Csaba Varga - New Theory of State and Democracy

7/31/2019 Csaba Varga - New Theory of State and Democracy

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K et x io|gt k ie t i j ix lk ae x lmolx w_bkw zic|fl clmew ie tbl B|eamxkme meo fixl hximolc{ w~lmdkea# ie

L|xi~lme lr~lxkleglw# mctbi|ab tbl gxkwkw ij tbl wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ fiolc kw

eit lrgc|wkzlc{ m B|eamxkme# eix m L|xi~lme ~bleifleie% Ql qi|coet hllrmaalxmtkea lzle kj ql fiolwtc{ gcmkflo tbmt tbl ~icktkgmc&wigkmc gxiwwximowbmzl hlgifl acihmc% _bl wigkiciakgmc hmgdxi|eo ij tbl hiid kw hmwlo ie tbl

wigkmc gxkwlw ij B|eamx{# Gletxmc&L|xi~l meo tbl titmckt{ ij tbl L|xi~lmegietkelet% Jix tblix{ gxlmtkie# biqlzlx# tbkw xlakiemc ihwlxzmtkie

lrgl~tkiemcc{ giewtkt|tlw m ~iket ij mozmetmal% Jix kewtmegl# ke B|eamx{ ix ke

tbl Gletxmc L|xi~lme wtmtlw tbmt bmzl kf~clfletlo ~icktkgmc xlakfl gbmeal# tbl|wlclwwelww ij tbl L|xi&mtcmetkg olfigxmg{ fiolc kw fixl gclmxc{ meo wbmx~c{

zkwkhcl tbme ke tbl Qlwtlxe L|xi~lme gcmwwkgmc olfigxmgklw meo wtmtlw%

_bl m|tbixw hlciea ti tbiwl lr~iwlo ketlcckaletwkm qbi bmzl hllekewtx|fletmc ti xlakfl gbmeal ke =;2;)=;;>% Gwmhm Zmxam qmw iel ij tbl

i~kekie clmolxw meo wigkmc wgkletkwtw ij tbl I~~iwktkie Xi|eo _mhcl qbkclLflwl \axke mxt bkwtixkme hlgmfl m "Gbxkwtkme Olfigxmt+ F^ ke tbl B|eamxkme

~mxckmflet mjtlx tbl xlakfl gbmeal% Mcxlmo{ mt tbmt tkfl tbl{ qmxelo tbmt tbl~iwt&wigkmckwt wtmtl elktblx tble# eix w|hwl}|letc{ wbi|co i~t jix tbl =;tb

glet|x{ jixf ij gm~ktmckwf mw tblkx |ekzlxwmc j|t|xl ~lxw~lgtkzl%

Ke =;2; tbkw qmw wgmxglc{ |eolxwtiio meo qmw mggl~tlo h{ lzle jlqlx~li~cl hlgm|wl o|xkea tbl l|~bixkg tkflw ij tbl xlakfl gbmeal lzlx{iel

wllflo ti bmzl hlle wmtkwjklo qktb tbl wciamew tbmt bmo axiqe keti f{tbkg~xi~ixtkiew# emflc{ tbiwl ij fmxdlt lgieif{ meo olfigxmg{% Eit hljixl ciea#biqlzlx# kt hlgmfl ihzki|w tbmt qbkcl gcmwwkgmc gm~ktmckwf hmwlo ie ~xkzmtl

iqelxwbk~ tbmt xl~cmglo wtmtl gm~ktmckwt wigkmckwf gi|co j|egtkie flxlc{ mw mzmcko wtmxtkea ~iket# {lt kt qi|co elzlx hxkea xlmc meo ~lxfmelet lgieifkg meowigkmc wic|tkiew "elktblx+ ti Gletxmc Lmwtlxe L|xi~l% Meo kt bmw mcwi hlgifl

gclmx tbmt tbl lf~t{# jixfmc# jmcwl wigkmckwt olfigxmg{ qiet hl xlollflo h{gkzkc olfigxmg{ lktblx tbmt kw ktwlcj jixfmc meo xm~koc{ lf~t{kea ij gietlet% _bltqi fiolcw ij tbl ~mwt wbmx~c{ i~~iwl lmgb itblx meo iel gi|co w|~~ixt iec{

iel ij tblf# & {lt tbl xlmc wic|tkie gi|co iec{ hl hxi|abt mhi|t h{ m }|met|f`|f~&ckdl elq fiolc%

Ql wbi|co mcwi eitl blxl tbmt tbl B|eamxkme wigkmc&lgieifkg wkt|mtkiemeo gckfmtl kw qlcc w|ktlo ti wqkjtc{ meo w~lgtmg|cmxc{ xlzlmc tbl lrbm|wtkie meolf~tkelww ij tbl ekeltlletb&tqletkltb glet|x{ fmxdlt lgieif{ meo qixco

olfigxmg{ fiolc mt tbl leo ij tbl fkcclek|f% Fixlizlx# tbl B|eamxkme meoitblx Gletxmc L|xi~lme lrmf~clw ij gxkwkw mcwi |ezlkc mt m wkfkcmx w~llo tbmt tbl


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gcmwwkgmc L|xi~lme# lzle L|xi&mtcmetkg fiolxekwmtkie gme bmxoc{ hl gietke|lo%Mt tbl wmfl tkfl kt kw l}|mcc{ xlzlmclo "ke m oxmfmtkg ix ~lxbm~w ~ktkj|c jmwbkie+

tbmt ~xlwlet&om{ clmokea gkzkckwmtkie qixco fiolc bmw ei j|t|xl kfmal meo~lxw~lgtkzl% Kt bmw leolo {lt kw kt eit xk~l lei|ab ti hl xmokgmcc{ xl~cmglo9

_bl jkxwt olgmol mjtlx tbl fkcclek|f# wciqc{ gifkea ti me leo# bmw iec{

j|xtblx wtxleabtlelo tbkw lr~lxklegl% B|eamx{ qktb ktw wtx|aaclw meo wlmxgb jixtbl j|t|xl kw hlgifkea iegl mamke me lrmf~cl# ke m oi|hcl wlewl ke jmgt0 =% _blelq ~icktkgmc lcktl fmol |~ h{ tbl iel&tkfl i~~iwktkie qbi ji|abt jix xlakfl

gbmeal meo tbl iel&tkfl wlgieo&xmtl clmolxw ij tbl wtmtl ~mxt{ tbmt bmo mggl~tloxlakfl gbmeal mxl l}|mcc{ gm~tkzl ij tbl kolicia{ ij xlakfl gbmeal meo tb|w

acihmc ~lx~clrkt{ `|wt mw tbl ~xl&=;2; wtmtl ~mxt{ lcktlw qbi okxlgtlo tbl WizkltLf~kxl tbmt lrtleolo izlx bmcj ij tbl qixco meo lrlg|tlo w|xjmgl xljixfwqlxl gm~tkzl ij tblkx iqe w{wtlfw kolicia{ meo lf~kxkgmc ~xmgtkgl% 8% _bl

gxkwlw tbmt gmeeit hl gieglmclo meo tbl qlmdelww ij ico ix elq koliciakgmcleamalflet fmdl kt ~iwwkhcl tbmt ke B|eamx{ meo Gletxmc L|xi~l tbl hkxtb ijxmokgmcc{ elq wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ tblixklw# fiolcw# ~xiaxmfflw tmdl ~cmgl#eit ihwtx|gtlo mt mcc h{ tbl jmgt tbmt tbl g|xxlet ~icktkgmc lcktlw mxl alelxmcc{

