the

Department, Department of Geophysics, for providing

facilities in the Department.

6. REFERENCES

[1] Avasthi, D.N,V.V.Raju., and B.Y

Kashethiyar,1977. A case history of

geophysical surveys for in the



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Cauvery basin: In: Geophysical case

histories of India (Ed.

V.L.S.Bhimasankaram), Vol.1,p.57-

77,Assoc.Expl.Geophysics.India.

[2] Bhaskara Rao, D. (1986). Modelling of

sedimentary basins from gravity

anomalies with variable density

contrast. Geophys. J.R.Astrs. Soc. (U.K),

v.84, pp.207-212.

[3] Bhaskara Rao, D. and Radhakrishna Murthy,

I.V. (1986).Gravity anomalies of two

dimensional bodies of irregular cross-

section with variable density contrast.

Bolletino Di Geofisica Teorica ED

applicata (Italy), V.XXVIII, N. 109, pp.41-47.

[4] Hardas,M.G.(1991).Depositional pattern of

Tatipaka-Pasarlapudi sands. Proceedings

second seminor on petroliferous basins

of India, KDMIPE, ONGC, Dehra Dun

v.1, pp.255-290.

[5] Kumar, S.P. (1993).Geology and hydrocarbon

prospects of Krishna-Godavari and

Cauvery basins, Petroleum Asia Journal,

V.6, p.57-65.

[6] Kaila,K.L.,Murthy,P.R.K.,Rao,V.K.and

Venkateswarlu,N.(1990).Deep Seismic

Sounding in the Godavari graben and

Godavari(coastal)basin,India.

Tectonophys,Vol.173, pp.307-317.

[7] Lal,N.K,Siawal,A and Kaul,A.K, 2009.

Evolution of East Coast of India-A plate

Tectonic Reconstruction, Jour .Geol.

Soc. Ind. Vol .73, pp.249-260.

[8] Narayana Swamy,S.(1975).Proposal for

charnockite, khondalite system in the

Archaen Shield of Peninsular India in

''Precambrian Geology of Penisular

Shield''. Geological Survey of India,

Miscellaneous publication No.23, part-1,

pp.1-16.



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Design and Fabrication of Duplexer for GSM900 Band

Applications

Suresha L, Sunil Kn,

Umesh Kumar A

Shashi Kumar K

Dept. Of Telecommunication

R.V.C.E

Bangalore, India

R K Manjunath

Dept. Of Telecommunication

R.V.C.E

Bangalore, India

Dr.Nagamani K

Dept. Of

Telecommunication

R.V.C.E

Bangalore, India

Abstract: This paper presents the design technique and simulation of Duplexer for GSM 900 band applications using microstrip

technology.Two band pass filters with unequal impedance are designed. One filter with the 890-915MHz band and other filter with the

935-960MHz. Then these two filters are combined together in parallel to act as a duplexer with the uplink frequency band as 890-

915MHz and downlink frequency band as 935-960MHz.The simulation is done using ADS software. Next, tuning and optimization are

applied to achieve the low insertion loss.The proposed duplexer is a proof of concept for realizing duplexer functions using microstrip

technology. In general, duplexers are built using high quality factor cavity filters. However, to prove the concept, duplexer is fabricated using FR-4 material which is readily available in India.

Keywords: Advanced Design System (ADS), Bandpass Filter (BPF), Fractional Bandwidth (FBW)

1. INTRODUCTION

The duplexer is a device that isolates the receiver from the

transmitter while permitting them to share a common antenna. The

duplexer is often the key component that allows two way radios to

operate in a full duplex manner. An ideal duplexer provides

perfect isolation with no insertion loss to and from the antenna. A

conventional duplexer is a three-port device and normally consists

of two band pass filters and impedance transforming circuit to

allow both filtered to connect to a common antenna port. [4,6]

Figure 1:Block diagram illustrating the working of duplexer.

The working of duplexer is as shown in the figure 1. During

transmission, signals from controller are transmitted to antenna

through transmitter band pass filter which rejects the signals having frequency range other than 890-915MHz.

During reception the signals received by antenna are passed to

controller through receiver band pass filter which rejects signals

having frequency range other than 935-960MHz.

1.1Band pass filter:

Filters are indispensable devices in many systems and applications

including wireless broadband, mobile, satellite communications,

radar, navigation, sensing and other systems. With the

development of these systems, mostly induced by great

commercial interests, limited electromagnetic spectrum has to be

shared among more and more systems. Thus, there is an increasing

demand for RF, microwave and millimeter wave filters with more

stringent requirements.These filters are employed in various systems to select or confine signals with specified spectral limits.

Electronic filters are circuits that have signal processing functions.

i.e. they transform an input signal to obtain an output signal with

the required characteristics. In the frequency domain filters are

used to reject unwanted signal frequencies and to pass signals of desired frequencies.

A bandpass filter only passes the frequencies within a certain

desired band and attenuates others signals whose frequencies are

either below a lower cut-off frequency or above an upper cut-off

frequency. The range of frequencies that a bandpass filter allows

to pass through is referred as passband. A typical bandpass filter

can be obtained by combining a low-pass filter and a high-pass

filter or applying conventional low pass to bandpass

transformation.A band pass filter is an electronic circuit which

allows the signals with the desired frequency band and supresses

the signals out of that band.



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1.2 Microstrip

Microstrip is an electrical transmission line which can be

fabricated using printed circuit board technology and is used to

convey microwave frequency signals[1][7]. It consists of

conducting strip separated from a ground plane by a dielectric layer known as substrate as shown in figure 2.

Microstrip line is used to carry electromagnetic waves or

microwave frequency signals. Microstrip lines will have low to

high radiation, will support 20 to 120 ohm impedance, supports Q

factor of 250.

Figure 2: Microstrip structure

Microwave components such as Antennas, Couplers, Filters,

Power dividers etc. can be formed from microstrip, the entire

device existing as the pattern of metallization on the substrate.

Microstrip is much less expensive than traditional waveguide

technology, as well as being far lighter and more compact.

1.3.ADS Software

Advanced Design system (ADS) is an automation software

produced by Agilent EEsof EDA, a unit of Agilent technologies.

It provides an integral design environment to designers of RF

electronic products such as mobile phones, pagers, wireless networks, satellite communication etc.

Agilent ADS supports every step of the design process like layout,

simulation, frequency-domain and time-domain circuit simulation

and electromagnetic field simulation allowing engineers to full

characterize and optimize RF design without changing the tools.

2. DESIGN FLOW

Two chebyshev bandpass filters are designed with the frequency

bands 890-915MHz and 935-960MHz. The pass band ripple is

taken as 0.5dB.Insertion loss and return loss are required to be

maximum of 2dB and minimum of 10dB respectively.

The job in designing any type of filter is to calculate its order. So

the order of the filters are calculated by using the below equation

N ≥𝐿𝑎 + 𝐿𝑟 +6

20 log10(𝑆 + √(𝑆2+1)) = 6…………………….1

Where, N is the order of the filter

La= Attenuation in stop band

Lr=Ripple in pass band=0.5

S =Selectivity factor of the filter

=𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑐𝑦

𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦≥1

The chebyshev filter coefficients are obtained from the table 1.

