CRYOGENIC TARGET FACTORY FOR IFE REACTOR:
CONCEPTION & POP EXPERIMENTS
E.R. Koresheva
7th IAEA TM on “Physics and Technology of IFE Targets and Chambers”
March 18-20, 2015, Vienna, Austria
This report is devoted to the memory of Prof. Yuriy Merkuliev
05.07. 1936 – 06.03.2015
Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS (LPI): E.R.Koresheva (projects manager),
I.V.Aleksandrova, A.I.Nikitenko, T.P.Timasheva, O.M.Ivanenko, K.V.Mitsen,
E.L.Koshelev, A.I.Kupriashin, V.I.Chtcherbakov et al.
Federal State Unitary Enterprize “Krasnaya Zvezda” : G.D.Baranov,
I.D.Timofeev, A.I.Safronov, G.S.Usachev, et al.
A.A.Dorodnitsyn Computer Center of RAS: А.А.Belolipetskiy, E.A.Malinina
Institute of Design Problems in Microelectronics of RAS: L.V.Panina
M.V.Lomonosov Moscow State University: L.S.Yaguzhinskiy, A.A.Tonshin
National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute” : B.V.Kuteev
Power Efficiency Center INTER RAO UES: I.E.Osipov, V.N.Nikolaev
CryoTrade, Ltd.: M.F.Klenov, A.V.Kutergin, P.N.Alekseev, V.M.Lepekhin2
This work was performed by the LEBEDEV PHYSICAL INSTITUTE
in collaboration with other RF Research Centers & under financial support
of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Foundation of Basic Research,
International Science & Technology Center, International Atomic Energy Agency,
EU project HiPER
Cryogenic Target Factory is one of the main building blocks of IFE reactor
1. Free-standing targets mass-production: ~ 500000 targets/day (upon the average)
2. High rep-rate target delivery: injection velocity of 200 - 400 m/s and a rep-rate of 1-to-10 Hz (laser) or 0.1 Hz (Z-pinch)
3. Survivability of a fuel core during target delivery
4. On-line characterization of a flying target
5. Tritium inventory minimization
Cryogenic Target Factory (CTF)Main Specifications
Direct-drive Cryogenic Fuel Target
Fuel layer specifications
• Thickness non-uniformity: Nu < 1.0%
• Inner surface roughness: < 1 um rms in all modesCH shell
Fuel Vapor
Fuel Layer
Reaction
chamberDriver
(laser, ion beams)
Cryogenic Target
Factory
Block of energy
conversion
Main building blocks of IFE reactor
3
THE MAIN ISSUE
of the CTF creation is the reliable
& effective & cheap cryogenic
TARGET MASS - PRODUCTION
Computation: ultrafine fuel allows
(а) minimizing risk of cryogenic targets destruction during their delivery
(b) ensuring the shock wave propagation through the isotropic fuel layers
Experiment: ultrafine fuel layers have been formed inside spherical CH shells by using the
FST layering method. This is a base for development of NANO - FUEL layering technologies
for IFE.
LPI contribution to the problem of cryogenic TARGETS MASS-PRODUCTION
Experiment: FST layering method was successfully demonstrated for ~ 2 mm-diameter
targets with a rate of 0.1 Hz. The layer thickness is 100 um. The total layering time is < 15 s
Computation: FST layering method can be used for mass-production of reactor-scaled
targets (i.e. producing 200 - um – thick fuel layer inside 4 mm – diam. CH shells with a
required rate).
4
For the first time, it was proposed to use ultrafine fuel layers in ICF/IFE targets to
meet the requirements of implosion physics.
For the first time, it was proposed & examined the FST layering method for fuel
layering at high cooling rates (1-50 K/s) inside moving free-standing targets.