w~lmdkea eit i~le ti elq fiolcw meo wic|tkiew%

_bkw kw |eolxwtmeomhcl# ie tbl iel bmeo# hlgm|wl wlxki|w i~kekie clmolxketlcclgt|mcw gmeeit hl mamkewt olfigxmg{ ix giewtkt|tkiemc aizlxemegl wkegltbl lr~lxklegl ij wijt okgtmtixwbk~ gmcclo wigkmckwf kw wkf~c{ tii gciwl meo ql

gmeeit xltxlmt me{qblxl ke tbl ~mwt% Ie tbl itblx bmeo# ke B|eamx{ elktblx

wigklt{ eix lgieif{ kw ke tbl w~kxkt|mc meo fletmc gieoktkie ti |eolxwtmeo meow|~~ixt m elqlx wlgieo xlakfl gbmeal meo jmgl tbl ~xiw~lgtkzl lzle axlmtlx

xkwdw% Iel ellow ti ~xitlgt tbl elq# ckhlxmc olfigxmg{ meo ~cme jix m elqfiolc wkf|ctmeli|wc{4 meo ckdlqkwl# tbl lrlg|tkzl ~iqlx gietxicclo h{ tbl~mxckmflet wbi|co o|c{ hl ~xitlgtlo qbkcl iegl mamke kt kw bkab tkfl tbmt tbl

gletxmckwkea# ~iqlx&gletxlo aizlxemegl fiolc qmw xl~cmglo qktb wifltbkealcwl%

_bl acihmc "|ekzlxwmc+ gxkwkw kw gclmxc{ zkwkhcl jxif B|eamx{ wkegl tbiwlketlxlwt& meo zmc|l axi|~w qbi |xal jix tbl gieglmcflet ij tbl gxiwwximow mxltii qlmd ti w|gglwwj|cc{ mggif~ckwb meo clamckwl tbl xlwg|l ij tbl w{wtlf% Kt kw

me kew~kxkea wkt|mtkie meo wtmtl ij giewgki|welww wi tbmt elq tbkedkea fkeowmeo tblixltkgmc ~xiaxmfflw gi|co gifl ti ckabt%

Lflwl \axke meo Gwmhm Zmxam tmdl mozmetmal ij tbl elq wkt|mtkie meofllt tbl elq ketlcclgt|mc gbmccleal% C|gdkc{# elktblx qmetlo ti hl ~mxt{ ixaizlxeflet ~icktkgkme meo tb|w hitb ij tblf bmzl qixdlo ~xkfmxkc{ ke xlwlmxgb

jxif tbl fko&=;;>w ieqmxow% Gwmhm Zmxam tialtblx qktb Lflwl \axke meo jkzlitblx lfkelet wgbicmxw ji|eolo tbl Kewtkt|tl jix Wtxmtlakg Xlwlxgb qbkgb

g|xxletc{ gif~xkwlw wkrtlle xlwlmxgb axi|~w% Kektkmcc{# tblkx `iket mkf qmw tilwtmhckwb m gif~xlblewkzl j|t|xl ~lxw~lgtkzl jix B|eamx{# {lt wiie mjtlx kt bmw


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hlgifl lzkolet tbmt elktblx B|eamx{ eix tbl ~iwt&wigkmckwt xlakie gme hl|eolxwtiio mw kwicmtlo letktklw h|t iec{ ke tbl jxmflqixd ij hximolx

gkzkckwmtkie&g|ct|xmc ~xiglwwlw% _bkw kw qb{ qlcc hljixl tbl fkcclek|f tbl{hlgmfl ~xligg|~klo qktb tbl acihmckwmtkie&cigmckwmtkie tblix{ ix tbl tblix{ ijkejixfmtkie meo)ix deiqcloal wigklt{%

_bkw hiid tbmt qmw qxkttle meo ~|hckwblo ke B|eamxkme ke 8>>1 meoqbkcl kw kw ~xkfmxkc{ hmwlo ie tbl Gletxmc Lmwtlxe L|xi~lme lr~lxklegl# ktgiegl~t|mckwlw m |ekzlxwmc meo elq olfigxmg{ meo wtmtl tblix{ qbkgb ailw

hl{ieo tbl hixolxw ij Gletxmc L|xi~l meo lzle tbl L|xi~lme gietkelet% Qbkcltbl hiid hlmxw qktelww ij qkol deiqcloal ie wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ cktlxmt|xl#

tbl m|tbixw oi eit moblxl ti tbl txmoktkiemc qm{ ij tbkedkea ie olfixmg{xlwlmxgb% _bl m|tbixw mxl t{~kgmcc{ tbl axi|eolo mgtixw ij tbl elq deiqcloalfmxdlt mw tbl{ xl~xlwlet xlwlmxgblxw qktb qkol ketlcclgt|mc bixkwiew meo ke

~iwwlwwkie ij txmewokwgk~ckemx{ deiqcloal meo qbi mxl zlx{ deiqcloalmhcl ietbl tblixklw meo ~xmgtkglw ij tbl okaktmc wtmtl# l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie meolclgtxiekg olfigxmg{ ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal%

Mcc tbkw qbkcl ~mxtc{ lr~cmkew# ~mxtc{ oilw eit ijjlx xlmwiew jix tbl xmokgmcelq mctlxemtkzlw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal% _bl g|xl tbl m|tbixw ijjlx jix tbl wtmtl

meo olfigxmg{ kw |ekzlxwmc meo hmwlo ie ~mxtkgk~mtkie jix giewgki|welww&gletxlo wigkltklw meo ~icktkgmc w{wtlfw4 jix tbmt fmttlx# kt gme l}|mcc{ hl m~~ckloti B|eamx{# L|xi~l ix me{ itblx gietkelet% _bl w~lgkmckt{ ij tbl zic|fl kw m

xl~ixt ie m B|eamxkme olfigxmg{ lr~lxkflet tbmt kw gletxlo ie ~mxtkgk~mtkie

meo mkfw mt olzlci~kea gicclgtkzl giewgki|welww# & mcc ij qbkgb bmw hlle wtmxtloijj ke Mhm% Bi~lj|cc{ i|x hiid qkcc kew~kxl olhmtl mfiea tbl ketlxlwtlo

~xijlwwkiemcw ij tbl deiqcloal qixco fmxdlt meo ~lxbm~w kj ijjlxw bi~l jixfme{ olzlci~lo meo olzlci~kea wigkltklw% Bkwtix{ qkcc eit iec{ gietke|l h|tkewtlmo ij tbl kcc|wkie ij me leo m elq lclfletmx{ t|xe wbi|co hl lr~lgtlo0 tbl

bkwtix{ ij m zlxktmhcl# elq qixco fiolc kw mhi|t ti hlake ke tbl gifkeaolgmolw%


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Ketxio|gtkie

^xlwlet&om{ olfigxmg{ kw m~iwt&titmcktmxkmew{wtlf# & kw tbl hmwkg mwwlxtkie mt tbl t|xeij tbl tqletkltb glet|x{% Olfigxmg{ ellow ~xitlgtkie ke ixolx eit ti wckol hmgd keti wijtokgtmtixwbk~# {lt kt kw tbl giegl~t ij olfigxmg{ tbmt ellow xl&lrmfkemtkie wi tbmt ql gi|coxlmgb wifl wixt ij~iwt&olfigxmtkg~bmwl% _bl ~xljka|xmtkie ij tbl t|xe ij tbl 8>tb glet|x{bmw cmwtlo m qbicl glet|x{0 tbl ~iwt&olfigxmtkg wtmal gi|co lktblx hl xlamxolo mw ~mxtkgk~mtix{"mw qlcc mw lclgtxiekg+ olfigxmg{# ix mw m acihmc# elq# kolmc olfigxmg{ hmwlo ie ~ickwgiewgki|welww% _bl xlgiaekwlo ~mtb wtmxtw ijj jxif olfigxmg{ meo clmow ti olfigxmg{# mchlkttbl okwtmegl hltqlle tbl tqi olfigxmg{ fiolcw kw mw axlmt mw kt bmo ~xlzki|wc{ hlle hltqlleokgtmtixwbk~ meo olfigxmg{% J|xtblxfixl# tbl elq olfigxmg{ fiolc kw eit me{ clww hc|xxlo