Table.1:Chebyshev filter coefficients with 0.5 dB ripple.

From the table chebyshev filter coefficients for low pass filter

with order N=6 are,

g0=1,g1=1.7254,g2=1.2479,g3=2.6064,g4=1.3137,g5=2.4758,

g6=0.8696,g7=1.9841.

If order of the filter is N, then the microstrip coupled line filter

will have N+1 coupled lines. So that here the number of microstrip coupled lines in both the filters will be 7.

To design the microstrip coupled line band pass filters,the

admittance, odd and even mode excitation line impedances of

each coupled lines are to be calculated. These parameters are calculated by using the below equations.

J01 = 1

ZO × √(

π

2 ×

FBW

g0g1)……………2

Ji,i+1 =1

ZO ×

π

2× FBW √(

1

gigi+1)……….3

Jn,n+1 = 1

ZO × √(

π

2 ×

FBW

gngn+1)…………..4

Where,J – Admittance

ZO = 50 Ohm;

FBW = 𝛚𝟐 − 𝛚𝟏

𝛚𝟎

The admittance of each microstrip coupled lines of both the filters are calculated by using the equations 2-4.

The above calculated admittance values are used to obtain the odd and even mode line impedances using below equations:

Zoe = ZO (1 + ZO J + (ZO J)2)………….5

Zoo = ZO (1 − ZO J + (ZO J)2)…………6



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The odd and even mode line impedance values will be substituted

in Linecalc tool of ADS.At this point we need to decide the type

of substrate to be used in fabrication of designed filters.So here

we have taken the FR-4 substrate. The specifications of FR-4 substrate are tabulated in the table 2.

Table 2: FR-4 substrate specifications

Thickness 35um

Height 1.6mm

Dielectric constant,𝛆r 4.6

The admittance,odd and even mode line impedances for 890-

915MHz uplink band pass filter are tabulated in the table 3.

Table 3: Admittance, Zoe Zoo values for uplink filter

MCLIN Admittance(Ohms) Zoe(ohms) Zoo(ohms)

MCLIN 1 0.173732555 60.1957 42.8225

MCLIN 2 0.035490933 51.8375 48.2884

MCLIN 3 0.028876315 60.1957 42.8225

MCLIN 4 0.028143854 51.4467 48.6324

MCLIN 5 0.028876618 51.4855 48.5978

MCLIN 6 0.035492342 51.8376 48.2883

MCLIN 7 0.173733896 60.1958 42.8224

The admittance, odd and even mode line impedances for 935-

960MHz downlink band pass filter are tabulated in the table 4.

Table 4: Admittance, Zoe Zoo values for down link filter

MCLIN Admittance(Ohms) Zoe(ohms) Zoo(ohms)

MCLIN 1 0.173732555 59.9210 42.9542

MCLIN 2 0.033809354 51.7476 48.3666

MCLIN 3 0.027508141 51.4132 48.6624

MCLIN 4 0.026810383 51.3764 48.6954

MCLIN 5 0.027508428 51.4132 48.6624

MCLIN 6 0.03810696 51.9779 48.1672

MCLIN 7 0.169568152 59.9160 42.9592

The Width (W),length (L) and Spacing(S) of microstrip

conductor calculated by using Linecalc tool are tabulated in the

table 5 and 6.

Table 5: Width, Spacing andLength of uplink filter

MCLIN Width (mm) Spacing(mm) Length(mm)

MCLIN 1 2.7354 0.7 45.1944

MCLIN 2 2.1371 2.5206 43.3990

MCLIN 3 1.9955 4.3427 44.7556

MCLIN 4 4.0815 5.4698 44.7577

MCLIN 5 2.3382 6.9602 44.7556

MCLIN 6 2.8274 4.4069 45.2838

MCLIN 7 1.7816 0.3 45.6463

Table 6: Width, Spacing and Length of downlink filter

MCLIN Width (mm) Spacing(mm) Length(mm)

MCLIN 1 2.4757 1.029 43.0272

MCLIN 2 2.9619 5.2224 42.618

MCLIN 3 2.9749 6.4583 42.6326

MCLIN 4 3.0955 6.1750 42.6346

MCLIN 5 2.6228 6.3106 42.6326

MCLIN 6 2.9051 4.5305 42.6100

MCLIN 7 1.3462 0.7309 43.4570

3. IMPLEMENTATION IN ADS

As a final step, the coupled line band pass filters are designed in the ADS simulation software environment. It accepts filter

parameters and produces physical dimensions of the filter layout and a simulation of the filter response.[2]

Figure 3: Schematic of uplink band pass filter

Figure 4: Schematic of downlink band pass filter

The figures 3 and 4 shows the ADS schematics of uplink (890-

915MHz) and downlink (935-960MHz) respectively. Both the

filters are designed with the unequal impedance condition such

that the impedance at the input and output of each filter are 50

ohms and 100 ohms respectively.

To design a duplexer, these two band pass filters are combined in

parallel. There are different approaches to combine the BPF’s to



www.ijsea.com 248

make a duplexer. One among that is, by using the power divider.

When a power divider is used, there will be a 3 dB loss occurs.

So that, here we have used a novel approach of 2 unequal

impedance filters combined in parallel without a power divider.

As a result, net impedance of parallel combined filters will be 50

ohms at all the 3 ports.So that this acts as a DUPLEXER as shown

in figure 5.

Figure 5: Schematic of Duplexer

3.1 Simulation

Uplink (890-915MHz) response:

Figure 6: Response of uplink band pass filter

The figure 6 shows the response of uplink band pass filter. The

filter passes the signal with the band 890-915MHz, has the

ripple less than -1dB and return loss < -10dB.

Downlink (935-960MHz) response:

Figure 7: Response of downlink band pass filter

The figure 7 shows the response of downlink band pass filter.

The filter passes the signal with the band 935-960MHz, has the

ripple less than -1dB and return loss < -10dB.

Duplexer response:

Figure 8: Response of Duplexer

The figure 8 shows the response of duplexer in which the

transmitter has the band 890-915MHz and receiver has the band

935-960MHz. High isolation between transmitter and receiver

is achieved .The return loss and ripple is obtained as less than -

10 dB and -0.5 dB respectively.

The Layout of combined microstrip coupled line band pass

filter of un-equal impedance (DUPLEXER) for 890-915 MHz

and 935-960 MHz band is shown in the figure 9.



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Figure 9: Layout of DUPLEXER

3.2 Fabrication and Tested Results

The designed duplexer is fabricated by using the flame

retardant -4 (FR_4) substrate which is readily available in india.

Generally, the FR-4 material has 0.3 dB loss per 10 mm.So that

the large length designs fabricated using FR-4 materials results

in high insertion loss.

The image of the fabricated duplexer is shown below.

Figure 10: Fabricated Duplexer

Tested values of the duplexer are tabulated in the table7and 8.

