SARDAR RAJA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ALANGULAM

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

MICRO LESSON PLAN

SUBJECT NAME : ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

SUBJECT CODE : CS 2204

YEAR /SEM : II / III

BRANCH : CSE

STAFF NAME

Ms.D.BEAULAH PRINCIBA A.P / ECE

CS2204 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

AIM

The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the concepts of analog and digital communication.

OBJECTIVES

To study about the amplitude modulation techniques.

To study about the angle modulation techniques.

To understand about the angle modulation techniques used for digital data transmission.

To have knowledge about digital communication.

To study about spread spectrum and multiple access techniques.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”, 6/e, Pearson Education,

2007.

2. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons., 2001.

REFERENCES:

1. H.Taub,D L Schilling ,G Saha ,”Principles of Communication”3/e,2007.

2. B.P.Lathi,”Modern Analog And Digital Communication systems”, 3/e, Oxford University

Press, 2007

3. Blake, “Electronic Communication Systems”, Thomson Delmar Publications, 2002.

4. Martin S.Roden, “Analog and Digital Communication System”, 3rd Edition, PHI, 2002.

5. B.Sklar,”Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications”2/e Pearson Education 2007.

CS2204 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 3 1 0 4

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION 9Principles of amplitude modulation, AM envelope, frequency spectrum and bandwidth, modulation index and percent modulation, AM Voltage distribution, AM power distribution, Angle modulation - FM and PM waveforms, phase deviation and modulation index, frequency deviation and percent modulation, Frequency analysis of angle modulated waves. Bandwidth requirements for Angle modulated waves.

UNIT II DIGITAL COMMUNICATION 9Introduction, Shannon limit for information capacity, digital amplitude modulation, frequency shift keying, FSK bit rate and baud, FSK transmitter, BW consideration of FSK, FSK receiver, phase shift keying – binary phase shift keying – QPSK, Quadrature Amplitude modulation, bandwidth efficiency, carrier recovery – squaring loop, Costas loop, DPSK.

UNIT III DIGITAL TRANSMISSION 9Introduction, Pulse modulation, PCM – PCM sampling, sampling rate, signal to quantization noise rate, companding – analog and digital – percentage error, delta modulation, adaptive delta modulation, differential pulse code modulation, pulse transmission – Intersymbol interference, eye patterns.

UNIT IV DATA COMMUNICATIONS 9Introduction, History of Data communications, Standards Organizations for data communication, data communication circuits, data communication codes, Error control, Error Detection, Error correction, Data communication Hardware, serial and parallel interfaces, data modems, Asynchronous modem, Synchronous modem, low-speed modem, medium and high speed modem, modem control.

UNIT V SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 9Introduction, Pseudo-noise sequence, DS spread spectrum with coherent binary PSK, processing gain, FH spread spectrum, multiple access techniques – wireless communication, TDMA and CDMA in wireless communication systems, source coding of speech for wireless communications. TUTORIAL: 15 TOTAL: 45 +15=60TEXT BOOKS:1. Wayne Tomasi, “Advanced Electronic Communication Systems”, 6/e, Pearson Education, 2007.2. Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons., 2001.REFERENCES:1. H.Taub,D L Schilling ,G Saha ,”Principles of Communication”3/e,2007.2. B.P.Lathi,”Modern Analog And Digital Communication systems”, 3/e, Oxford University Press, 20073. Blake, “Electronic Communication Systems”, Thomson Delmar Publications, 2002.4. Martin S.Roden, “Analog and Digital Communication System”, 3rd Edition, PHI, 2002.5. B.Sklar,”Digital Communication Fundamentals and Applications”2/e Pearson Education 2007.

S.NOWEEK

NOTOPIC

T/ R BOOK

NOPAGE.NO

A/ V CLASS

UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION

1

I

Principles of amplitude modulation- AM envelope

T1 138

2 frequency spectrum and bandwidth T1 138 to 140

3modulation index and percent modulation

T1 142 to 145

4 AM Voltage distribution T1 145 to 1485 AM power distribution T1 149 to 153 6

II

Angle modulation T1 272 to 275 Yes7 FM and PM waveforms T1 277 to 2788 Phase deviation and modulation index T1 278 to 279

9Frequency deviation and percent modulation

T1 279 to 282

10Frequency analysis of angle modulated waves.