FST LAYERING METHOD Fuel layering in the moving free-standing targets
FST-layering module (LM): general view & physical layout
Initial cryogenic target with
liquid D2-fuel
Finished cryogenic target with
solid D2 layer
СН shell: 1.23 mm
Layer: 41 um, D2+20% Ne
Nu < 2%, < 0.5 um
t = 0 t = 100 s
Rep-rated injection of 1 mm targets at 5K, f =0.1Hz (batch mode)
Frame 1 Frame 2
Cryogenic target injection into the test chamber at 5 К
Target in free-fall Target landing
Cryogenic experimentwith FST-layering module
5
To suppress the process of fuel surface degradation we propose to apply isotropic
ultrafine fuel layers, which can be created using the FST layering method
1. Solid H2 isotopes in equilibrium: anisotropic molecular hexagonal closed packed crystals
2. Hexagonal crystals sound velocity v depends on sound wave line about the crystallogra-
phic axes. The difference in sound velocity for Н2-crystal reach 33% [Phys.Lett. 1972]
3. Molecular crystals mechanism of heat conduction is mainly connected with lattice
conductivity, which depends on sound velocity (Debye`s theory): k ~ (1/3) c v
DATA FOR CALCULATION: SOMBRERO reaction chamber: radius is 6.5 m, Тст = 1758 К, j = 56 Wt/cm2; injection velosity of a target: vinj
= 400 m/sec; time of target flight inside a chamber 16 msec; target T just before irradiation T=18.5К; Target : СН shell of 4 mm and 45
um-thick, fuel D2–layer of 200 um-thick 6
MODELING RESULTS [J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys. 2004]:
Due to the thermal radiation of the
reaction chamber walls, the inner surface
of anisotropic fuel layer becomes non-
isothermal and degrades before the
target arrive at the laser focus (16 ms).
ULTRAFINE FUEL LAYER is required for target survival in the delivery process
The FST technology is unique and there is not alternative of that kind
FST principle:
- Targets are moving and free-standing
- Target injection between the basic units of the LM
- Time & space minimization for all production steps
FST result:
A batch mode is applied, and high cooling rates are
maintained (1-50 K/s) to form isotropic ultra-fine
solid layers inside free-rolling targets
FST status:
FST technology and facilities created on its base are
protected by the RF Patent and 3 Invention Certificates
NEXT STEP: FST technology demonstration for cryogenic targets of a reactor scale
with rep-rate production up to ~1 Hz and more
Reactor-scale targets: CH shells 2-4 mm, layer thickness ~200-300 um7
CTF-LPI The conception of a Cryogenic Target Factory is based on 3 approaches proposed & examined at LPI
FST technology for mass-production of moving
free-standing targets (FST) with ultrafine fuel layer
[J.Phys.D: Appl.Phys. 37, 2004]
HTSC quantum levitation effect for almost
frictionless motion of the cryogenic targets at their
handling & delivery [JRLR 35, 2014]
Fourier holography for on-line characterization
& tracking of a flying target [Nucl. Fusion 46, 2006]HTSC coated CH shell
levitating above magnet
Targets injection with the rate of 0.1Hz (batch mode)
FST –layering : free-standing cryo target
T = 80 K
T = 5 K
Image Fourier trans-forms of the shells with different imperfections
The POP and computer experiments have proved
the interaction efficiency of the proposed approaches
8
9
Test chamber
Fill Facility
Sabot shop
BLOCK №2
BLOCK №3
BLOCK№1
Rep-rate laser
SC
La
ye
rin
g m
od
ule
Assembly device
SC BLOCK №1: Reactor shells production - 2 - 4 mm
BLOCK №2: Cryogenic targets FST producing & assembly –D2-layer of 200-300 um-thick
BLOCK №3: Cryogenic injector- Т= 5 - 17 К, - v > 200 m/sec, > 1 Hz
CTF-LPI modular setup for development and fine-tuning of the FST
production line at a high rep-rate (1-10 Hz)
Basic elements of the CTF-LPI have been tested by LPI on the prototypical models. That allows risk minimization at the CTF construction & start-up
10
Layering module (LM):FST method for fuel layering
inside free-rolling targets
Transport systems:Facility for research in the area of HTSC
levitation at Т < 18 К
Startup of the FST facility at the LPI in 1999
LPI-&-”Red Star” teamwork
Handheld Shell Container (SC) for fuel filled shells transport at 300 K from the fill system to the