Table 7: Uplink tested results

Parameter Lower

Frequency

(890MHz)

Upper

Frequency

(915MHz)

Centre

frequency

(902.6MHz)

S21

-32.26dB -31.16dB -23.955dB

S11 -5.34dB -9.663dB -12.073dB

Table 8: Downlink tested results

Parameter Lower

Frequency

(935MHz)

Upper

Frequency

(960MHz)

Centre

frequency

(947.4MHz)

S21

-41.781dB --30.6dB --31.621dB

S11 -4..677dB -8.616dB -8.354dB

4 CONCLUSION

The designed duplexer is a proof of concept for realizing duplexer

function using microstrip technology. In general, duplexers are

built using high quality factor (Q) cavity filters. However, to prove

the concept, Duplexer is fabricated using FR-4 material which is readily available in INDIA.

The ‘Q’ achievable in microstrip technique is 100 times less than

the cavities. Further FR-4 material is highly lossive for long

transmission length like parallel coupled filter, where length is

more than 300 mm. Such large lengths result in high insertion loss

of the order of 24 to 30dB. Since tangent factor of FR-4 is 100 times less than RT duroid material.

6. FUTURE SCOPE

For the duplexer realization, the isolation required is around 60dB.

However recently less than 60 dB is also being used. In this paper,

an attempt is made to build the duplexer using microstrip

technology at low frequencies in GSM band.

In future the activities carried out in the proposed paper may be

taken as basis and improve upon the design by using different

materials for realizing high isolation between transmitter and receiver.

REFERENCES

1. Runqi Zhang, Lei Zhu, “Synthesis and Design of Dual- Wideband

Bandpass Filters with Internally Coupled Microstrip Lines”, IET

Microwave Antennas Propagation, 2014, Vol.8, Iss.8, PP.556-

563.

2. Shreyasi Srivatsava, R.K.Manjunath, P.Shanthi, “Design, Simulation and fabrication of a Microstrip Bandpass Filter”,

International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications,

Vol.3, Issue-5, 2014.

3. Chang Chen, Rongguo Zhou, “Design of Dual-Band Microwave Duplexers”, Electronic letters, Vol.50, No.3, pp.219-221, 30th

January 2014.

4. Wei Qiang, Huang Ying, “Design Method of X Band Co-axial Duplexer”, IEEE Conference, Published Year: 2012, ISBN No.

978-1-4673-2185-3/12.

5. S. Srinath, “Design of 4th Order Parallel Coupled Microstrip Bandpass Filter at Dual Frequencies of 1.8GHz and 2.4 GHz for

Wireless Application”, International Journal of Innovative

Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol.2

Issue-6, June 2014.

6. M.Latrach, H.Bennis, “Microstrip Triangular Loop resonator Duplexer”, International Journal of Computer and

Communication Engineering, Vol.2, No.4, July 2013.

7. Ching-Wen Tang, Po-Hsien Wu, “Design of Wide Pass band/Stop band Microstrip Bandpass Filters with Stepped Coupled

Lines”,IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.61.No.3, March 2013.



www.ijsea.com 250

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrolusite, β-MnO2, Nano Crystal with Magnetic Studies

J.S Sherin

Department of Physics,

Karunya University,

Coimbatore 641114,

India.

J.K. Thomas


Electronic Materials Research

Laboratory, Mar Ivanios

college, University of Kerala,

Thiruvananthapuram 695015,

Kerala, India

Shiney Manoj


Christian College

Kattakada, University of

Kerala,

Thiruvananthapuram

695572, Kerala, India

Abstract: MnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple combustion method using MnSO4.4H2O. The crystalline phase, morphology, optical property and magnetic property of the as prepared nanoparticle were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FT-

Raman, SEM, UV-Vis, PL and VSM respectively. Structural studies by XRD indicate that the synthesized material as tetragonal rutile

crystal structure. FT-IR and FT-Raman analysis revealed the stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral co-ordination confirming

the crystal structure. The PL and UV analysis having an emission band at 390 nm, showed a prominent blue peak at 453 nm as well as

a green emission lines at 553 nm with band gap energy of 3.2eV. Magnetic measurements indicate that the Néel temperature of the β-

MnO2 structures is 92.5K for Hc = 100 Oe which showed antiferromagnetic behaviour.

Keywords: Nanostructures; Chemical synthesis; X-ray diffraction; Magnetic properties.

1. INTRODUCTION Nanostructured manganese dioxides and their derivative

compounds have special attention owing to their potential

application in photonics, catalysis, magnetic fluids and

magnetic resonance imaging [1] Manganese dioxide (β-

MnO2, Pyrolusite) is a magnetic transition metal consisting of

Mn4+ cation and O22- anion. The different crystallographic

forms are responsible for their electrochemical and magnetic

properties [2]. The stable isomorph of MnO2 is the mineral

pyrolusite, β-MnO2. It is a tetragonal rutile type (P42/mnm

(136) space group), in which the basic motif is an infinite

chain of MnO6 8- octahedra sharing two edges. However, the

bridging Mn-O distances within a chain are shorter than the

apical Mn-O distance within the basal planes. The structure

consists of strings of MnO6 octahedra and empty channels

corresponding to a width of (1×1) octahedron [3]. However

there are only few reports on the synthesis of Mn based

nanoparticles and relating its magnetic characteristics with

particle size [4].

Various approaches have been used to fabricate manganese

dioxide, such as self-reacting microemulsion [5], precipitation

[6], room-temperature solid reaction [7], sonochemical [8],

hydrothermal methods [9] and combustion synthesis [10]. The

combustion synthesis method is a powerful approach for

synthesizing various forms of manganese oxides and affords

advantageous features including the use of mild synthesis

conditions such as pH and temperature, and a wide range of

precursors that can be used. Henceforth, the controlled

synthesis of manganese dioxide nanostructures with

favourable surface morphology, phase structure, crystallinity,

and high reproducibility remains a considerable challenge

[11].

This paper reports the controlled synthesis of MnO2

nanostructures via combustion without using any physical

template and addition of any surfactant. The structural,

morphological, vibrational, optical characteristics and field

dependent magnetization study of the synthesized material is

also presented.

2. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Synthesis of nanopowders

A modified auto igniting solution combustion technique, was

used for the synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles. Aqueous

solution containing ions of Mn was prepared by dissolving

stoichiometric amount of high purity MnSO4.4H2O in double

distilled water in a beaker. Citric acid was added to the

solution containing Mn ions. Amount of citric acid was

calculated based on total valence of the oxidising and the

reducing agents for maximum release of energy during

combustion. Oxidant/Fuel ratio of the system was adjusted till

the ratio was at unity. The solution containing the precursor

mixture was heated using a hot plate in a ventilated fume

hood. The solution boils on heating and undergoes

dehydration accompanied by foam. The foam then ignites by

itself on persistant heating giving voluminous and fluffy

blackish grey product on combustion. The combustion

product was calcinated at about 750 0C for 1 hour. The final

powder was collected for characterization and characterised as

single-phase nanocrystals of MnO2.