T1 282 to 286

11 Bandwidth requirements TI 286 to 288UNIT II - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

12

III

Introduction T1 364 to 36513 Shannon limit for information capacity T1 365 to 36814 Digital amplitude modulation T1 368 to 369 Yes15 Frequency shift keying T1 369 to 37016

IV

FSK bit rate and baud T1 370 to 37317 FSK transmitter T1 373 to 37418 BW consideration of FSK T1 370 to 37319 FSK receiver T1 374 to 37520 Phase shift keying-BPSK T1 376 to 38121

V

QPSK T1 381 to 38822 QAM T1 395 to 40323 bandwidth efficiency T1 403 to 40424 carrier recovery-square loop T1 404 to 40525 Costas loop T1 405 to 40626 DPSK T1 407 to 408

UNIT III - DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

27

VI

Introduction T1 424 to 425

28 Pulse modulation T1 425 to 43129 PCM T1 425 to 427 Yes30 PCM sampling T1 427 to 43131 sampling rate T1 431 to 43332

VII

signal to quantization noise rate T1 439 to 44033 Companding-analog T1 442 to 44634 Digital companding T1 446 to 45235 percentage error T1 452 to 453

36

VIII

delta modulation T1 455 to 45737 adaptive delta modulation T1 457 to 45838 differential pulse code modulation T1 458 to 45939 pulse transmission T1 459 to 46040 Intersymbol interference, eye patterns T1 460 to 463

UNIT IV- DATA COMMUNICATIONS

41

IX

Introduction, History of Data communications

TI 852 to 853

42Standards Organizations for data communication

T1 858 to 859

43 data communication circuits T1 912 to 91444 data communication codes T1 890 to 90045 Error control, Error Detection T1 900 to 90546

X

Error correction T1 905 to 9084748 Data communication Hardware T1 911 to 91249 Serial interfaces T1 924 to 939 Yes50 parallel interfaces T1 139 to 14651

XI

Data modems- Asynchronous modem T1 168 to 17052 Synchronous modem T1 170 to 17153 low-speed modem T1 171 to 17254 Medium and high speed modem T1 172 to 17555 modem control T1 175 to 176

UNIT V - SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

56

XII

Introduction- Pseudo-noise sequence T2 479 to 487

57DS spread spectrum with coherent binary PSK

T2 490 to 493

58 Processing gain T2 493 to 49759 FH spread spectrum T2 499 to 50560 multiple access techniques T2 513 to 51461

XIII

wireless communication T2 529 to 535

62TDMA and CDMA in wireless communication

T2 547 to 550 Yes

63source coding of speech for wireless communications.

T2 550 to 553

ASSIGNMENT- I

1.For an AM DSBFC with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc = 10Vp,a load resistance RL= 10Ω and a modulated coefficient m=1,determine(a)Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.

(b)Total sideband power(c)Total power of the modulated wave Then(d)Draw the power spectrum.

2.Compare FM with AM.

ASSIGNMENT- II

1.Compare BPSK and DPSK.

2.For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 20Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz. Determine minimum double side Nyquist band width and baud.

ASSIGNMENT- III

1.Write short notes on ISI.

2.What is eye pattern? Explain how is the performance of a baseband pulse transmission system measured with this?

ASSIGNMENT- IV

1.Determine the BCS for the following data and CRC generating polynomials:Data G(x) = x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x1 + x0

CRC P(x) = x5 + x4 + x1 + x0

2.Describe the function of compander.

ASSIGNMENT- V

1.What are pseudo noise sequences? How are they generated?

2.Explain direct sequence spread spectrum system in detail.

UNIT I - FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALOG COMMUNICATION

Part A

1. For an AM DSBFC modulator with a carrier frequency of 100KHz and maximum modulating signal frequency of 5 KHz, determine upper and lower side band frequency and the bandwidth.

