CS244-Introduction to Embedded Systems and Ubiquitous Computing

Instructor: Eli BozorgzadehComputer Science Department

UC IrvineWinter 2010

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CS244 – Lecture 2Embedded Applications

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Overview Hybrid embedded systems

Aerospace, automobiles, robotics, process control, and sensor nets Multimedia Consumer electronics

Appliances, office electronics, and home/office automation Network components

Bridges, routers, switches, and hubs Medical instruments

Patient monitoring, MRI, and artificial hearts E-Business

ATM, wending machines Distributed & grid computing

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OVERLAPPING

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Hybrid Embedded Systems Computation systems whose behavior is tightly

integrated with the physical world Eg., the behavior of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can be

modeled by a combination of differential equations (the aerodynamics and low level feedback controllers) and a finite state automata (high level flight path decisions, such as to ascend or descend).

Behavior is governed by both continuous-state dynamics from the physical world and discrete-state dynamics from the computation

Passage of time during computation affects the state of the physical world

Inherently concurrent (inherent vs. built-in concurrency?)

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Aerospace Flight control

Stability: real-time differential feedback loops

Positioning & navigation GPS, INS

Instrumentation Data acquisition, display,

processing, and archive Radar Communication

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Automobiles Engine management

Fuel, ignition, timing

Emission control Instrumentation

Data acquisition, display, processing, and archive

Safety & stability Airbags, active control

Entertainment & comfort Radio, A/C, …

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Robotics Implies autonomous

operation N physical degree

of freedom Artificial intelligence Control heavy Mission oriented

Repair, search, rescue, investigate, and perform physically difficult tasks

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Process Control

Industrial automation Plant monitoring and production control Similar to control systems but with

emphasis on management

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Sensor Nets Many sensor nodes

each capable (but limited) of sensing, computation/storage, and communication Structure safety Search and rescue Military use

Self organization Energy Efficient Distributed

Modern Sensor Nodes

UC Berkeley: COTS Dust

UC Berkeley: COTS DustUC Berkeley: Smart Dust

UCLA: WINS Rockwell: WINS JPL: Sensor Webs

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Multimedia An exercise in

Signals, analog to digital conversion, quantization, sampling, processing, and digital to analogue conversion

Information theory, entropy, Huffman codes, compression, lossless compression

Images, audio, video Virtual Reality Presentation Quality of service Think lots of data (formats

and standards too)!

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Consumer Electronics Home appliances

Yesterday’s appliances: add computation

Tomorrow’s appliances: add networking (Internet)

Office electronics Integration Electronic paper (filing, printing,

sending, and receiving) Home/office automation

Common fantasy about the automated home or office of the future with lights and appliances that operate by themselves or with minimal effort

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Network Components Stitching LANs

Bridge Connects two parts of the same network

Router Link networks using different network

identities Extending ports

Switch Transmit to recipient only

Hub Transmit to all

Handle large volume of highly structured data with little transform

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Medical Instruments Perform diagnosis

(screening/evaluation) Data collection Appraisal of that data Developing a plan of action

Observation or monitoring Sensing and

instrumentation Accuracy and precision

Other applications: Radiation therapy Artificial hearts, arms, legs, …

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E-Business Information

processing systems ATM Cache registers Scanners Credit-card readers

Often the interface behind a database

Automation and convenience

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Distributed & Grid Computing Coordinated resource sharing and problem

solving The grid is static, reliable, and has infinite

resource (for practical purposes) Users (the mobile device e.g., PDA) has

limited resources Middleware mitigates the resource sharing

and coordination efforts

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Summary of Application Domains

Looked at a number of application domains Large amount of overlap between these

domains Often each domain has associated

standards, design methodologies, and certification programs

The future appears to suggest a fusion of design differences into a single methodology

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Real-Time Systems A systems where correctness depends on

logical results and the time the results are produced Safety-critical: incorrect operation leads to human

loss Mission-critical: incorrect operation leads to failed

mission J.A. Stankovic et al. “Strategic Directions in

Real-Time and Embedded Systems”

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