2.2 Characterization. The as-prepared nanopowders were characterized by XRD

(XPERT – PRO) diffractometer using Cu kα radiation source

in the region 200–900. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)

spectra were recorded using a Thermo Nicolet, Avatar 370

FT-IR Infrared spectrometer. Fourier transform Raman

spectra were recorded using Bruker RFS FT-Raman

Spectrometer. SEM picture was recorded using a

JEOL/EOJSM – 6390 instrument. The UV-Vis absorption

spectra were recorded for the as prepared samples using a

Shimadzu UV–Vis 2400 PC spectrophotometer. The PL

spectra were recorded using Shimadzu RF 5301PC

spectrophotometer in the range 300 – 550nm. VSM

measurements were performed using a Quantum Design

Vibrating sample magnetometer. The sample was measured

between 1KOe – 15KOe at 15K. ZFC and FC measurements



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were carried out at 100 Oe and the blocking temperature was

determined.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1a shows the XRD pattern of the synthesised material

where all the diffraction peaks in the pattern can be indexed to

tetragonal β- MnO2 (JCPDS card No 24-0735) with space

group P42/mnm (136) in primitive lattice. The diffraction

pattern exhibits characteristic peaks having tetragonal phase

of β- MnO2 with lattice constants a = 4.3743 Aͦ and c = 2.8573

Aͦ, which are in good agreement with the reported data (a =

4.3999 Aͦ and c = 2.8739 A

ͦ). The broad diffraction peaks

maybe due to the nanosize effects on the products. The

calculated average crystallite size was 23.05nm. The XRD

pattern showed that they are predominantly composed of

tetragonal lattice structure.

Figure 1b shows FT-IR spectra of as-prepared β-MnO2

nanoparticles without any thermal treatment displays three

significant absorption bands in the range of 400 – 700 cm-1,

where stretching and bending vibrations of [MnO]n units are

showing up and are in good agreement with the published

[12]. The vibrational frequency located at 574 cm-1 is the

characteristic of Mn–O stretching modes in tetrahedral sites.

The bands at 486 and 513 cm-1 corresponds to the distortion

vibration of Mn-O in an octahedra framework [13]. A small

band at 3420 cm-1 is caused by the stretching vibrations of the

OH bond and other weak band at 1631 cm-1 due to the

bending vibrations of OH molecules. The peak at 1021cm-1 is

attributed to the OH bending modes to γ-OH. The FT-IR

spectrum confirms the crystal structure of the sample and

shows the existence of crystallization water in the sample

which is necessary for battery activity [14].

The Raman spectrum of β-MnO2 nanopowder in figure 1c has

three bands at 629, 538 and 498 cm−1 which agrees well with

the previous reports on the β-MnO2 phase [15]. The Raman

band at 629 cm−1 is attributed to the B2g mode and involves

antisymmetric Mn–O vibrations. The Raman band at 538 cm−1

can be assigned to the A1g mode and is indicative of a well-

developed rutile-type framework. Here, the Eg mode is

assigned to the band at 498 cm−1. The Raman scattering band

assignment is consistent with those reported for rutile type

compounds [16]. The peaks at 1824 cm-1 and 1168 cm-1 is

ascribed to stretching and bending vibrations of the OH group

[17].

SEM micrograph shown in figure 1d reveals the overall

appearance of the combustion derived product. The particles

are nearly spherical in shape has uniform size and distribution

with varying sizes and indicates the agglomeration of

nanoparticles [18].

Figure 2a shows the UV- Vis spectra of MnO2. It is found

that most molecules consists of few humps rather than

sharp lines which shows that the molecule is absorbing

radiation over a band of wavelengths. This is due to an

electronic level transition is usually accompanied by a

simultaneous change between the numerous vibrational

levels. The band gap energy of the as prepared sample is

Eg=3.185 eV [19].

PL spectra were measured for the sample in the range of

300-800nm is shown in figure 2b. The sample was excited

at 360 nm, two sharp peaks at 380nm and 552nm observed

in the emission spectrum. This indicates that MnO2

nanopowder has a prominent blue emission peak at 380nm

as well as a weak green emission at 553nm [20]. The bandgap

energy was about 3.45eV.

The figure 2c shows the temperature dependence on

magnetization of β-MnO2 sample in the zero-field cooling

(ZFC) and field cooling (FC) procedures. The magnetic

moment is enhanced below 100K which can be confirmed

by the deviation from the linear behaviour of the M

against T curve. MnO2 has been reported as an

antiferromagnetic material with a Neel temperature, TN of

92K. Both the ZFC and FC loops deviate from

antiferromagnetism under magnetic field, showing high

remanent magnetism and a strong coercive field. Bulk β-

MnO2 undergoes a transition to AFM state at TN ≈ 92.5 K that

exhibits both long and short range magnetic order [21]. Figure

2d shows the hysteresis loop of the β-MnO2 nanoparticle at

15K. The hysteresis loops are not saturated under ±20k Oe

due to the contribution of the antiferromagnetic core

which is a common phenomenon in nanocrystalline

oxide materials. The hysterisis loop shows a maximum

symmetric magnetization, Mmax at 0.57093 emu/g and

remanence value is estimated to be 14.339 emu/g with a

remanence ratio of 0.2511.The coercivity HC of the

synthesized nanoparticle was 50.21Oe.

4. CONCLUSION

In this paper, a simple auto igniting combustion method

has been successfully used to prepare β-MnO2

nanoparticles, which are indexed as tetragonal rutile

pyrolusite. As synthesized MnO2 nanoparticle have been

identified using XRD analysis which were proven to be

single crystal in nature with an average particle size of

23 nm. The structural and functional studies were carried

out using FT-IR and FT- Raman techniques. FT-IR



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analysis showed a vibrational frequency as the

characteristics of Mn-O stretching vibration in the

tetrahedral site. The other two characteristic peak

corresponds to the distortion vibration of Mn-O in an

octahedral framework confirming the rutile β-MnO2. FT-

Raman analysis revealed the characterstic peak with Mn-O

vibration of the rutile type compound. The

photoluminescence study showed two emission lines in the

blue and green region. The UV-Vis analysis showed

vibrational level transitions and some electronic states. The

band gap obtained from PL and UV-Vis was found to be in

the range 3.185eV – 3.45eV. The magnetic measurements

revealed a Neel temperature TN of 92.5K at 100e above which

the material behaves as antiferromagnetic. The remanent

magnetization and coercivity was found to be 14.339 emu/g

and 50.21Oe respectively.

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are thankful to the Department of Physics, Karunya

University Coimbatore and Electronic Materials Research

Laboratory, Mar Ivanios College for their experimental

facilities.

6. REFERENCES

[1] C. Burda, X. Chen, R. Narayanan and M.A. El- Sayed,

Chem. Rev. 105, 2005, 1025-102.

[2] Y. Sun and Y. Xia, Science 298, 2002, 2176-179.

[3] C.N.R. Rao, G.U. Kulkarni, P.J. Thomas and P.P.

Edwards, Chem. Eur. J. 8, 2002, 28-35.

[4] M. Sastry, Current Science 78, 2000, 1089-097.

[5] R.N. De Guzman, Y.F. Shen, E.J. Neth, Chem. Mater. 6(6)

(1994) 815–821.

[6] X. Wang, Y.D. Li, Chem. Eur. J. 9(1) (2003) 300–306.

[7] F. Zhou, H.G. Zheng, X.M. Zhao, Nanotechnology, 16

(2005) 2072–2076.

[8] J.K. Yuan, W.N. Li, S. Gomez, J. Am. Chem. Soc.

127(41) (2005) 14184–14185.

[9] D.S. Zheng, S.X. Sun, W.L. Fan, J. Phys. Chem. B.