FST-layering module
LPI-&-CryoTraid, Ltd. teamwork
Fill facility: Filling of CH shells with gaseous
fuel up to 1000 atm at 300K
Cryogenic target characterization: 100-projections visual-light tomograph
with 1 um space-resolution
Vapor bubble behavior inside the cryogenic target as function of
temperature and fill pressure Pfill
(fill density fill) of a fuel
14 К
КК 29 К 32 К
К
32.5 К 34 К
14 К 28 К 32 К 32.5 К 32.9 К
14 К 24.3 К 31 К 31.8 К 32.3 К
(a)
(b)
(c)
CH shell 980 um, Рfill = 765 аtm Н2, = 1.32
CH shell 940 um, Рfill= 305 аtm Н2, = 0.69
CH shell 949-953 um, Рfill = 445 аtm Н2, = 0.93
3
0
V
Vvapor
3/1
3/1
),(vaporliquid
cpliquid
fill T
cp
fill
Demonstration of the fill facility operation up to a pressure of Рfill = 1000 аtm
11
Formation of cryogenic layers inside moving
free-standing CH shells of 0.8 –to- 1.8 mm
Formation of isotropic ultra-fine cryogenic layers,
which gives the following advantages:
− Delivery process: Enhance mechanical strength & thermal
stability of a fuel layer
− Implosion process: Avoid instabilities caused by
grain-affected shock velocity variations
Tritium inventory minimization:
− Fuel filling: minimal spatial scale due to close packing of free-standing targets
− Fuel layering: minimal layering time tf < 15 sec (conventional methods: tf ~ 24 hrs)
− Target transport: minimal transport time between the basic units of the CTF due to
realization of injection transport process
Rep-rate mode: current production rate is about = 0.1 Hz
FST layering is the most inexpensive technology (< 30 cents per 1 target)
FST facility created at LPI: CURRENT PARAMETERS
12
STABILIZING ADDITIVES
CH shell 1.5 mm
Cryo layer thickness: 50 um
Cryo layer material: D2 + 3%Ne
Refractive coating: 200Å Pt/Pd
Target collector: demonstration of targets gravity injection
2 31 4
CTF-LPI, Block #2 FST-layering module designed by LPI for EU project HiPER can serve as a prototype for 1 Hz operation in a batch mode
SC unit
SC driver
LC unit
TC unit
SC location
Drawing of the FST-layering module for HiPER project
Optical test chamber (TC)
Mock-ups for testing the operational parameters
Shell container (SC)
Positioning device with the ring manipulator
A set of the FST-layering channels (LC)
13
EXPERIMENT: a double-spiral FST-layering channel (LC) is the best prospect for reactor targets production
CalculationsFST-layering time for
HiPER-class and reactor-class targets
tl ~ 10 -to- 16 s
Mockups of the spiral LC #7, #8 single-spiral LC (SSLC),
#9 double-spiral LC (DSLC), Cupper tube OD=38mm
#7#8 #9
400
мм
Side
view
14
CH shells of 2mmfor mockups testing.
Supplied by the STFC, UK
amplifier
Electronic time-of-flight
recorder
tt
t
t
amplifier
1
1
HiPER targetCH shell: 2 mm x 3 umDT-layer: 211 um-thick
Schematics of measuring the time of target movement inside the LC
1 – optronics couple made from IR-diodes
Time of target movement inside the mockups
(testing results at 300K, data averaged for 10 shots)
SSLC DSLC
#7: tm= 9.8 s #8: tm= 16.4 s #9: tm= 23.5 s
FOURIER HOLOGRAPHY (FH) OF IMAGE RECOGNITION: promising way for on-line characterization of a flying target (IAEA TC # 13871)
The recognition signal is maximal in the case of good conformity between the real & etalon images
The operation rate of such a scheme is several microseconds
Computer experiments have shown that FH allows
• Recognition of the target imperfections in both low-& high- harmonics
• Quality control of both a single target & a target batch
• Simultaneous control of an injected target quality, its velocity & trajectory
Simulated images of two slightly differing cryogenic targets and
corresponding Fourier spectrums
Cross-correlation matrix of the images
3D
Etalon image
Studied image of the shells batch
Cross-correlation matrix of the studied and etalon images
15
HOT
GAS
WIND
WAKE
WAKE
CRYO
TARGET
TARGET SURVIVAL RESUME Successful delivery requires both the target
protective measures & ultra-fine fuel layers with inherent survival features
PROTECTIVE SABOT WITH
CRYOGENIC TARGET INSIDE IT
CRYOTARGET
ULTRA-FINE FUEL LAYERcan withstand to higher
heat- and g-loads
than a crystalline layer.
