CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Done By :Gourisankaran P

Class: 10 ERoll No: 31

What is Crystallography?

Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in solids.  The word Crystallography derives its name from the Greek words ‘crystallon’ meaning “cold drop/frozen drop” and ‘Grapho’ meaning “I write”. X-ray crystallography is used to determine the structure of large biomolecules such as proteins.

In July 2012, the United Nations recognized the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year

of Crystallography.

X-ray crystallography

X-ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal and diffracts into many specific directions. From the angles and intensities of these diffracted beams, a crystallographer can produce a three-dimensional picture of the density of electrons within the crystal. 

Sodium chloride(NaCl)

SODIUM CHLORIDE CRYSTALSODIUM CHLORIDE STRUCTURE

Some Crystals

Sodium chloride, also known as salt, common salt, table salt or halite, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing equal proportions of sodium and chlorine. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms.

Uses of Sodium chloride:-

It is used in several food items It is the starting point for the Chloralkali process, which provides the

world with chlorine and sodium hydroxide according to the chemical equation

2 NaCl + 2 H2O → Cl2 + H2 + 2 NaOH Salt is the source, directly or indirectly, for the production of many

chemicals, which consume most of the world's production. Sodium chloride is the principal extinguishing agent in fire

extinguishers used on combustible metal fires such as magnesium, potassium, sodium, and Sodium-Potassium alloys.

Salt is used as a cleansing agent rubbed on household surfaces. It is also used in many brands of shampoo, toothpaste and popularly to de-ice driveways and patches of ice.

Copper(II) sulphateCRYSTALS OF CUSO4·5H2O ANHYDROUS CUSO4 POWDER

Ball-and-stick model of CuSO4

Space-filling model CuSO4

Copper(II) sulfate, also known as cupric sulfate or copper

sulphate, is the chemical compound with the chemical formula CuSO4. The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O), the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue.

Uses of Copper(II) sulphate :- Copper sulfate pentahydrate is used as a fungicide. Mixed

with lime it is called ”Bordeaux mixture” and used to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries.

Copper sulfate is employed in organic synthesis. The anhydrous salt is used as a dehydrating agent for forming and manipulating acetal groups. The hydrated salt can be intimately mingled with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols.

Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in children's chemistry sets and is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments.

THE END