109(34) (2005) 16439–16443.

[10] J. Koshy, J.K. Thomas, J. Kurian, Y.P. Yadav, A.D.

Damodaran, US patent. 5 (1999) 5856276.

[11] B. Tang, G.L. Wang, L.H. Zhuo, Nanotechnology, 17(4)

(2006) 947–951.

[12] F.Y. Cheng, J. Chen, X.L. Gou, Adv. Mater. 17(2)

(2005) 2753–2756.

[13] Y.S. Ding, X.F. Shen, S. Gomez, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16

(2006) 549–555.

[14] W.N. Li, J.K. Yuan, S. Gomez-Mower, J. Phys. Chem. B.

110(7) (2006) 3066–3070.

[15] W.N. Li, J.K. Yuan, X.F. Shen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 16

(2006) 1247–1253.

[16] H. Wang, Z. Lu, D. Qian, Nanotechnology. 18(11)

(2007) 115616–115621.

[18] H.E. Wang, D. Qian, Mater. Chem. Phys. 109 (2008)

399–403.

[19] T. Shimizu, H. Asan, M. Matsui, J. Magn. Soc.Jpn, 30

(2006) 166.

[20] D. Bahadur, J. Giri, Sadhana 28 (2003) 639-656.

[21] L. Croguennec, P. Deniard, R. Brec, A. Lecerf, J. Mater.

Chem. 5 (1995) 1919.



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Applications of Nano Technology in textile mills in

Madurai, Coimbatore and Mumbai

S. Geethadevi

Dept. of EEE

Aurora Scientific and

Technological Institute

Uppal, Hyderabad, India

Dr. C. Pugazhendhi

Sugumaran

Dept. of EEE

Division of High Voltage

Engineering, College of

Engineering, Guindy

Anna University, Chennai

India

M. Rajkumar

Dept. of EEE

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan

College of Engineering and

Technology

Mamallapuram

Chennai, India

J.Ganesan

Dept. of EEE

Sree Sowdambika College of

Engineering

Aruppukottai, India

D. Edison Selvaraj

M. Rajmal Joshi

Dept. of EEE

Panimalar Engineering College

Chennai, India

K. Mohanadasse

Dept. of EEE

St. Joseph’s College of

Engineering, Chennai, India

Abstract: This paper deals with the applications of nano coated motors in Textile mills present in Indian Smart Cities such as

Mumbai, Madurai and Coimbatore. Black soil is present mostly in these cities. They are suitable for the growth of cotton. So, many

textile based industries are present in these cities. Many motor manufacturing companies are also present in these cities to design,

model and create new innovative machines used for the textile industries. Some special machines are also used for the textile mills.

One of the special machines is nano coated induction motor. These types of nano coated motors are called as special machines because

they are having nano coated enamel on their windings. Their performance is very good when compared to that of the normal induction

motor. The quality of the industries was improved by using the nano coated motors. This paper shows the literature about the

applications of nano coated motors in Textile mills in Indian cities.

Keywords: Nano coated motors, Textile mills, Madurai, Coimbatore, and Mumbai

1. INTRODUCTION The industrial applications of nano electrical drives are

numerous. In India, textile mills are numerously present in

Mumbai. Hence, Mumbai is also called as Manchester of

India. Especially, in Tamil Nadu, textile mills are mostly

located in Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur and Madurai. So,

Coimbatore is called as Manchester of South India. Electrical

motors are mostly used for Textile applications for various

operations. Hence, motor manufacturing companies are

present in Coimbatore. It is also one of the biggest cities in

India. It is the third largest city in Tamil Nadu next to

Madurai. Madurai, Coimbatore, Erode and Tiruppur cities are

announced as Smart cities in India to improve the

infrastructure and all the facilities in these cities [1]. To select

a particular motor for a given application, knowledge of the

following things is very much necessary.

1. The torque speed characteristics of the industrial load are

important. This selects the type of motor used to drive the

load.

2. The environmental conditions in the industry where the

motor is used. This decides the ambient temperature at which

the motor operates.

3. Duty cycle of the load and the frequency of starting and

braking. The KW rating of the motor is decided by the load

cycle. Very frequent starting and braking of the motor alters

the KW rating of the motor.

4. Speed control decides the type of motor.

5. Nano Electric motors are employed as drive motors in

many applications such as

Textile mils

Cranes and hoists

Steel rolling mills

Paper mills

Cement mills

Machine tool applications

Sugar mills

Turbo compressors



www.ijsea.com 254

Coal mining

Centrifugal pumps

Ball mills

2. PROCESS INVOLVED IN TEXTILE MILLS

The The several process involved in textile mills by the time

the finished cloth comes out of a mill from its basic raw

material, cotton picked up from the fields are

1. Ginning

2. Blowing

3. Cording

4. Drawing

5. Combing

6. Spinning

7. Looming

The requirements of the motors are different for different

process. Drive consideration for textile mills

2.1 Ginning The process of separating seeds from the picked raw cotton

obtained from the field is called as ginning. This might be

done in the mills located near the fields or in the industrial

location itself [2]. The ginned cotton is transported to the

industrial area in the form of bales. Speed range of ginning

motors is 250 to 1450 rpm. The load speeds are nearly

constant. No speed control is needed. Squirrel cage induction

motors are used for this purpose [3]. High efficiency squirrel

cage induction motor or nano coated cage motors may be used

to improve the quality of ginning.

2.2 Blowing The ginned cotton in the form of bales is opened up and is

cleaned up in a blowing room. Three phase induction motors

are used for this purpose. Speed control is not required.

Synchronous speed of the motor is 1000 or 1500 rpm. Energy

efficient nano coated motors can also be used for this purpose

to improve the time of motors used in textile mill.

2.3 Cording Cleaned cotton is converted into laps by the means of lap

machines. 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors are used as

lap machines. Cording is the process of converting laps in to

slivers.

Requirements of the cording motors

1. The motor used for cording should have a large moment of

inertia to accelerate the drum.

2. The motor has to withstand prolonged accelerating periods.

3. The motor should have high starting torque.

4. It should also have low starting current so that the starting

losses should be Minimum.

5. The motor must have sufficient thermal capacity to with

stand the heat produced by the losses which are occurring

under the prolonged acceleration period.

The specifications for cord motors are given in standard IS:

2972, 1964. 3phase totally enclosed far cooled squirrel cage

Induction motors with high starting torque are used. The

rating of the motor depends upon the type of fabric. For light

fabric, 1.1 to 1.5 KW motors are used whereas for heavy

fabric, motors with rating of 2.2 to 5.5KW may be used. The

operating speed of the motors is in the range of 750 to 1000

rpm. Normally squirrel cage motors having 8/6 poles with the

speed range of 750 to 1000 rpm are used. Based on the

literature survey carried on the applications of nano fillers

used in the electrical motors, nano cage motors (or) nano filler

mixed enamel coated 3 phase squirrel cage induction motors

with the above mentioned speed range can also be used to

improve the performance of the textile mills. Nano coated

motors have the following advantage.

1. High efficiency

2. Lower harmonics

3. Higher thermal withstanding capacity

4. Improved power factor

5. Good speed regulation

6. Reduced EMI

7. Improved speed – torque characteristics

Slip ring Induction motors is used with rotor resistance

starters to give high starting torque at low starting current.