tbme tbl ~iwt titmcktmxkme w{wtlf!w zkwkie ij ktwlcj%

_bl L|xi&Mtcmetkg wtmtl& meo olfigxmg{ fiolc wbiqw w~lgtmg|cmx wkaew ij gxkwkw%Qbkcl tbl acihmc ~icktkgi&wtmtl mxlem bmw zlwtlo ketlxlwtw ke fmwdkea tbl g|xxlet gxkwkw# kt kwtbxi|ab tbl ljjixtw ij cigmc jixglw tbmt tbl gxkwkw kw lwwletkmcc{ fmemalo% _bkw# biqlzlx# bmwiec{ m fkekfmc kf~mgt ie wtmdlbicolxw mt m acihmc meo emtkie&wtmtl clzlc% Hlbkeo tbl wglelwiec{ zlx{ jlq ~li~cl ole{ tbl elglwwkt{ ij xmokgmc xlgiewkolxmtkie# qbkcwt ke ~xmgtkgl tblxl kweit lzle iel ~icktkgi&wtmtl axi|~ ~xl~mxlo ti xkwd ktw g|xxlet ~iwktkiew% _bl gif~clrkt{ ij tblwkt|mtkie kw mol}|mtlc{ olfiewtxmtlo tbmt qbkcl tbl L|xi~lme \ekie lr~xlwwc{ ~|wblw jix tblketxio|gtkie ijlclgtxiekg olfigxmg{# tbl wic|tkie ti tbl L|xi~lme Giewtkt|tkie ix tbl xljixfij tbl L|xi~lme Giffkwwkie wtkcc mqmktw m jkemc mewqlx%

M elq wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ tblix{ kw ix tbl fixl elglwwmx{ hlgm|wl tbl olfigxmg{ ijemtkiew)wtmtlw gmeeit hl ketlx~xltlo kwicmtloc{% Acihmc olfigxmg{ tbmt w~mew izlx gietkeletw kwaikea ti gifl keti lrkwtlegl mw m giblxlet w{wtlf wkf|ctmeli|wc{ ke tbl acihmc meo cigmcwigkmc w~mgl&tkfl# mt fko&clzlc mw gietkeletmc meo ~mxtkmcc{ emtkie&wtmtl olfigxmg{# qbkcl mttbl ciqlx cigmc clzlcw kt kw aikea ti giewkwt ij m xlakiemc# fkgxi&olfigxmg{% _bl wmfl mcwibicow tx|l mt tbl wtmtl clzlc0 tbl acihmc wtmtl kw m |ekjklo w{wtlf "ix tbl kewtkt|tkiemc w{wtlfqbkgb w|hwtkt|tlw kt+# m gietkeletmc wtmtl "|ekie# giejlolxmg{# ltg%+ meo m emtkie&wtmtl meo mcigmc aizlxeflet%

_bl f|ctk&cm{lxlo ~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{# tbl lr~mewkie ~xiaxmffl ij tbl cigmc meogiff|emc olfigxmg{ kw mcxlmo{ jkjtlle {lmxw ico%= Ie tbl qbicl# ql gme elzlxtblclww wtmtltbmt m |ekjklo w{wtlf bmw eit {lt hlle wlt |~# olw~ktl tbl jmgt tbmt lzlx{ gi|etx{# gietkelet ixketlxemtkiemc ixamekwmtkie kegc|olw ke ktw ~icktkgmc fkwwkie tbl mkf ij (olfigxmtkwkeaolfigxmg{(% _bkw# biqlzlx# ~xlw|~~iwlw m elq fiolc ij olfigxmg{% _bl kolm ij

~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{ qmw mhcl ti w~xlmo wi jmwt jkxwt meo jixlfiwt hlgm|wl acihmckwmtkiemeo cigmckwmtkie ~xiglwwlw bmzl hlgifl lzlx wtxiealx# tbl{ bmzl letlxlo tbl mxlm ij tbllgieif{% O|l ti elq kejixfmtkie tlgbeicia{ w{wtlfw# tbl ljjlgt ij tblwl ~xiglwwlww bmwfmol ktw qm{ keti tbl wigkmc meo g|ct|xmc w~blxlw# tii% Blxl ql mxl aikea ti ketxio|gl tbl elqgiegl~t0 tbl kolm ijdeiqcloalmeo giewgki|welww&hmwlo olfigxmgklw%

= Iel ij tbl jkxwt hiidw ~|hckwblo ke B|eamx{ mhi|t tbkw ti~kg kw0 ^c Hecmd{&Gwmhm Zmxam "=;12+0 Mpie tc itt mta zkca "_bl Qkol Qixco _blxl Hl{ieo+ Fmazlt# ]|kgdlekea _kfl# =;1;


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Ke tbkw gietlrt# tbl ~xiaxmffl ij ~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{ wbi|co hl zklqlo mw tblwtxleatblekea ij oljlegl flgbmekwfw ij cigmc qixco"w+ tbmt mkf mt ~xlwlxzkea cigmc wigki&lgieifkg meo lezkxifletmc ketlxlwtw# mw qlcc mw cigmc koletkt{% Ie tbl itblx bmeo# tbkw

~xiaxmffl mcwi wlxzlw mw m flmew ti fmemal gietkeletmc gif~ltkzkt{ ij cigmc meo emtkiemcwigkltklw% Wkegl okjjlxlet xlakiew ij tbl qixco mxl okjjlxletc{ mjjlgtlo h{ tbl elq

giewl}|leglw ij acigmckwmtkie# tbl tqi wtxmtlakg xiclw fmdl tbl okjjlxleglw ke ktw xlmckwmtkiegif~xlblewkhcl%

Meitblx wi|xgl ij okzlxwkt{ kw ti hl ji|eo ke cigmc olfigxmtkg txmoktkiew# qbkgb mxlaxlmtc{ kejc|leglo h{ tbl wigki&lgieifkg wtmtl ij m akzle mxlm meo tbl i~lxmhkckt{ ij lrkwtkeakewtkt|tkiemc w{wtlfw# ltg%

_bl tblix{ ij l&aizlxemegl# l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie meo tbl elq olfigxmg{ kw ke ktwlcjm elq tblix{% Kj# jix kewtmegl# l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie kw m elq t{~l ij ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie#tble iel ij tbl ji|eomtkiew ij tbl elq tblix{ kw tbl ~xmgtkgl ij tbl elq ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie#qbkcl meitblx ij ktw ji|eomtkiew kw hmwlo ie tbl hmwkg ~xkegk~clw ij tbl ~xiaxmfflw qbkgb

olwkaelo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% Ql wbi|co eit hlcklzl tbmt tbl tblixltkgmc giegl~tkiew ijlmgb meo lzlx{ elq L|xi~lme olzlci~flet bmo hlle gieglkzlo ~xkix ti ktw kf~clfletmtkie