2. State Carson’s rule.3. Draw the waveforms of AM signal and DSB-SC signal.4. What is the required bandwidth for FM signal, in terms of frequency

deviation?5. Define Amplitude modulation.6. What is modulation index and percentage modulation in AM system?7. What is modulation index for FM?8. Distinguish between FM and PM.9. Enumerate the advantages of angle modulation over amplitude modulation.10. Write the expression for total power of AM modulated wave.11. A carrier wave is represented by equation s(t)=12sinwt.Draw the wave form of an AM

wave for depth of modulation of 0.5.12. Describe the significance of Bessel table.13. State Carson’s general rule for determining the bandwidth for an angle modulated wave.14. Define low ,medium and high modulation index.15. Define power in an unmodulated carrier.

Part B

1. (i) Derive the expression for an Amplitude Modulated wave and draw its spectrum. (10)(ii) Obtain a relationship between carrier and side band powers in an AM DSBFC wave and explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSB FC system. (6)

2. (i) Define modulation index for FM and PM and obtain the relation between modulation index and modulating signal for FM and PM. (8)(ii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of angle modulation with amplitude modulation. (8)

3. Derive expression for AM wave. Define modulation index and express itsvalue in terms of maximum and minimum voltage values of signal. Draw the spectrum and time-domain signal of AM wave. (16)

4. Define FM and PM modulation. Write down their equations. Describe suitable mechanism that can produce PM from FM modulator. (16)

5. (i) Explain the principles of amplitude modulation. (8)(ii) Write a note on frequency spectrum analysis of angle modulated waves. (8)

6. (i) Explain the bandwidth requirements of angle modulated waves. (8)(ii) Compare FM and PM. (8)

7. (i) Explain in detail about AM power distribution. (8) (ii) A 400 watt carrier is modulated at a depth of 75%.Calculate the total power in the

modulated wave. (8)8. (i)Explain the frequency analysis and bandwidth requirements for angle modulated

Waves. (10)

(ii) 5.For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an modulated carrier power Pc =100W that is modulated simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of modulation m1=0.2,m2=0.4 and m3=0.5,determine(a)Total coefficient of modulation (b)upper and lower side band power (6)(c)Total transmitted power.

9. i) Define amplitude modulation. Derive the relation between the total transmitted power and carrier power in an AM system when several frequencies simultaneously modulate a carrier (12)        ii) For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier voltage Vc=10Vp, a load resistance RL=10 Ω?, and a modulation coefficient m=1, determine                   (1) Powers of the carrier, upper and lower side bands                   (2) Total power of the modulated wave                   (3) Total side band power                   (4) Draw the power spectrum. (4)10. For an FM modulator with peak frequency deviation Δf = 10kHz,a modulating-signal frequency fm=10kHz,Vc=10V,and a 500 kHz carrier,determine      (a)Actual minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table      (b)Approximate minimum bandwidth using carson’s rule. Then       (c)plot the output frequency spectrum for the Bessel approximation. (16)11. (i)Determine the peak frequency deviation(Δf) and modulation index(m) for an FM

modulator with a deviation sensitivity K1=5kHz/V and a modulating signal vm(t)=2 cos(2π2000t). (8)

(ii) Determine the peak phase deviation (m) for an PM modulator with a deviation sensitivity k=2.5rad/V and a modulating signal vm(t)=2 cos(2π2000t). (8)

12. (i) Explain AM voltage distribution. (ii) Explain AM power distribution.

UNIT II - DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Part A

1. Define information capacity. What is Shannon limit for information capacity?2. What is binary shift keying? What are the advantages of BPSK?3. What is the relation between bit rate and baud for a FSK system?4. Draw the phasor diagram of QPSK.5. Define information capacity and bit rate.6. Define PSK and FSK.7. What are the advantages of QPSK?8. Draw the PSK and FSK signals for the binary signal s(t)=10110019. Determine minimum bandwidth required to pass a 40kbps signal using ASK.10. Draw squaring loop carrier recovery circuit for a BPSK receiver.11. What is coherent detection?12. Why is binary ASK called on-off keying?13. Determine the bandwidth and baud for the FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49KHz

and a space frequency of 51KHz and a bit rate of 2Kbps.