The operation is continuous uninterrupted.

2.4 Drawing Drawing machines are used to convert the slivers into

uniform straight fibre. The motor must be capable of stopping

instantaneously, in case of sliver breaking. The drawing

machines are self brake motors. The motor is also subjected

to inching to place up the broken sliver again. The inching

operations are 20 in amount. There is no necessity for a

clutch when the brake forms an integral part of the motor.

Hence the motor becomes compact.

2.5 Combing Combing and lap operation take place after the drawing

process. The combing process is used to upgrade the fibre.

The slivers are converted into laps before combing. Normal

squirrel cage motors are used for these operations. Spinning

is the next process after combing and lap operations.

Requirements for spurring motors

1. Motor should have smooth acceleration to drive the speed

frame.

2. The motor should be capable of working in high ambient

temperatures.

3. The motor must be totally enclosed to prevent the cotton

fluff getting deposited on the motor surface.

4. The motor must have slow, smooth and uniform

acceleration having thermal reserve to avoid yarn breakage.

5. The spinning motor must be capable to do: Drawing,

Twisting and Winding operations.

6. Its starting torque must be 150-200% and the peak torque

should be 200-250%.

7. The motor must have an acceleration time of 5to10s.

8. The operating speed is 500rpm.

9. The KW rating of the motor is decided by

a. Ring frame

b. Number of spindles.

c. Ring diameter.

d. Spindle speed.

10. A normal motor is not suited for spinning operations. A

two speed pole change motor may be used. These motors are

bulky and costly. But, it has several advantages.

• It allows setting of any speed difference by adjusting the

pulley diameters and speed ratios.

• The yarn tension can be adjusted independently.

• There is no interruption in production even when one motor

fails.



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Before the thread is ready for spinning it is thinned down in

two or three stages by processing it on a speed frame. The

strengthened yarn is wound on bobbins.

For mule spinning a group drive may be employed. The

motor should have high starting torque and operating slip. A

slip ring motor with rotor resistance control or high torque

cage motors may be used. Nano coated motors can also be

used.

For operation like winding, warping and sizing, normal

motors are used. Low speed motors are used. Reduction in

speed using a gearing unit may be done. When the yarn is

transferred from the Bobbin, a speed drop of nearly 100rpm is

necessary. So, for these operations, high slip motors are used.

2.6 Looming The weaving of yarn in to cloth is called as looming. It is

done in looms. The drives may be either semi group drives or

individual drives depending upon the quality of the required

cloth. The speed required is 600 to 750 rpm.

Requirements of a loom motor

1. Starting torque must be high.

2. The duty cycle consist of frequent starting stopping. Clutch

may be used to avoid frequent starting and stopping of the

motor.

3. The operation requires a reciprocating mechanism. A

flywheel is used for smoothing and to avoid current and tuque

pulsations present during and conversion of rotary motion to

linear reciprocating motion.

4. Totally enclosed should be used to avoid burring of the

cotton fluff due to motor heating.

5. Loom motors must withstand the effects of humidity.

6. Speed of the motors is in the range of 100 to 750 rpm.

The loom motors are normally 3 phase Induction motors with

high starting torque. These motors are totally enclosed and

fan cooled. The fan cooling is used to avoid the collection of

cotton fluff on the motor surface.

i. The motor deign depends upon the following parameters:

ii. Torque and current pulsations due to reciprocating motion

frequent starting and stopping decided the KW rating of the

motor.

iii. Fabric decides the size of the motor. For light fabric,

motors of rating up to 1.5KW are used while motors of rating

2.2 to 3.7KW are employed for heavy fabric.

7. Brake motor is used to stop the motor in the cage of thread

breaks. Special design of textile mill motors are required

owing to the location of the motor, running condition and the

torque requirements while staring. In textile mills, the motors

are located in places where there is a lot of dust. The cotton

fluff may be deposited on the motor causing the following on

the effects

i. It affects natural cooling of the motor.

ii. It caused the temperature rise of the motor.

iii. It increases the electro static discharge and EMI. To

prevent these effects, the following suggestions are made.

Totally enclosed and fan cooled motors are used.

Nano coated motors having lower temperature rise and reduced EMI shall be used. It can also improve

the quality of the textiles and its performance. It

has been proved from various experiments.

3. ALGORITHM FOR THE DESIGN OF NANO MOTORS 1. Manufacture the nano fillers by using ball mill method

2. Augment the particle size by using SEM analysis [4]

3. Mix the nano fillers and the enamel by ultrasonic vibrators

4. Coat and impregnate the windings of different types of

motors with the various nano fillers

5. Test the different nano coated motors [5]

6. Compare the results

7. Justify the nano coated motor which is having the superior

characteristics when compared to other motors.

4. EXPERIMENTAL WORKS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN OF NANO MOTORS 1.Ball mill was used to manufacture the nano fillers used in

nano coated motors used in Textile industries. Al2O3, SiO2,

TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, SiC were used as nano fillers used in nano

coated motors [6].

2. SEM was used to augment the particle size of fillers before

and after Ball milling process.

3. Ultra sonic vibration process was used to mix the enamel

and nano fillers [7]

4. Nano filler mixed enamel was used as the coating and

impregnation for the windings of the motor [8].

5. Different types of testing were conducted to determine the

performance of the nano coated motor. They were

a. Direct loading [9]

b. Temperature test

c. Harmonics Measurement

d. EMI Measurement [10]

6. The readings should be taken and compared between the

different types of nano coated motors used in Textile mills.

5. ADVANTAGES OF NANO COATED MOTORS The following are the advantages of nano coated motors:

1. Higher efficiency [11]

2. Wide operating temperature range

3. Reduced Harmonics

4. Reduced EMI

5. Increased life time

6. Reduced losses

7. Improved Cooling

8. Reduced noise

9. Lesser amount of powder to produce large output

10. The quality of the industries will be increased by

these motors.

6. LIMITATIONS OF NANO COATED MOTORS The most important drawbacks of nano coated motors are:



www.ijsea.com 256

1. Powder manufacturing is time consuming

2. Expensive equipments were employed for synthesis

and characterization of nano fillers

7. CONCLUSIONS In the upcoming future, the use of nano coated motor in textile

mills can bring the following considerable changes when

compared to the conventional motors used in textile mills.

1. Improvement of accuracy and quality of the output

2. Enhancement of the life time of the machines

3. Reduction of the maintenance cost

4. Improvement of thermal withstanding capacity

5. Improved slip, power factor, speed torque characteristics

and efficiency. So nano coated motors can be used in the

machine tools.

6. Reduction of vibrations and noise.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our sincere thanks to the God, the Almighty, and

Lord Jesus Christ. We express our gratitude towards our

Tamil Scientist Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. We express our deep

heart feelings towards His death.

9. REFERENCES

[1] Edison selvaraj. D, et.al Applications of Nano

Technology in Pyro Industries located in Sivakasi,

International Journal of Science and Engineering

Applications Volume 4 Issue 4, 2015.