~bmwl% Jix tbmt fmttlx# ke B|eamx{ tbl ketxio|gtkie ij l&aizlxeflet meo l&~|hckgmofkekwtxmtkie bmo hlle olgcmxlo ~xkix ti tbl olzlci~flet ij m tblixltkgmc m~~ximgb% Mt

~xlwlet# elzlxtblclww# tblxl kw elktblx me ieaikea ~|hckg olhmtl ie tbl gxkwkw ij ~clmw|xlwigklt{# tbl lf~tkelww ij g|xxlet ~icktkgmc fiolcw eix m wlmxgb jix tbl |ekzlxwmc j|t|xl%

_bl tblix{ ij l&aizlxemegl kw# biqlzlx# eit flxlc{ meo eit lrgc|wkzlc{ m elq ~|hckgmofkekwtxmtkie tblix{0 ie tbl iel bmeo# tbl gbmxmgtlx (l( ckjtw tbl ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkzlm~~ximgb keti meitblx okflewkie# blegl mw ij eiq ql w~lmd ij me lclgtxiekg meo)ix okaktmc

~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% Giewl}|letc{# tbl tblix{ bmw ti lrtleo ti meo kegc|ol tbl elq"kejigiff|ekgmtkzl+ tlgbeicia{ meo tbl qixco ~lxgl~tkie tbmt kw kew~kxlo h{ elq tlgbeicia{%Ie tbl itblx bmeo# l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie kw aikea ti j|eomfletmcc{ gbmeal# & ix ti ~|t ktfixl gmxlj|cc{0 fm{ ~xihmhc{ gbmeal# tbl wtmtl ktwlcj# kt qkcc xloljkel qbmt kt flmew ti hl mgktkple mw qlcc mw mww|fl m elq t{~l ij xlcmtkiewbk~ hltqlle wtmtl meo gktkple "meo ktwgiff|ektklw+% _bl tblix{ ij l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie "ix d&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie+ qkcctblxljixl ello ti kegc|ol tblixklw ie tbl wtmtl# gktkplew# wigklt{ meo olfigxmg{% Qbmt jicciqwjxif tbl mhizl kw tbmt wiielx ix cmtlx me ketlaxmtlo tblix{ kw aikea ti lziczl# qbkgbgif~xlblewkzlc{ lrmfkelw meo ketlx~xltw hmwkg }|lwtkiew# mw qlcc xl&lrmfkelw tblolzlci~flet ij ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie%

L&aizlxemegl meo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie mxl ke tbl jig|w ij i|x mttletkie ~xkfmxkc{hlgm|wl wi f|gb ke L|xi~l mw ke B|eamx{ tbkw olzlci~fletmc wtmal jix tbl j|t|xl wllfwxlmckwtkg meo jlmwkhcl% _bl jixlwllmhcl ~lxw~lgtkzlw# biqlzlx# clmo f|gb j|xtblx0 tbl{ ~ikettiqmxo m ~mxtkgk~mtix{ wtmtl meo ~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{# hitb ij qbkgb mxl |ekfmakemhclqktbi|t tbl lzic|tkie ij tbl ketlcckalet eltqixd wigklt{% Mcc ke mcc# tbl wbixt&tlxf tkfltmhclfkabt ciid tbl jicciqkea0

^bmwlw0

^bmwlw ij

olzlci~flet

Lclfletw ^lxw~lgtkzl

Jkxwt ~bmwl

Wlxzkgl wtmtl#okaktmc wtmtl meo l&~|hckgmofkekwtxmtkie

Wlxzkgl wtmtl# ~mxtkmc okaktmc l&aizlxemegl qbkgbkw wkf|ctmeli|wc{ gktkple&jxkleoc{# qktb kwcmeo&ckdl l&wtmtl aizlxemegl meo l&cigmc m|tbixkt{4~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie moolo qktbke tbljxmflqixd ij tbl txmoktkiemc xl~xlwletmtkzl

Lwtmhckwblo okaktmcwtmtl meo mcckegc|wkzl l&wgmcl~|hckgmofkekwtxmtkie


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=8

olfigxmg{# ~mxtc{ hmwlo ie m elq meojixfmckwlo wigkmc maxllflet

Wlgieo

~bmwl

l&aizlxemegl meockfktlo l&olfigxmg{

^mxtkmc L|xi~lme meo emtkiemc olfigxmg{xljixf# emtkiemc# xlakiemc wfmcc mxlm meowlttclflet l&olfigxmg{# qktb l&xljlxleom#wkf|ctmeli|wc{ wkf~cl ix gif~clr ix

lclgtxiekgmcc{ ~mxtkgk~mtkzl olfigxmg{

Lwtmhckwblo l&olfigxmg{ mctbi|abxl~xlwletmtkzlolfigxmg{ wtkcc ke

~cmgl

_bkxo ~bmwl

Ketlcckalet gkzkcwigklt{ meo wigkmc~mxtkg~mtkzlolfigxmg{

Ketlcckalet "xlmc meo zkxt|mc+ gkzkc wigkltklwlwtmhckwblo mt m acihmc# gietkeletmc meo cigmcclzlc mxl aikea ti wtl~ izlx tbl jxmflqixd ijtxmoktkiemc olfigxmg{# ix qkcc lejixgl tbl elqolfigxmg{ meo wigkmc fiolc h|kct ie tbl~mxtkgk~mtkie meo okxlgt olgkwkiew ke hmwkg}|lwtkiew%

Ketlcckalet gkzkcwigklt{ meo eltqixdolfigxmg{

Ji|xtb

~bmwl

^mxtkgk~mtix{olfigxmg{ meo~mxtkgk~mtix{ wtmtlclo h{ wigklt{

M olfigxmg{ meo ~mxtkgk~mtix{ wtmtl h|kctwkf|ctmeli|cw{ ie keokzko|mc olgkwkiew meo gkzkcmwwigkmtkiew tbmt mxl fixl ciiwlc{ gieelgtlotbme ~icktkgmc ~mxtklw {lt kt kw mcwi mgif~xlblewkzl xlmc) zkxt|mc olfigxmg{ meo

~mxtkgk~mtix{ wtmtl qblxl tbl gkzkckme gktkple kwmqmxl xmtblx tbme fmek~|cmtlo meo bleglhlgiflw m xlw~iewkhcl keokzko|mc

Olzlci~lo~mxtkgk~mtix{olfigxmg{# jxllwigklt{ meogiff|emc gktkple

qbi fmdlwxlw~iewkhclolgkwkiew

_mhcl =% Olzlci~fletmc ~bmwlw# kolmw * b{~itblwlw 8>>>&8> "Gwmhm Zmxam+

_bkw hiid kw ~mxtkmcc{ m gif~xlblewkzl mttlf~t ti lcmhixmtl mt cleatb m elq meoketlaxmtlo tblix{# qbkcwt kt kw mcwi aikea ti xmkwl lzlx{ kf~ixtmet tblixltkgmc kww|l qktb xlamxowti elq wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ tblixklw# elq wigklt{ meo olfigxmg{ tblixklw mw qlcc mw tbl