14. What is a constellation diagram?15. Draw the binary PSK and FSK modulated waveforms assuming a modulating bit stream

1011

Part B

1. (i) Describe with neat diagram, the operation of a QPSK modulator. Draw its phasor and constellation diagram. (10)(ii) Explain the bandwidth considerations of QPSK system. (6)

2. What is carrier recovery? Discuss how carrier recovery is achieved by the squaring loop and Costas loop circuits. (16)

3. Draw the block diagram of FSK receiver and explain the operation.Determine the : (i) peak frequency deviation (ii) minimum bandwidth(iii) baud for FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, spacefrequency of 51 kHz, and input bit rate of 2 kbps. (16)

4. Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator and explain its operation. For QPSK modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram. (16)

5. (i) Discuss the principle of operation of FSK transmitter. (8)(ii) Write a note on QPSK (8)

6. (i) Discuss the principle of operation of FSK receiver. (8)(ii) Write a note on DPSK (8)

7. Explain in detail about phase shift keying digital modulation technique. (16)8. What is known as Binary phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter and

receiver. (16)9. Explain ASK modulation scheme with neat block diagrams.10. .(i) Define BPSK and QPSK. Draw the block diagram and constellation diagram of a

QPSK system and explain its working. (12)(ii)Explain how BW consideration is carried out in QPSK. (4)

11. .(i)Compare BPSK and DPSK. (8)(ii) For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 20Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz. Determine minimum double side Nyquist band width and baud.(8)

12. .(i)Describe coherent and noncoherent detection of FSK. (8)(ii)Explain with phasor diagram how digital information can be contained in both amplitude and phase using QAM. (8)

UNIT III - DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Part A

1. What is the need for sampling?2. Define Inter symbol Interference? When does ISI occur?3. What are the advantages of digital transmission? 4. Define companding.5. Draw PWM and PPM waveforms. 6. Draw the Eye pattern and indicate how ISI is measured from it.7. Define PDM and PPM.

8. What is quantization noise?9. List the advantages and disadvantages of digital transmission.10. Give the compression characteristics for A-law companding.11. Where and when the overload distortion occurs.12. What are the errors in DM?13. Define slope overload and granular noise.14. Distinguish delta modulation and differential pulse code modulation.15. Define A law companding and µ law companding

Part B1. (i) Draw the block diagram of a PCM transmitter and explain the function of each

block. (6)(ii) What are the types of sampling? Explain the operation of the sample and hold circuit. (10)

2. Draw the block diagram and describe the operation of a delta modulator. What are its advantages and disadvantages compared to a PCM system? (16)

3. What is companding? Explain analog companding process with the helpof block diagram. (16)

4. How does delta modulation differ from PCM? Explain delta modulationtransmitter with the help of a block diagram. (16)

5. (i) Describe the basic principles of PCM system. (8) (ii)What is companding? Explain in detail. (8)

6. (i) Describe in detail the adaptive delta modulation. (8)(ii) What is signal quantization noise? (8)

7. Write short notes on Adaptive DM. (8) 8. (i)Explain in detail about DPCM with suitable diagram. (8)

(ii)1kHz signal is sampled by 8kHz sampling signal and the samples are encoded with 12 bit PCM system. Find (8)1.Required bandwidth for PCM system2.Total number of bits in the digital output signal in 10 cycles.