[2] Edison Selvaraj. D, et.al “Estimation of Losses on

3Φ Nano Coated Induction Motor” Applied

Mechanics and Materials Vol.666 (2014) pp. 213-

217 (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

[3] Edison Selvaraj. D, Pugazhendhi Sugumaran. C,

Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Ramathilagam. J, “Analysis

of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of

Polyamide Enamel Filled with Carbon Nano tubes”

International Journal of Nano science, Vol.12, Issue

3, June 2013.

[4] Edison Selvaraj, D., C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran,

and A. Sivaprakash "Characterization of Electrical

and Thermal Properties of Enamel Filled with

Carbon Nanotubes", Proceedings of the Third

International Conference on Trends in Information,

Telecommunication and Computing, Springer New

York, 2013.

[5] Selvaraj, D. E., Priyan, S. S., Joshi, M. R.,

Sugumaran, C. P., Kannan, R., Raj, R. A., Kumar,

B. M., Prakash, R., Ganesan, J., Krishnamoorthi,

D., & Kumar M. R, “A Review on The Nano Fillers

Used for Electrical Apparatuses”, Journal

Club for Electrical Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1,

Issue 1, pp 8 -17, Aug 2014.

[6] Selvaraj, E. D., Priyan, S. S., Joshi, M. R.,

Sugumaran, C. P., Kumar, B. A., Kumar,

M. A., Kumar, S. A., Khan, A. H.,

Kannan, R., Ganesan, J., Kumar, R.,

Kumar S. D, “A Review on theFabrication

Methods Used in Nano Technology for

The Fabrication of Nano Fillers Used in

Electrical Apparatuses”, Journal Club for

Electrical Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1,

Issue 1, pp , Aug 2014.

[7] Joshi MR Selvaraj DE, Kumar GS,

Mohan BR, Sugumaran CP, Kumar RM,

Ganesan J, “A Lecture Notes for

Understanding the Fundamentals of

Fabrication of Nano Fillers”, Journal Club

for Electrical Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1,

Issue 2, pp 1 -16, Oct 2014.

[8] Edison Selvaraj. D , Ruban Karthik. C,

Arun. R, Geethadevi. S and Ganesan. J,

“Energy Efficient Three Phase Squirrel

Cage Induction Motor Fed AC Drives” in

International Journal of Science and

Engineering Applications, Vol.3,

Issue2, pp.18-21, 2014.

[9] Edison Selvaraj. D, Pugazhendhi

Sugumaran. C. Dr. , Shrikrishna V.

Kulkarni, Sukumar Mishra, Ganesan. J,

Raj Kumar.M, Geethadevi. S, “Energy

efficient DC shunt motor fed drives”

International Journal of Electrical and

Electronic Science 2014; 1(1): 12-17.


Sugumaran. C, Ganesan. J, Rajkumar. M,

“Nano Filler Mixed EnamelCoated Single

Phase Capacitor Run Induction Motor” in

Global Journal of Researches in

Engineering, GJRE Volume 14

Issue 6 Version 1.0, pp.1-8, August 2014.


Sugumaran. C, Krishnamoorthi. D, Raj

Kumar. M, Ganesan. J, Geethadevi. S,

Rajaram. K, Dinesh Kumar. S,

“Improvement of Efficiency and Thermal

Withstanding Capacity of Single Phase

Induction Motor” in European Journal of

Academic Essays 1(5): 10-15, 2014.


Volume 4 Issue 5,2015, ISSN 2319-7560 (Online)

www.ijsea.com 257

Applications of Nano Electrical Machines used in Ball

mills for Nano and Pyro Technology Based Industries in

Sivakasi

S. Geethadevi

Dept. of EEE

Aurora Scientific and

Technological Institute

Uppal, Hyderabad, India

Dr. C. Pugazhendhi

Sugumaran

Dept. of EEE

Division of High Voltage

Engineering, College of

Engineering, Guindy

Anna University, Chennai

India

M. Rajkumar

Dept. of EEE

Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan

College of Engineering and

Technology

Mamallapuram

Chennai, India

J.Ganesan

Dept. of EEE

Sree Sowdambika College of

Engineering

Aruppukottai, India

D. Edison Selvaraj

M. Rajmal Joshi

Dept. of EEE

Panimalar Engineering College

Chennai, India

K. Mohanadasse

Dept. of EEE

St. Joseph’s College of

Engineering, Chennai, India

Abstract – Nano fillers play a vital role in increasing the performance of different types of motors. In recent days, nano technology

shows a tremendous improvement in the manufacture of high performance electronic devices and circuits, electrical apparatuses and

equipment. In this paper, a wide literature survey was done on the filled of nano dielectrics and nano coated motors. Comparison of

different nano fillers coated motors was done to show which motor was having superior performance characteristics compared to other

motors. Based on the literature survey on the previous research works carried out in the field of applications of nano technology in the

coating of nano fillers to the enamel used in the motors. Ball mills are using three phase induction motors for the mechanical

operations. Ball mills are used to manufacture the nano powders used for both the nano technology and pyro technology. Industries

should be well equipped with safety devices to avoid the fire accidents. Industries should follow the safety norms to avoid the fire

accidents. Pyro technology based research centre was located in Sivakasi to understand and motivate the engineers, people to make an

interest towards Pyro industries and to train the persons about the safety measures while working with the nano pyro powders used in

the nano pyro industries. The powders used here are always in the nano range. But, the people were unaware of this technique. So, this

paper will create some knowledge to the people who are working in nano pyro based industries present in Sivakasi. Sivakasi was an

industrial city located in South India having more than 15000 nano pyro based industries. So, this paper will educate the engineers,

managers and the persons who are all associated with these industries.

Keywords: Motor, nano fillers, SEM, Ball mill, Efficiency, Harmonics, EMI

1. INTRODUCTION The Nano electrical machine design involves the application

of nano science and nano technology to produce

1. Cost effective

2. Durable

3. High Quality and

4. High Efficiency machines

The nano electrical machines are designed as per standard

specifications. The requirements like low cost and high

quality are conflicting in nature and so a compromise should

be done between them [1]. The nano electrical machines are

classified into

1. Static and

2. Dynamic Machines



www.ijsea.com 258

Nano transformer is a static machine whereas nano motors

and generator are dynamic machines. Nano transformer

converts electrical energy from one level to another level

without changing frequency. It is a static electromagnetic

device. It consists of two or more windings which link with a

common magnetic field. An iron core serves as a path for

magnetic flux. The basic constructional elements of a nano

transformer are

1. Windings

2. Core

3. Tank

4. Cooling tubes and

5. Insulation

It has two windings. One is called as high voltage winding

and another is called as low voltage winding. One of the

winding is connected to supply and it is called as primary.

Another winding is connected to load and it is called

secondary. The different types of transformer are

1. Core type

2. Shell type

3. Berry type

In core type, the windings surrounded the core whereas in

shell type, the core surrounds the windings. The core and

winding assembly is housed in the tank. Nano filler mixed is

used for insulation. Cooling tubes are provided around the

tank surface in order to increase the effective cooling surface

[2]. Nano rotating machines convert electrical energy to

mechanical energy or vice-versa. The conversion takes place

through magnetic field. The required magnetic field is

produced by an electromagnet which requires a core and

winding. The basic principle of operation is governed by

faradays law of electromagnetic induction. Every rotating

machines has the following quantities

1. Field flux

2. Armature flux

3. Voltage

4. Current

5. Mechanical force

In generator, the armature is rotated by a mechanical force

inside a magnetic field or the magnetic field is rotated by

keeping armature stationary. By faradays law of

electromagnetic induction an emf is induced in the armature.