IAEA TC #11536PROTECTIVE MEASURES
at the stage of
ACCELERATION
PROTECTIVE SABOT
Optimization parameters:
- Shape of target support
- Sabot material
- Target injection temperature
OUTER PROTECTIVE LAYERS
PROTECTIVE COVER forms a
wake area in the fill gas to avoid
convective heating
IAEA TC #13871Application of ultra-fine
fuel layer with inherent
survival features
IAEA TC #11536PROTECTIVE MEASURES
at the stage of
FLIGHT
TARGET WITH
ULTRA-FINE
FUEL LAYER
+ +
Cryogenic target with Pt/Pd outer layer (left)
and with solid O2 outer layer (right)
SABOT is USED at a STAGE of TARGET ACCELERATION & INJECTION
INTO a REACTOR CHAMBER
SABOT is used for
Concept of the device for Target-&-Sabot high rep-rate assembly
- to transfer target from the LM to injector
- to transfer of an impulse of the
movement on a target inside the injector
- to protect target from the heat- and g-
loads arising during target acceleration
Target-&-Sabot assembly unit
Work at T = 5 17 K
17
Double-beam oscilloscope data of the injected shells
Prototyping a gravity assembly of “TARGET-&-SABOT” units at T < 18K &
refining a trajectory control of flying shells
High-speed video filmingof injected shell into the test chamber;Video-camera KODAK ECTAPRO 1000 IMAGER
SHELL
NOZZLE
6 mm14 ms
Gravity injector (test stand) developed by the Lebedev Physical Institute
and the Rutherford Appleton Lab. (1989-1991)
2 msec
6 mm
Prototyping a gravity assembly of “Target-&-Sabot” at Т = 10 К
Т = 10 K
Gravity delivery of cryogenic target from the FST-layering channel
into a cylindrical cavity
2 mm
Prototype of a gravity injector
integrated with the FST- layering channel
Data for 50 shots
(for CH shells of ~ 1 mm)
1. Trajectory angular spread < 3 mrad
2. Injection velocity 0.43 - 0.55 m/s
Refining on-line control of trajectory of the flying shells
18
SABOT MATERIAL STUDY to enhance the efficiency of the electromagnetic injector
(1) SFM sabot: Bulk Soft Ferro Magnetic
• Numerical study: SFM sabot can be used at T< 20 K
• Successful experiments: SFM sabot acceleration were carried out at T = 5-to-80 K
(2) MD sabot : Magneto-dielectric
• Numerical simulations:
MD sabot can be used more effectively
than SFM sabot
• Experimentally, the next R&D steps
will be required
(3) HTSC sabot: High-Temperature Superconductor
• LPI has proposed using HTSC materials for development of maglev technology for
target handling & transfer
• LPI made HTSC ceramics YBa2Cu3O7-Х (Tc~91K, Bc~5.7T at 0K) using method of
solid phase reactions
• POP experiments: stable levitation & transfer of different HTSC samples were
studied at T = 6-to-80K 19
MD = soft ferromagnetic particles distributed over a polymer matrix
Demonstration of the electromagnetic transport of sabot from soft
ferromagnetic (SFM) at cryogenic temperatures (T = 77 -to- 5 К)
Эксперимент (77К)
J , Aвиток 600 800 1000 1200
Ско
рост
ь са
бот
а, м
/сек
8
7
6
5
4
Эксп. (5 К)
V, m/s
J w, A turn
Inse
rt in
to th
e cr
yost
at
1.2
m
Set of sabots
Test chamber
Coil gun
Experiment: Sabot velocity
v (m/s) at the coil exit vs. J
Maximal overloads:
а = 320g (at v = 8 m/s)
Experiment: Magnetic penetration of ARMCO iron is enough high at
cryogenic temperatures. This makes it possible to accelerate sabot up
to 3 - 8 m/s using only one coil. These velocities ensure target transport
at a start position in the injector.