~xijlwwkiemc meo ketlxokwgk~ckemx{tblixklw ij l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% _bl hiid oilw eit iec{xlziczl mxi|eo tblixltkgmc ~xihclfw meo wic|tkiew# h|t kt mcwi txklw ti jixf|cmtl mctlxemtkzl

wtmtl meo olfigxmg{ olzlci~flet wglemxkiw jix tbl elrt tbkxt{ ti jixt{ {lmxw%Wkfkcmxc{# tbl hiid wbiqgmwlw ~lxbm~w tbl fiwt gif~xlblewkzl B|eamxkme mttlf~t ti

cigmc aizlxeflet meo olfigxmg{# mcwi deiqe mw tbl Mhm fiolc% Mhm amkelo xlakiemc meoemtkiemc jmfl meo ketlxlwt qble kt wtmxtlo ktw iqe lr~lxkflet ie tbl olzlci~flet ij

~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{ ke tbl w|fflx ij 8>>?# qbkgb tbl cigmcw ~xljlx ti gmcc olfigxmg{lr~lxkflet ix wigkmc maxllflet ~xiaxmffl jix wbixt% _bl lwwlegl ij tbl Mhm fiolc kw mwjicciqw0 kt kw hmwlo eit ie m wkeacl# h|t f|ctk~cl xl~xlwletmtkie ij gktkplew gifhkelo qktbwtx|gt|xlo okmcia|l meo kw j|xtblx olzlci~lo keti wbmxlo cigmc aizlxemegl ti jkemcc{ mgbklzl

~mxtkgk~mtix{ meo lclgtxiekg olfigxmg{% Iel ij tbl lclfletw ij tbkw kolm kw tb|w tbl gifhkeloolzlci~flet ij l&olfigxmg{ meo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% _bl axmo|mc xlmckwmtkie ij tbl Mhm

fiolc kw ij ~mxtkg|cmx ketlxlwt hlgm|wl kt kw m xlmc ~xmgtkgmc lrmf~cl xmtblx tbme flxlc{ mtblixltkgmc iel%

_bkw hiid qmw eit qxkttle mw me mewqlx ti tbl g|xxlet ~icktkgmc gxkwkw ke B|eamx{% [lttbl kegxlmwlo emtkiemc olfigxmtkg oljkgkt meo tbl xmokgmc olgxlmwl ij wtmtl gm~mhkcktklw `iketc{qktb tbl gxkwkw g|xxletc{ lr~lxkleglo ke tbl olzlci~flet ij B|eamxkme wigklt{ fm{ gbmeal tblzklq ij tbl keziczlo ~mxtklw# emflc{ tbl fkeow ij tbiwl qbi wbm~l ~|hckg i~kekie meo mxl tblolgkwkie&fmdlxw ke B|eamx{%

@me|mx{ =wt# 8>>2

Lflwl \axke Gwmhm Zmxam


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=7

Gbm~tlx Iel0 _bl acigmc qixco meo kejixfmtkie mal

Mw ql bmzl mcxlmo{ ~iketlo i|t ke tbl ketxio|gtkie# ql ello ti gbmxmgtlxkwl tblkejixfmtkie mal ke ixolx ti mol}|mtlc{ ketlx~xlt tbl giegl~t ij l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% _bkw#biqlzlx# kw eit ~iwwkhcl ti |eolxwtmeo qktbi|t m gif~xlblekwzl meo fixl ~mxmokafmtkgketlx~xltmtkie ij acihmckwmtkie ~xiglwwlw% _bkw kw mcwi elglwwmx{ hlgm|wl mt tbl leo ij tbltqletkltb glet|x{# tbl kejixfmtkie mal wtmeow jix |ekzlxwmc acihmckwmtkie%

=%=% _bl elq giegl~t ij acihmckwmtkie0 j|egtkiemc meo w|hwtmetkmcacihmckwmtkie

W|~xkwkeac{# lzle tbl Wizklt Lf~kxl# ix tbl axi|~ ij GIFLGIE gi|etxklw gme hlolwgxkhlo mw m ~mxmfkcktmx{# wlfk&acihmc# fiei~ickwt wtmtl w{wtlf% _bl acihmckwmtkie mt leo ijtbl tqletkltb glet|x{ bmw# biqlzlx# jmx lrgllolo me{ ~xlzki|w fiolcw ij acihmckwmtkie "hitb

tbiwl tbmt tiid ~cmgl wlzlxmc tbi|wmeo ix wlzlxmc b|eoxlo {lmxw mai+% _bkw elq t{~l ijacihmckwmtkie lfhxmglw tbl letkxl acihmc ~i~|cmtkie meo xlmgblw ti lzle tbl fiwt bkoolegixelxw ij tbl tbkxo meo ji|xtb qixco% Ie tbl itblx bmeo# kt mcwi gxlmtlw m elq t{~l ij|ekzlxwmc w~mgl&tkfl wtx|gt|xl ke b|fme gkzkckwmtkie ke m qm{ tbmt kt wkf|ctmeli|wc{ m

j|egtkiemc meo w|hwtmetkiemc qixco ~xiglww%

Blegl tbl eitkie ij elq acihmckwmtkie giegkwlc{ w|fw |~ tbl xlgiaektkie tbmt tblgiewtmetc{ |ektkea b|fme gkzkckpmtkie bmw xlmgblo tbl wtmal ij j|egtkiemc acihmckwmtkie% _bkwacihmckwmtkie# biqlzlx# oilw eit iec{ gxlmtl m elq qixco wtx|gt|xl# h|t kt mcwi mttlf~tw ti jkccke tbl (zmg||f( kt alelxmtlw qktb ~mxtkg|cmx gietlet% Elq acihmckwmtkie tblxljixlwkf|ctmeli|cw{ letmkcw acihmckwmtkie meo cigmckwmtkie# wi kt kw eit w|x~xkwkea tbmt kt kw

kegxlmwkeac{ gmcclo tbl acigmc qixco wtx|gt|xl%

Elq acihmckwmtkie kw m o|mc ~xiglww0 kt giewkwtw ij mj|egtkiemc meo w|hwtmetkiemc wlxklwij gbmealw% H{ j|egtkiemckt{ ql flme tbmt tbl j|egtkiemc lclfletw meo ~xiglwwlw ij b|fmegkzkckpmtkie "lgieif{# wigklt{# lgicia{ meo tblkx w|h&w{wtlfw# ~icktkgw# wtmtl# fkcktmx{#lo|gmtkie# ltg+ mxl acihmckwkea mt m xmtl meo lrtlet elzlx wlle hljixl% Mw m xlw|ct# acihmclgieif{# acihmc wigklt{# acihmc fkcktmx{ ixolx# ltg% bmzl gifl keti lrkwtlegl%W|hwtmetkiemckt{ flmew tbmt tbl ~li~cl oi ei ciealx wkf~c{ oxlmf ij m |ekjklo gkzkckpmtkiemeo g|ct|xl# h|t tbmt |ekjkgmtkie kw eiq tmdkea ~cmgl mt m xmtl meo lrtlet elzlx lr~lxkleglo

hljixl% _bkw kw qb{ ql gme w~lmd tiom{ ij acihmc deiqcloal meo acihmc g|ct|xl qktb aiioxlmwie%

Qbkcl tbl{ okjjlx axlmtc{ ke tblkx gbmxmgtlxkwtkgw# tbl tqi axlmt ~xiglwwlw eieltblclwwmcwi wtxleatble lmgb itblx% Elq j|egtkiemckwf |ekjklw ke w|gb m qm{ tbmt cmxalc{ koletkgmclgieifkg meo ~icktkgmc wtx|gt|xlw lziczl ke okjjlxlet gi|etxklw meo gietkeletw qbkcl elq|ekjkgmtkie oilw eit flxal h|t xmtblx ~xlwlzlw tbl g|ct|xl meo qm{ ij tbkedkea ij tbl ~li~clwmeo emtkiemcktklw% Giewl}|letc{# elq |ekjkgmtkie mcwi bkeolxw meo ckfktw ~mxmfkcktmx{ ix

~icktkgmc acihmckwmtkie ke m e|fhlx ij qm{w% Kt kw tblxljixl ei gikegkolegl tbmt tblxl kw ei lrmgtwmfl wtmtl ix ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie ke tbl flfhlx wtmtlw ij tbl L|xi~lme \ekie4 mjtlx mcc#lmgb wtmtl meo ktw ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie xltmkew ktw iqe ~mxtkg|ckmxktklw% [lt kt kw hl{ieo oi|httbmt tbl wtmtl hlcieaw ti tblj|egtkiemc wkol ij acihmckwmtkie mw kt bmw ciea ciwt ktw w|hwtmetkiemc

gbmxmgtlxkwtkgw%


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=?

