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Information SystemsCS-507
Lecture 08
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A system is a group of elements that areintegrated with the common purpose ofachieving an objective.
Examples
Purchases System
Sales System
What are Systems?
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Input Elements:Raw data input to the computer system
Processing:
Computation, analysis
Output Elements:
Results of computation or analysis
Components of a System
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Control mechanism:Comparison of actual with expected
Feedback system:
Corrective action
Objectives:
Expected / Ideal output
Components of a System
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Open loop system
Closed loop system
Open system
Closed system
Types of System
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Systems
Every system that is constructed isexpected to generate some sort of outputbased upon the information fed into it.
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Systems
The output is expected to be used to
Evaluate system performance whetherthe output complies with stated objectives
of the system Generate instructions for changes and
improvements
Either in the output, or
In the plans, or
In the objectives
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Types of System
Examples.
Book Store
open system any and everyone is allowed to
view and purchase the books available. School Library
Closed system entry to the library is restrictedto the students only.
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Types of System
In an open system we refer to the connectionit has to its environment by means ofinflows and outflows of resources between
the environment and organization.
A closed system is a system that isdependant on internal resources and data fordecision making rather than externalenvironment.
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Types of System
THE BOOK STORE may have:
An Open loop if customer feedback isnot taken for the purchase of books for the
store
OR
A Closed loop if Customer
feedback/interest is taken into accountwhen selecting the books to be purchasedand displayed in the store.
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Types of System
The SCHOOL LIBRARY may have:
An Open loopif students feedback isnot taken for the kind of books to be
stocked in the library.
OR
A Closed loop if students interest is the
determinant criteria for the kind of booksthat are to be carried out in the library.
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Open Loop System
Business decisions made by management havean impact on the marketplace, and the impact ofthat decision is measured only indirectly by thecompany's computer systems.
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Open Loop System
By measuring the response within the open-loop architecture, the marketplace response isquantified.
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Open Loop System
The impact of the corporate decision is feltindirectly through the reactions of themarketplace and is measured indirectly by thecomputer systems that are used by the
company.
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Open Loop System
Such interactions between the decision processand the measurement of the effectiveness of thedecisions made can be called an open-loop
decision environment.
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Open Loop System
There may be factors other than thedecision made by corporate managementaffecting the results achieved in the
marketplace.
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Feedback is an integral part of the closedloop system.
The corrective action as a response to theoutput requires two other components
Control Mechanism Variance Analysis
Objectives Predefined expected output from
the system
Closed Loop System
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Closed Loop is a system where part of theoutput is fed back to the system to initiatecontrol to change
either the activities of the system, or
input of the system
Closed Loop System
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Closed Loop System
In a closed-loop decision environment, theimpact of decisions can be measured veryprecisely.
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Closed Loop System
In a closed-loop decision environment,management takes a decision, the computersystem singles out exactly to whom the decisionapplies and a direct action is taken as a result of
that decision. The response to the action canthen be measured on a case-by-case basis. Theresults of the management decision can bemeasured quickly and directly.
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Closed Loop System
With a closed-loop decision environment,there is the possibility of having very quickand very accurate feedback on the
decision process. The ability to make thisassessment is very valuable.
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Information Systems
CS-507Lecture 08