Near-term study: Correction of a trajectory of acylindrical HTSC sabot using the magnetic field
Experiment: HTSC sample (8х2х2 mm) aligns along the line of minimal magnetic induction between 2 rectangular permanent magnets, Т=80К
Problems:
1. Heat-loads due to sabot/guiding bore
friction
2. Sabot tilting & wedging inside guiding
bore
Resume: sabot trajectory correction &
elimination of friction are needed20
HTSC QUANTUM LEVITATION EFFECT FOR TARGET HANDLING & TRANSFER: We have studied the HTSC samples made by different technology
YBa2Cu3O samples
created by the technology of solid phase
reactions (made at LPI)
Т = 300К
Shell Edge
Shell Surface
(a)
(b)
Ø = 2.5 mm
Ø = 1.9 mm
(c)
CH shell with an outer Y123- layer (micro- particles ~ 30− 50 μm)
One more shell with an outer Y123-layer (micro-particles ~ 10 μm)
HTSC coated CH shells.
HTSC layer: YBa2Cu3O
powder distributed over the
polymer matrix (made at LPI)
HTSC tape:
12 mm-width, 65-um total thickness
including 1 um-thick epitaxial
GaBa2Cu3O film
Technology: thin films deposition
using laser ablation
(made at SuperOx, Moscow)
Т = 80К
(a)
Т = 80К
(b)
T = 80K
T = 80K
I II III
Maglev suspension of the sample from YBa2Cu3O7-X superconducting ceramics for studying its performance in terms of levitation force & stability
Calculated horizontal stiffness of the system
Kr = ∂2(H2)/∂r2
Normalized parameters: K0= H2/d2, where d=1 mm is the area
of averaging; Н is the field in the area of (z, r = 0)
HTSC sample (made at LPI):
YBa2Cu3O7-X
Magnet:
SrBa disk (OD = 15mm, 5mm
thick) with a center hole (OD=
6mm, ID= 3mm, 3mm-depth)
Magnetic field distribution
measured by the Hall sensor
(accuracy is 70 Oe)
А
0
2.5 mm
5 mm
магнит
Soft Magnetic Iron plate
-3927 -3570
-2356-1892
-1178 -1392
-3927
-1892
-1178
r
z
22
Observation of stable levitation of the HTSC sample
in the field of disk magnet (A)
h
Notations: kv – variation of experimental
conditions; Ms – magnetic moment of
HTSC sample; μ0– permeability of
vacuum; m – mass of HTSC sample; g−
free-fall acceleration h = 2 mm
MAGNETIC SYSTEM #3 (MS-3): the magnetic field B changes the sign near the
poles, which determines a stability area for HTSC movement. Experiments
have proved stable movement of different HTSC samples in the MS-3 system
Magnetic braking of lateral motion of the HTSC samples
• MS-3 is a composition of NdFeB
magnets (Midora, Ltd.) & SFM tape
• HTSC samples made at LPI
YBa2Cu3O coated CH shell
of 2 mm
(a)
(b)
YBa2Cu3O pellet
of 12.4 mm-diam, 1-mm-thick
T = 80 K
T = 80 K
Z (mm) Y (mm)
B2
Distribution of B2 : min is seen near the pole
O ut[8 4 ]=
Z (mm) Y (mm)
B (
T)
Field distribution
HTCS material study: HTSC samples stable levitation & movement in the magnetic field of the permanent magnets
HTSC sample cycling over the magnetic rails (NdFeB magnets)
T = 80 K, HTSC tape (SuperOx, Moscow):
12 mm-width, 65-um total thickness including
1 micron-thick epitaxial GaBa2Cu3O film
Stable levitation of HTSC samples at different temperatures (NdFeB magnets)
T = 6K -to- 18K,
HTSC sample from