When the generator is loaded, the armature current flows

which produces armature magnetic field. Hence, in a

generator, by the presence of a magnetic field and mechanical

force, armature magnetic field is produced.

The mechanical force developed by the motor is due to the

reaction of two magnetic fields. A current carrying conductor

has a magnetic field around it. When it is placed in armature

magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force due to the

reaction of two magnetic fields. Hence in a motor by the

presence of two magnetic fields, a mechanical force is

developed.

Any rotating machine requires two magnetic fields. One is

stationary and another one is revolving. Hence a rotating

machine will have a stationary and rotating electromagnet,

each consisting of a core and winding. The stationary

electromagnet is called stator and the rotating electromagnet is

called is called rotor.

The basic constructional elements of rotating machine are

stator and rotor. In DC machines, the stator consists of filed

core and windings. The rotor consists of armature core and

windings. The rotor consists of filed core and windings. The

basic constructional elements of DC machines are

1. Stator

i. Yoke

ii. Field pole

iii. Pole shoe

iv. Field winding

v. Inter pole

2. Rotor

i. Armature core

ii. Armature winding

iii. Commutator

3. Brush and Brush holder

CNT based materials can be used for brushes.

4. Insulation

Enamel (or) varnish is used to coat windings to provide

insulation between the windings. Enamelled copper wires are

used as conductors. Hence, enamel is used for two purposes

1. Coating of the conductors

2. Coating of the windings

In nano coated motors, the enamel mixed with nano fillers is

used for the coating of the windings. The basic constructional

elements of squirrel cage induction motors are

Stator

i. Frame ii. Stator core iii. Stator winding

Rotor

i. Rotor core ii. Rotor bars iii. End windings

2. ALGORITHM FOR THE DESIGN OF NANO MOTORS 1. Manufacture the nano fillers by using ball mill method [3]

2. Augment the particle size by using SEM analysis [4]

3. Mix the nano fillers and the enamel by ultrasonic vibrators

4. Coat and impregnate the windings of different types of

motors with the various nano fillers [5]

5. Test the different nano coated motors

6. Compare the results

7. Justify the nano coated motor which is having the superior

characteristics when compared to other motors [6].

3. EXPERIMENTAL WORKS NEEDED FOR THE DESIGN OF NANO MOTORS 1.Ball mill was used to manufacture the nano fillers used in

nano coated motors used in Textile industries. Al2O3, SiO2,

TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, SiC were used as nano fillers used in nano

coated motors [7].

2. SEM was used to augment the particle size of fillers before

and after Ball milling process.

3. Ultra sonic vibration process was used to mix the enamel

and nano fillers [8]

4. Nano filler mixed enamel was used as the coating and

impregnation for the windings of the motor [9].

5. Different types of testing were conducted to determine the

performance of the nano coated motor [10]. They were

a. Direct loading

b. Temperature test



www.ijsea.com 259

c. Harmonics Measurement

d. EMI Measurement

6. The readings should be taken and compared between the

different types of nano coated motors used in Textile mills.

4. ADVANTAGES OF NANO COATED MOTORS The following are the advantages of nano coated motors [11]:

1. Higher efficiency

2. Wide operating temperature range

3. Reduced Harmonics

4. Reduced EMI

5. Increased life time

6. Reduced losses

7. Improved Cooling

8. Reduced noise

9. Lesser amount of powder to produce large output

10. The quality of the industries will be increased by

these motors.

5. LIMITATIONS OF NANO COATED MOTORS The most important drawbacks of nano coated motors are:

1. Powder manufacturing is time consuming

2. Expensive equipments were employed for synthesis

and characterization of nano fillers

6. CONCLUSIONS This paper shows the wide knowledge required for the design

of nano coated motors used in Nano Pyro Industries located in

the South Indian city called as Sivakasi. The following tests

should be conducted for the design and checking of the nano

coated motors:

1. SEM Results

2. Direct loading

Load test was used to find the performance of the motor in

terms of efficiency

3. Temperature test

4. Harmonics Measurement

5. EMI Measurement

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our sincere thanks to the God, the Almighty, and

Lord Jesus Christ. We express our gratitude towards our

Tamil Scientist Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. We express our deep

heart feelings towards His death.

8. REFERENCES

[1] Edison selvaraj. D, et.al Applications of Nano

Technology in Pyro Industries located in Sivakasi,

International Journal of Science and Engineering

Applications Volume 4 Issue 4, 2015.

[2] Edison Selvaraj. D, et.al “Estimation of Losses on

3Φ Nano Coated Induction Motor” Applied

Mechanics and Materials Vol.666 (2014) pp. 213-

217 (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.

[3] Edison Selvaraj. D, Pugazhendhi Sugumaran. C,

Lieutenant Ganesan. J, Ramathilagam. J, “Analysis

of Dielectric and Thermal Properties of

Polyamide Enamel Filled with Carbon Nano tubes”

International Journal of Nano science, Vol.12, Issue

3, June 2013.

[4] Edison Selvaraj, D., C. Pugazhendhi Sugumaran,

and A. Sivaprakash "Characterization of Electrical

and Thermal Properties of Enamel Filled with

Carbon Nanotubes", Proceedings of the Third

International Conference on Trends in Information,

Telecommunication and Computing, Springer New

York, 2013.

[5] Selvaraj, D. E., Priyan, S. S., Joshi, M. R.,

Sugumaran, C. P., Kannan, R., Raj, R. A., Kumar,

B. M., Prakash, R., Ganesan, J., Krishnamoorthi,

D., & Kumar M. R, “A Review on The Nano Fillers

Used for Electrical Apparatuses”, Journal

Club for Electrical Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1,

Issue 1, pp 8 -17, Aug 2014.

[6] Selvaraj, E. D., Priyan, S. S., Joshi, M. R.,

Sugumaran, C. P., Kumar, B. A., Kumar, M. A.,

Kumar, S. A., Khan, A. H., Kannan, R., Ganesan, J.,

Kumar, R., Kumar S. D, “A Review on

theFabrication Methods Used in Nano Technology

for The Fabrication of Nano Fillers Used in

Electrical Apparatuses”, Journal Club for Electrical

Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1, Issue 1, pp , Aug 2014.

[7] Joshi MR Selvaraj DE, Kumar GS, Mohan BR,

Sugumaran CP, Kumar RM, Ganesan J, “A Lecture

Notes for Understanding the Fundamentals of

Fabrication of Nano Fillers”, Journal Club for

Electrical Engineering (JCEE), Vol.1, Issue 2, pp 1 -

16, Oct 2014.

[8] Edison Selvaraj. D , Ruban Karthik. C, Arun. R,

Geethadevi. S and Ganesan. J, “Energy Efficient

Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Fed AC

Drives” in International Journal of Science and

Engineering Applications, Vol.3, Issue2, pp.18-

21, 2014.

[9] Edison Selvaraj. D, Pugazhendhi Sugumar

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