CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b 1 Principles of Remote Sensing Image from NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES-8 satellite, 2 Sep ’94, 1800 UT
Transcript
Slide 1
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b1 Principles of Remote Sensing Image
from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES-8 satellite, 2 Sep
94, 1800 UT
Slide 3
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b2 Scanning planet Earth from
space
Slide 4
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b3 A hierarchy of remote sensing
Satellite sensing Aerial photography Ground-truthing Image from
Avery. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b4 History of remote sensing Earliest
vehicle was ? Tournachon (Nadar) took 1 st aerial photograph in
1858 (since lost) Earliest conserved aerial photograph: Boston, J.
Black, 1860 Early applications were in military reconnaissance
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b5 WWII heavy use of aerial
reconnaissance Images: Avery. 1977. Interpretation of Aerial
Photographs. 3rd ed. Burgess Press, Minneapolis, MN.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b6 Spy planes & the Cold War
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b7 Satellite sensing Russian Sputnik
(1957) - radio transmitter only Rapid response by US: CORONA (1960)
Early applications: military reconnaissance
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b8 Advantages of satellites Wide
coverage Vertical (orthogonal) view at near-infinite height photos
are planimetric Automated, 24/7 operation Rapid data collection
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geography-for-kids/0035-remote-sensing.php
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b9 Spectral bands Three important
spectral bands: visible light infrared radiation microwave
radiation Image from NASA 1987. SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar.
Earth Observing System, Vol. IIf.
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Passive vs. active sensing
http://visual.merriam-webster.com/earth/geography/remote-
sensing/satellite-remote-sensing.php CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture
10b10
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b11 Classes of sensors Photographic
panchromatic color Infrared (IR) film (near IR) thermal IR sensors
for longer wave- lengths Multi-spectral scanners image scanned
across sensors sensors for many wavelengths Radar RAdio Detection
And Ranging active imaging
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b12 Infrared sensors IR penetrates
haze and light cloud cover can be used at night used by military
for camouflage detection IR signature often distinct from visible
image
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b13 Color IR film Used with yellow
(blue- absorbing) filter 3 primary pigments, but not true (visible)
color - green vegetation = red - clear water = dark blue - turbid
water = bright blue - soil = green - urban areas = pale blue Top
image: Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-98/ceos1/irsd/content.htm Bottom
image: Avery. 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. 3 rd ed.
Burgess Press, Minneapolis, MN.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b14 Multispectral sensors Visible +
IR spectra Multiple images, taken at difference wavelengths, in
single pass Avery 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photography.
Burgess Publ., Ninneapolis
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b15 Landsat Images Landsat 1-4
launched 1972 82; expired Landsat 5 & 7 launched 1985 &
1999; both operational TM: thematic mapper. - 7 spectral bands -
designed primarily for ES themes
http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/project/L7images.html
CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b17 Hydrology example Images from
Avery. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b18 Radar sensors active sensing day
& night, all weather less affected by scattering (aerosols)
vertical or oblique perspective Lo & Yeung, fig. 8.13
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b19 Uses of radar: altimetry
satellite-nadir distance geoid & topographic measurements sea
elevation, tides & currents wave/storm measurements Both images
from NASA 1987. Altimetric System. Earth Observing System, Vol.
IIh.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b20 Uses of radar: SAR glaciology
hydrology vegetation science geology Image from NASA 1987. SAR:
Synthetic Aperture Radar. Earth Observing System, Vol. IIf.
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b21 Sensor resolution Spatial: size
of smallest objects visible on ground. Ranges from 1 km. Inversely
related to area covered by image Spectral: wavelengths recorded.
Ex. panchromatic film (~0.2 0.7 m); Landsat Thematic Mapper bands
(0.06 to 0.24 m wide) Radiometric: # bits/pixel. Ex. Landsat TM (8
bit); AVRIS (12 bit) Temporal: for satellite, time to repeat
coverage. Ex. Landsats 5 & 7 (16 days)
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b22 Spatial resolution of satellite
images A sampler of recent (civilian) satellites: SponsorSatellite
(instrument)YearRes. (m) NASALandsat (Thematic Mapper)1980-90s30
(MSS) NASA & others EOS Terra (ASTER)200015 - 90 (MSS)
FranceSPOT-3 to 51993- 2002 10 to 5 (pan) Space Imaging
IKONOS-219991 (pan) 4 (MSS) EarthWatchQuickbird-220010.6 (pan) 2.5
(MSS)
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b23 Satellite image resolution
Quickbird 2 Commercial venture 0.63 m resolution U.S. trying to
discourage open access to finer resolution images
Digitalglobe.com
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b24 Satellite orbits Geostationary
36,000 km above equator Polar varying heights often in Sun-
synchronous orbits Both diagrams from European Organisation for the
Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
www.eumetsat.de/en/mtp/space/polar.html
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b25 Satellite coverage Geostationary
no polar coverage coverage is 24/7 low ground reso- lution (~ 1 km)
Polar global coverage coverage is dis- continuous Both diagrams
from European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological
Satellites www.eumetsat.de/en/mtp/space/polar.html
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b26 Geostationary orbits Ex. GOES
satellites Meteorological satellites GOES-8 at 75 o W, GOES-9 at
135 o W 5 bands (1 visible, 4 thermal infrared) Image from NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES satellite, Hurricane Floyd,
15 Sep 99
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b27 Polar orbits Ex. Landsat &
Terra satellites 705 km height, ~100 minute orbit 185 km swath 16
day repeat Sun-synchronous orbits (~0945 a.m. equator crossing)
Orbit tracking data from NASA
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/JTrack/eos.html, 5 Mar
03
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b28 Terra (and EOS) Terra launched
1999. Part of NASAs Earth Observing System Carries 5 instruments,
including an MSS imager 14 spectral bands Images from
www.nasa.gov
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b29 NYC drought The ASTER image pair
depicts a 215-square-kilometer (80- square-mile) area around
Ashokan Reservoir in the Catskill Mountains, one of several
Catskills reservoirs that supply water to the New York City
metropolitan area. The images, taken September 18, 2000, and
February 3, 2002, show a dramatic decrease in reservoir water level
to the current 52 percent of capacity. Image courtesy
NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science TeamASTER
Science Team
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b30 Urban development study
http://corp.mmp.kosnet.com/CORP_CD_2004/
archiv/papers/CORP2004_RADNAABAZAR_KUF FER_HOFSTEE.PDF Ulaanbaatar,
Mongolia Study used: -SPOT images -LANDSAT images -ASTER images -
1:5,000 maps - 1:10,000 aerial photos
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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 10b31 Ground truthing the fun part