YBa2Cu3O (made at LPI)
6x2x2 mm
T = 80 K,
HTSC sample from
YBa2Cu3O (made at LPI)
6x2x2 mm
Ordered motion of HTSC carrier with CH shell over the magnetic rails (SrBa ferrite magnets)
Т = 80 К, CH shell: 2 мм (made at LPI)
HTSC carrier: ~ 5 mm2, YBa2Cu3O (made at LPI)
Conception of electromagnetic injector with HTSC sabot (HTSC material is under consideration)
Sabots for almost frictionless motion inside the electromagnetic injector, which enhance the
operating efficiency of the maglev accelerator
Sabot from bulk HTSC
Cryogenic target
Micro-particles from HTSC & Fe,
distributed over the polymer matrix
MDHTSC outer layer
Magneto-dielectric (MD):
Fe-particles distributed over the
polymer matrix
1 23
E-m injector + HTSC projectile. A design options with the HTSC sabot
POP result
Sabot Magnetic rings
Coils
25
Top view
Side view
SabotMagnetic rails
Coils
Top view
Ref.: The possibility of HTSC sample acceleration using 2 coils has been proved in model experiments carried out in Gifu Univ., Japan [H.Yoshida, 3rd IAEA TM, Oct. 2004, Rep.Korea]
Projects
RFBR № 06-08-01575-а, 2006-2007
RFBR № 15-02-02497, 2015-2017 (current)
IAEA №11536 and №13871, 2000-2009
ISTC №512, №1557, №2814, №3927 (in the frame of HiPER project), 1996-2011
Collaborators in the ISTC projects:
IAEA, USA (GA, LLNL, LANL), Germany (GSI),
Italy (ENEA), United Kingdom (STFC), Japan
(ILE & Gifu Univ.)
At present, 10 projects covered the developments of CTF-LPI modules were completed under the LPI leadership
Contract LPI – GSI – HEDgeHOB (Germany), 2007-2008
Contract LPI – VNIIEF(Sarov, RF) , 2005-2006
Contract LPI - RAL (UK), 1989-1991
26
LPI (RF) -Red Star (RF) - ILE (Jp.) workshop in the frame of ISTC project #1557
We are going to realize the CTF-LPI concept based on FST in the next generation project
27
Project goal:- Refining the FST- technology for producing the reactor scale targets (Ø=2-4 mm, cryogenic layer W=200-300um) - Creation of the FST transmission line for IFE & demonstration of its 1-Hz operation
Presented at41st International conf. on Plasma Physics & Controlled Fusion (Feb. 2015, Zvenigorod, RF) & 25th IAEA FEC (Oct. 2014, St.Petersburg, RF)
by I. Aleksandrova, E. Koresheva, E. Koshelev, B. Kuteev, A. Nikitenko, I. Osipov
The project is under consideration
Project Title:FST transmission line for IFE: high-rep-rate target fabrication, injection & tracking
28
LPI has proposed to create an FST system for cryogenic targets on-line production &their gravitational injection into the chamber of mini-reactor CANDY. Members of theproject CANDY have visited the FST Facility (LPI) for discussion, 20.10.2014
• Spherical CH shell is an important
element of the cryogenic fuel target. In
our research we have used a number
of CH shells made in the Termonuc-
lear Target Laboratory (LPI, Russia)
headed by Prof. Yu.A.Merkuliev over
the period of 1973 – 2013.
• Large CH shells ( > 1.8 mm) have
been given for our research by the
Science & Technology Facility Council
(STFC, UK) and by Institute for Laser
Engineering (Osaka Univ., Japan).