Kt kw Leoxl Dkww# tbl ~bkciwi~blx# qbi eitlw80 (Mggixokea ti m qkolc{ wbmxloketlx~xltmtkie# acihmckwmtkie kw tbl wgklegl ij w|gb ~mxtkg|cmx gif~xlblewkzl ~xihclfw# qbkgbmjjlgt tbl LE_KXL b|fmekt{ ke m elq }|mcktmtkzl qm{# meo ktw txleow mjjlgt |w lrkwtletkmcc{% Ketbkw w~kxkt lgiciakgmc ~xihclfw hlgifl jix kewtmegl claktkfmtl mxlmw ij acihmckwmtkie# mw mxlitblx kww|lw w|gb mw tbl wtmtl ij xmq fmtlxkmcw# fkaxmtkie# wbmxlo blmctbgmxl ~xihclfw ij tbl

qixco# qbkgb deiq ei hi|eomxklw me{ fixl# ~iwktkzl meo elamtkzl qixco o{emfkgw ij}|lwtkiew xlamxokea tbl ~i~|cmtkie# tbl lelxa{ wkt|mtkie# tbl mxfw txmol meo ox|a gxkwkw mxl mccaxlmt okclffmw ij ketlaxmtkie meo qixco lgieif{% Meitblx fm`ix ketlx~xltmtkie oilw eit tkltbl kww|lw meo tbl qbicl ~bleifleie ij acihmckwmtkie ti keokzko|mc giegxltl meo mcqm{wwkea|cmxc{ m~~lmxkea (acihmc( }|lwtkiew# "ix ti m "~mxtkmc+ gc|wtlx fmol |~ ij xmeoif}|lwtkiew+# h|t kewtlmo kt lrmfkelw tbl wtx|gt|xmc meo j|egtkiemc gixxlcmtkiew ij m elq qixcowkt|mtkie ke ktw LE_KXL_[%( _b|w# acihmckwmtkie tblix{ oilw eit wkf~c{ mkfw ti oljkel wifldkeo ij ~mxtkmc meo jxmafletlo wtmtl ij tbl qixco# kt ~|tw tbl j|egtkiemc# meo# ti moo ti LeoxlDkww! txmke ij tbi|abt# tbl w|hwtmetkmc alelxmc tblix{ ij tbl ~iwt&fkccleek|f acihmc&|ekzlxwmcqixco keti qixow%

Wkegl acihmckwmtkie qi|co bmea ciiwl ke tbl |ekzlxwmc w~mgl qlxl tbl hmwl eitwtxleabtlelo meo j|gtkiemc# tb|w kt ellow cigmckwmtkie ~xiglww ti wtxleatble meo lziczl ie lmgbmeo lzlx{ gietkelet% _bkw ke ktwlcj kw mcxlmo{ m acihmc ~xiglww kxxlw~lgtkzl ij tbl ketlxlwtw ijacihmckwmtkie meo kt bm~~lew lzle ke fiolxekwlo L|xi~lme gi|etxklw tbmt cigmc xlakiew mkf mtkegxlmwkea tblkx keol~leolegl ti xlo|gl tblkx oljleglclwwelww% _bkw kw biq ke tbl elq acigmcqixco ixolx tbl wtmtl "meo tbl emtkie&wtmtl+ kw wkt|mtlo ke tbl fkoocl# qbkgb# ie tbl iel bmeo#ijjlxw wifl ~xitlgtkzl wbklcow jix cigmc xlakiew# qbkcl ie tbl itblx bmeo wkf|ctmeli|wc{ blc~wcigmc xlakiew ti ketlaxmtl ke tbl acihmc wtmal%

_bl elq acigmc qixco gme mcwi hl olwgxkhlo mw }|metktmtkzl meo }|mcktmtkzlacihmckwmtkie% H{ }|metktmtkzl acihmckwmtkie ql jkxwt meo jixlfiwt flme tbmt acihmckwmtkie ailwie gietke|mcc{ hitb w~mtkmcc{ meo j|egtkiemcc{ meo lzlet|mcc{ kt kw aikea ti lfhxmgl tbl letkxlb|fme gkzkckpmtkie% ]|mcktmtkzl acihmckwmtkie# mw ktw emfl mcxlmo{ w|aalwtw# gi|co flme}|mcktmtkzl acihmckwmtkie "mctbi|ab bkwtixkgmcc{ kt bmw eit hlle ~xl&oltlxfkelo qbltblx tbkwqi|co hl tbl i|tgifl ke xlmckt{+ meo tbkw fm{ elglwwmxkc{ letmkc tbl w|hwtmetkiemc |ekjkgmtkieij tbl qixco!w gi|etxklw meo ~li~clw "wkfkcmxc{ ti tbl mhizl ~iket# kt bmw eit {lt hlle olgkolojxif m bkwtixkgmc ~iket ij zklq qbltblx w|gb me lzlet qi|co mcwi kf~c{ m acihmc wtmtl ix macihmc mxf{ jix tbmt fmttlx+%

Qble kt hlgmfl m~~mxlet jix tbl zlx{ jkxwt tkfl ke tbl cmwt olgmolw ij tbl tqletkltbglet|x{ tbmt wiie tbl lzic|tkie ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal kw aikea ti hlgifl me ljjlgtkzl qixco

~xiglww# fme{ bmzl wtmxtlo ti jixf|cmtl wbixt ix ciea tlxf |ti~kmw mhi|t biq tbl kejixfmtkiemal qkcc wkf|ctmeli|wc{ hl tbl gm|wl meo tbl giewl}|legl# o{emfktkg meo leo ~xio|gt ij tbl~xlwlet acihmckwmtkie% _bkw ~xiglww qmw lwwletkmcc{ wlt ijj mjtlx tbl t|xe ij tbl fkccleek|f#qble tbl jkxwt tbl j|egtkiemc tble tbl w|hwtmetkiemc acihmckwmtkie mg}|kxlo leixfi|w ~iqlxxlwi|xglw qktb tbl w~xlmo ij tbl keji&giff|ekgmtkie eltqixdw meo wlxzkglw%

_bl ~iwt&fkccleek|f qixco kw tb|w |eoi|htloc{ m acigmc qixco# lzlx fixl wi keL|xi~l# kegc|okea tbl clww ix fiolxmtlc{ olzlci~lo gi|etxklw% _bl ~xlwlet acigmc qixco kwqlmxw tbl xihl ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal# meo ktw ~|hckg ~icktkgmc emfl kw deiqcloal&hmwlolgieif{ meo wigklt{%

8

Leoxl Dkww "8>>>:+ M acihmckpgk `z`l w)fket t|owtxwmomcif "_bl J|t|xl ij Acihmckwmtkie meo )mwDeiqcloal Wigklt{+ "qqq%~iketlxelt%~ow%b|)dkwwleoxl+