9. What are the drawbacks of delta modulation and how are they overcome in adaptive delta modulation? Explain with the help of a neat block diagram. (16)

10. (i)Write short notes on ISI. (4)(ii)What is eye pattern? Explain how is the performance of a baseband pulse transmission system measured with this? (12)

UNIT IV - DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Part A

1. What is data terminal equipment? Give examples.2. What is forward error correction?3. Compare the merits and demerits of error detection and correction.4. Give typical CRC-16 generating circuit.5. List any two data communication standard organization.6. What is a data modem?7. What are the two methods of error detection and correction?8. Distinguish between synchronous and asynchronous modem.9. Which error detection technique is simple and which one is more reliable?10. Which standard is suitable for smooth operation of Internet?11. Determine the hex codes for the Baudot codes for C and 1.12. What do you mean by signaling rate?13. Define CRC14. Define VRC and LRC.15. What are the types of error messages?

Part B

1. (i) Describe the features and purposes of serial Interfaces. (6)(ii) Describe the mechanical, electrical and functional characteristics of RS 232 interface. (10)

2. Explain how vertical, longitudinal and cyclic redundancy checking is used for detecting the occurrence of errors in data transmission. (16)

3. Discuss UART transmitter and receiver in detail. Under what conditions,asynchronous mode of data transfer is better? (16)

4. (i) Write a note on data communication codes. (8)5. (ii) Explain serial and parallel interfaces in detail. (8)6. (i) Explain in detail about error detection and correction. (8)

(ii) Write a note on medium and high speed modem. (8)7. Write short note on Hardware interface and low speed modem. (8)8. (i)Write short notes on error correcting codes (6)

(ii)Find the generator polynomial of (7,4) cyclic code and find the codeword for the message 1001. (10)

9. Determine the BCS for the following data and CRC generating polynomials:Data G(x) = x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x1 + x0

CRC P(x) = x5 + x4 + x1 + x0 (16)10. .(i)Explain the function of a quantizer in a PCM system. Obtain an equation for

Quantizing noise assuming a uniform quantizer. (8)(ii)Describe the function of compander. (8)

11. .(i)Explain the history of data communications. (8)(ii)Explain Data communication circuits. (8)

UNIT V - SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

Part A1. What is frequency hopping?2. What is meant by an orthogonal code?3. Define effective jamming power and processing.4. What is the principle of frequency hopping spread spectrum?5. List the spread spectrum techniques.6. What is CDMA?7. What are the applications of spread spectrum modulation?8. Define processing gain in spread spectrum modulation.9. What are the types of frequency hopping?10. Define PN sequence.11. How does the avoidance type SS modulation reduce interference.12. What is the need for speech coding in wireless systems?13. Define TDMA and FDMA14. Draw the block diagram of RAKE receiver.15. Define Doppler shift16. What is fast frequency hopping?

Part B1. (i)Explain the principle of DS spread spectrum technique. (8)

(ii) Explain the salient features of wireless communication. (8) 2. (i) Describe the frequency hopping spread spectrum technique in detail. (8)

(ii) Explain the basic principle of TDMA. (8) 3. With the help of block diagram explain how DSSS can be implemented.

Draw the input and output waveforms. (16)4. Explain the frequency – hopped spread spectrum with a block diagram.

How PN sequences are generated? (16)5. (i) What is a PN sequence? Explain its important properties. (8)

(ii) Describe with block diagram, DS SS binary PSK spread spectrum system. (8)6. (i) Describe the operation of a CDMA multiplexing system. (10)

(ii) List the advantages of CDMA over TDMA multiple access scheme. (6)7. i) Compare Time division Multiple Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access. (8)

ii) A spread spectrum communication system has the following parameters:Information bit duration Tb=4.095ms, PN chip duration Tc=1µs, the energy tonoise ratio Eb / No=10. Calculate the processing gain and Jamming margin. (8)

8. Explain 2 types of FH spread spectrum systems with suitable diagrams. (16)9. Explain GSM and IS -95 wireless communication systems. (16)10. Discuss about (i) Linear Predictive coding techniques (ii) Spread spectrum (16)11. Explain the need for multiple access techniques. Draw the block diagram of a TDMA

system and explain. Enumerate its advantages and disadvantages over FDMA technique.

(16)12. Define Pseudo noise sequence? How do you generate PN sequence? (16)13. Draw the block diagram of RAKE receiver and explain the operation. (16)