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
29
Conception of Cryogenic Target Factory (CTF) for IFE: SUMMARY
FST layering method has been developed at LPI, which forms an isotropic
ultrafine & spherical fuel layer inside moving free-standing targets
Our study has shown that application of isotropic ultrafine fuel layer makesrisk of the layer destruction minimal during cryogenic target delivery
A full scaled scenario of the FST transmission line operation has beendemonstrated at a small scale (for targets under 2 mm)
g Fueling a batch of free-standing targets (up to 1000 atm D2 at 300 K), g Fuel layering inside moving free-standing targets using FST technology: g cryogenic layer up to 100 um-thick, g Target injection into the test chamber with a rate of 0.1 Hz g Target tracking using the Fourier holography approach (computer expts)
HTSC quantum levitation effect for free-standing target positioning &transport are considering. POP experiments prove the efficiency of thisapproach. We continue the study in the frame of RFBR project # 15-02-02497.
A prototypical FST layering module for rep-rate production of reactor-scaledcryogenic targets has been designed based on the results of calculations andmockups testing. Work was accomplished in the frame of EU project HiPER.
LPI continue developing the R&D program on CTF-LPI in collaboration withPower Efficiency Center of INTERRAO UES & NRC “Kurchatov Institute”.New generation project is under consideration.
Cryo target with ultrafine fuel
layer (1.5mm)
Targets rep-rateinjection under
gravity: 0.1Hz, 5K
HTSC maglev for target positioning & transport
Cryogenic gravity injector
30
List of principle publications1. I.V.Aleksandrova, E.R.Koresheva, I.E.Osipov. Changes in the Morphology of Frozen Hydrogen-Isotope Layers under
Target Heating. Journal of Moscow Physics Soc. (JMPS) 3, 85-100, 1993
2. I.V. Aleksandrova, et al. Cryotargets for Modern ICF Experiments. LPB 6 (2), 539-547, 1996
3. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. Free-Standing Target Technologies for ICF. Fusion Technology 38 (1), 166-172, 2000
4. I.E.Osipov, et al. A Device for Cryotarget Rep-Rate Delivery in IFE Target Chamber. in: Inertial Fusion Science and
Application, State of the art 2001 (ELSEVIER) 810-814, 2002
5. E.R.Koresheva, et al. А new approach to form transparent solid layer of hydrogen inside a microshell: application to
inertial confinement fusion. J.Phys.D: Appl.Phys. 35, 825-830, 2002
6. E.R.Koresheva, et al. Progress in the Extension of Free- Standing Target Technologies on IFE Requirements. Fusion
Sci.Tech. 43 (3), 290-300, 2003
7. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. An efficient method of fuel ice formation in moving free standing ICF / IFE targets. J.Phys.D:
Appl.Phys. 37, 1163-1179, 2004
8. E.R.Koresheva, I.E.Osipov, I.V.Aleksandrova. Free-standing target technologies for inertial confinement fusion:
fabrication, characterization, delivery. LPB 23, 563-571, 2005
9. E.R.Koresheva, et al. Possible approaches to fast quality control of IFE targets. Nuclear Fusion 46, 890-903, 2006
10. E.R.Koresheva, et al. Creation of a diagnostic complex for the characterization of cryogenic laser-fusion targets by the
method of tomography with probing irradiation in the visible spectrum. JRLR 28 (2), 163-206, 2007
11. I.Aleksandrova, et al. Thermal and mechanical responses of cryogenic targets with a different fuel layer anisotropy
during delivery process. JRLR 29 (5), 419-431, 2008 .
12. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. Survivability of fuel layers with a different structure under conditions of the environmental
effects: Physical concept and modeling results. LPB 26 (4), 643-648, 2008
13. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. FST- technologies for high rep-rate production of HiPER scale cryogenic targets. Proc. SPIE
8080, 80802M, 2011
14. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. Pilot Target Supply System Based on the FST Technologies: Main Building blocks, Layout
Algorithms and Results of the Testing Experiments. Plasma and Fusion Research 8 (2), p.3404052, 2013
15. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. Ultra-fine fuel layers for application to ICF/IFE targets. Fusion Sci.Tech. 63, 106-119, 2013
16. I.V.Aleksandrova, et al. HTSC maglev systems for IFE target transport applications. JRLR 35 (2), 151-168, 2014