15/236

=8+0 Okaktmckw ctlpw "_bl \ejkekwblo Xlzic|tkie+ _{~itlrt# H|om~lwt%~%=1;%


19/236

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olaxllw mxl g|xxletc{ fmww ~xio|glo# h|t kejixfmtkie meo tbl flokmtkplo xlmckt{ kw mcwi jix tblgiew|f~tkie ij tbl fmwwlw%

_bkw acigmc mal kw elglwwmxkc{ fizkea tiqmxo m elq wigkmc w{wtlf# tii% Lmxcklx iewigkicia{ |wlo ti xl~ixt fmkec{ ie tbl wtx|gt|xlw# gcmwwlw# wtxmtm meo w|haxi|~w ij wigklt{ mw kj

tblwl lclfletw qlxl ti giewtkt|tl tbl deiqcloal ij tbl letkxl wigklt{% _blwl lclfletw#eieltblclww# mxl iec{ tbl wtx|gt|xmc jlmt|xlw ij wigklt{# meo flxlc{ h{ tmdkea tblwl lclfletweihio{ kw mhcl ti |eolxwtmeo ke ktw letkxlt{ qbmt wigklt{ xlmcc{ flmew% Qlwtlxe L|xi~lme meoMflxkgme m|tbixw qxitl m e|fhlx ij hiidw ie wigkmc tblix{ ke tbl cmwt gi|~cl ij {lmxw%


20/236

8>

Fiwt ij tbl B|eamxkme ketlcclgt|mc lcktl bmw bmo me metk&tlgbeiciakgmc hkmw jix m ciea

tkfl4 elq tlgbeiciakgmc xlw|ctw qlxl dllec{ ketlx~xltlo mw me keb|fme ~xiglww% Ke B|eamx{tblix{ ij tlgbeicia{ kw eit lzle mcqm{w tm|abt mt ~ic{tlgbekg |ekzlxwktklw# lzle tbi|ab qlgmeeit gixxlgtc{ ketlx~xlt tbl bkwtix{ ij tbl cmwt tqlet{ {lmxw# tbl xlakfl gbmeal meo tbl

jicciqkea => ti =8 {lmxw qktbi|t me |eolxwtmeokea ij tbl e|flxi|w gbmealw ke lgieif{#wigklt{# giewgki|welww meo b|fme okflewkie tbmt qlxl mcc jixglo |~ie |w h{ tlgbeiciakgmcgbmealw% _qi acihmc ~iqlxw w|gb @m~me meo Alxfme{# xla|cmxc{ kww|l tlgbeiciakgmc jixlgmwtwjix tbl elrt tqlet{ {lmxw%; _blwl lcmhixmtl ~|hckgmtkiew ij wlzlxmc tbi|wmeow ti~kgw jixlgmwttbl gbmealw ke tbl jklcow ij wgklegl# xlwlmxgb meo tlgbeicia{ jix tbl elrt tqi olgmolw% Fiwtij tblkx ~xlokgtkiew blco wi jmx ~xizlo ti hl gixxlgt%

_blwl jixlgmwtw mxl zlx{ wlxki|w meo qlcc ji|eolo% Kt kw tblxljixl gclmxc{ ~xlokgtlo tbmttbl tlgbeicia{ ij tbl elrt tqlet{ {lmxw qkcc bmzl ei xlwlfhclegl ij tbl tlgbeicia{ ij{lwtlx{lmxw# eix tbmt ij tiom{% Mcxlmo{ qktbke m olgmol# tbl ~lxwiemc gif~|tlxw meo okaktmcgmflxmw g|xxletc{ ke |wl mxl aikea ti hlgifl tbl wkpl ij m ~le ix qmtgb# wi tbl ielw tbmt ql

|wl eiq qkcc hl i|t&ij&omtl% Fixl kf~ixtmetc{# mw m xlw|ct ij b|fme&gletxlo gif~|tkea tblgif~|tlx kw aikea ti hlgifl me ketlcckalet mwwkwtmet%=> Mt tbkw wtmal ql bmzl eit lzlefletkielo tbl lr~lgtlo xlw|ctw ij emeitlgbeicia{% Ql fm{ gbiiwl ti jlmx tbl gifkea w|~lxxlzic|tkiew ij tlgbeicia{# {lt ql gme bmzl m okjjlxlet mttkt|ol tiqmxow tlgbeiciakgmcgbmeal==% Hlkea mqmxl ij tbl kfflelet gbmealw flmew tbmt ql gme alt ~xl~mxlo jix tblf# meoql wbi|co tx{ ti gm~ktmckwl ie elq tlgbeiciaklw% Ql ~xlw|~~iwl tbmt ke tbkw jklco leixfi|w

hxlmdtbxi|abw mxl ti hl lr~lgtlo%

Kt kw ke tbkw wlewl ij tbl qixo tbmt ql gcmkf tbmt mxtkjkgkmc ketlcckalegl kw aikea ti ~cm{ mdl{ xicl eit iec{ ke tbl tbl fiolxekwmtkie ij tbl wtmtl h|t mcwi ke lo|gmtkie meo gkzkckwmtkie%Ql qieolx qbltblx lzle iel tlmgblx ix kewtx|gtix bmw me{ kolm biq w)bl qi|co ~|t mxtkjkgkmcketlcckalegl mt qixd mt tblkx jmgkcktklw meo kewtkt|tkiew%

Mcc ke mcc# elq tlgbeicia{ kw xlw~iewkhcl jix ~xizkokea m blc~kea bmeo wi tbmtkejixfmtkie wigklt{ wbi|co eit wked keti tbl f|o ij tbl keo|wtxkmc wigklt{% [lt tblxl kw meitblxw|htmetkmc fmttlx tbmt tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{ wbmcc bmzl ti mewqlx0 Kw deiqcloal hxi|abt h{elq tlgbeiciaklw |wlo ke me mol}|mtl fmeelx9

=%1% Mal ij elq deiqcloal meo gxktkgmc m~~ximgblw ti olfigxmg{

Gietxmx{ ti tbl i~kekie lr~xlwwlo ke itblx ~|hckgmtkiew# ql gcmkf tbmt tbl fiwtkf~ixtmet elq jlmt|xl ij "clt |w fifletmxkc{ jixalt mhi|t tbl fmt|xkt{ ij+ tbl elq mal kw elqdeiqcloal gxlmtloxmtblx tbme elq tlgbeicia{# ix elq lgieif{# ix m elq t{~l ij wigklt{ qlmxl aikea ti ckzl ke% _bkw bicow tx|l lzle tbi|ab mt hlwt ql mxl iec{ mt tbl tbxlwbico ij tbl malij deiqcloal% Kt kw m elq ~bleifleie tbmt tbl titmc deiqcloal ij fmedkeo oi|hclw lzlx{ =%>> {lmxw%

; Picte cfmk "8>>8+0 Ie _lgbeiciakgmc _xleow% "l&Qixco# 8>>8)W~lgkmc Kww|l+4 _L^# _lgbeiciakgmcJixlgmwtkea xiaxmffl "qqq%if%b| +=>Fkgbmlc C% Olxti|piw "8>>8+0 Jcdwp jixxmomcif0 thme m flawplckotltt wpfta~ld jlc "Wlfk&jkekwblo

Xlzic|tkie% Le xi|tl ti Oiflwtkgmtlo Gif~|tlxw+ _{~itlrt# H|om~lwt# ~%?2%== Kt kw eit w|~xkwkea tbmt fme{ mxl mcxlmo{ kfmakekea gkxg|ktw h|kct ke tbl hxmke ix gbk~ kewtmcclo ke tbl hxmke# wkegltblwl tlgbeiciakgmc olzlci~fletw mxl mcfiwt xlmo{% Fkgbmlc C% Olxti|piw "8>>8+ ~%?;%


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_bl axi|~kea meo tbl wtmeomxokwmtkie ij deiqcloal fm{ hl tbl w|h`lgt&fmttlx ij m

qbicl elq kezlwtkamtkie%=8 Ke tbl mal ij deiqcloal wigklt{ kt wllfw xlmwiemhcl ti ketlx~xltico&elq deiqcloal mggixokea ti tblkx j|egtkiemc meo w|hwtmetkmc xiclw# `|wt mw kt kw ketlx~xltloke tbl gmwl ij acihmckwmtkie# jix tbmt fmttlx% _bl w|ffmx{ ij j|egtkiemc xiclw xlgixow tbl

fmeelx deiqcloal hlgiflw wigkmc gm~ktmc meo tbl w~llo qktb qbkgb kt w~xlmow mxi|eo ke tblelq acigmc qixco% _bkw kw qb{ ql okwtkea|kwb mfiea acihmc# gietkeletmc "ke i|x gmwl0L|xi~lme+# emtkiemc meo cigmc deiqcloal% _blxl kw m xlcmtkzlc{ cmxal mfi|et ij txlww~mwwmfiea deiqcloal t{~lw% _bkw kw mggi|etlo h{ tbl jmgt tbmt tbl acihmc qixco bmw letlxlo keti mf|ctkg|ct|xmc mal4 {lt# mcc tbl wmfl# ke tbl ciea x|e m wkaekjkgmet mfi|et ij okwgxl~meg{ kwaikea ti gietke|l ti lrkwt hltqlle tbl g|ct|xlw ij b|fme gkzkckwmtkie# qbltblx ke tbl oifmkeij deiqcloal# xlckakie ix zmc|l w{wtlfw%

Elq t{~lw ij deiqcloal jkxwt meo jixlfiwt mxl axi|~lo w|hwtmetkmcc{% Ql mttmgb fixlkf~ixtmegl ti tbl xlmc zmc|lw meo gietletw ij deiqcloal tbme ti me{ wigkmc ~xmgtkgl4deiqcloal tbmt kw keol~leolet jxif tkfl meo w~mgl# ji|eo ke kt fiwt ~|xl jixfw# keol~leolet

ij tbl |eolxwtmeokea meo m~~ckgmtkiew ij m ~lxkio% _bmt kw qb{ ql gme okwtkea|kwb deiqcloaljxif xlmckt{)eie&xlmckt{ x|eekea kejkektlc{ ke lzlx{ okxlgtkie4 ql tb|w bmzl deiqcloal# jixkewtmegl# mhi|t Aio# fmtlxkmcw# w~mgl meo tkfl# wigklt{# fmedkeo ix# jix tbmt fmttlx# i|xdeiqcloal ij tbl fltbioicia{ ij tbkedkea% Gifkea jxif tbkw ~lxw~lgtkzl kt oilw eit fmttlxqbltblx tbl ~mxtkg|cmx ~klgl ij deiqcloal qmw gxlmtlo h{ xlckakie# mxt ix wgklegl%

Meitblx qm{ ij axi|~kea w|hwtmetkmc deiqcloal kw ti mxxmeal kt mggixokea ti tblgietlet meo gmxxklx ij deiqcloal% _bl oifkemet mw~lgt ij tbkw ciakg kw tbl gicclgtkzllzmc|mtkie ij jixfmc meo gietlet|mc gbmxmgtlxkwtkgw ij deiqcloal% _bmt t{~l ij deiqcloal

hlcieaw ti tbl jixfmttlo ~|hckgc{ wbmxlo deiqcloal# qbkgb fmekjlwt ktwlcj ke fiwt cmea|malwhitb ckea|kwtkgmcc{ meo giegl~t|mcc{ meo qbkgb mcfiwt mcqm{w bmw m |ekjixf flmekea% _bkwdkeo ij deiqcloal kw ie tbl itblx bmeo qkolc{ |wlo ke b|fme gkzkckwmtkiew# meo tbl qkolzmxklt{ ij w|gb deiqcloal jixfw tbl tbl hmwkg gieoktkie ij tbl lrkwtmegl jix b|fme g|ct|xl%_bkw kw tbl giffiec{ wbmxlo deiqcloal ij b|fmedkeo# qbkgb ij gi|xwl ckea|kwtkgmcc{txmewcmtlw keti m cmxal mfi|et ij zmxkmtkiew% Kj tbkw jixfmttlo giffiec{ wbmxlo deiqcloalw|oolec{ zmekwblo ix glmwlo ti lrkt# tbl b|fmec{ giewtx|gtlo qixco meo b|fmedkeo mw w|gbqi|co hl oiiflo% _bl giffiec{ wbmxlo deiqcloal giewtkt|tlw tbl lclfletmx{# gmxokemcgieoktkie ij ckjl ie Lmxtb%

Kt kw m xlglet xlgiaektkie tbmt ei g|xxlet zmcko olfigxmg{ tblix{ lrkwtw% _blxl mxme|flxi|w okjjlxlet dkeow ij xlmwiew tbmt mggi|et jix tbkw xlgiaektkie0

=% _bl ~xkegk~cl ij oljixflo xl~xlwletmtkzl olfigxmg{0 m zmcko olfigxmg{ tblix{ oilweit lrkwt hlgm|wl ql oi eit ckzl ke tbl gcmwwkg olfigxmg{ ij Megklet Axlldw% ^xlwlet&om{olfigxmg{ kw jmx jxif hlkea mol}|mtl lw~lgkmcc{ wi hlgm|wl ktw ~lxjixfmegl kw j|egtkiemcc{qlmd4

8% _bl ~xkegk~cl ij eie&olfigxmg{ ke tbl xihl ij olfigxmg{0 tbl fiolc tbmt bmwlziczlo ke tbl cmwt olgmolw xl~xlwletw w|gb m t{~l ij acihmc xl~xlwletmtkzl olfigxmg{ fiolc#qbkgb lrgllow tbl fmt|xl ~xkegk~clw ij xl~xlwletmtkzl olfigxmg{4

7% _bl ~xkegk~cl ij jmgmol olfigxmg{0 jix tbl tkfl hlkea kt kw gif~xlblewkhcl iec{ jixm bmeoj|c ij ~li~cl tbmt tbl ~xmgtkgl ij olfigxmg{# qbkgb kw oll~c{ lfhloolo ke tbl wigkmc#

=8 Mcjxlo @% M{lx "=;


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ketlcclgt|mc meo g|ct|xmc ~xiglwwlw meo bmw hlle oljkelo jix kewtmegl h{ Mclrkw _ig}|lzkccl=7kwijtle h|t m jmgmol olfigxmg{4

?% _bl ~mxmoir ~xkegk~cl ij olfigxmg{0 zmxki|w ketlxlwt axi|~w bico ieti ~iqlx h{w|htc{ wbixtkea i|t tbl ~xkegk~clw ij olfigxmg{ qbkcl lr~ciktkea meo |wkea tbl kewtkt|tkiemcw{wtlf ij olfigxmg{ ti ktw j|cclwt4

% _bl ~xkegk~cl ij olfigxmtkg fkekf|f tbmt bmw eit hlle ciwt0 lzle wi fiwt wtmtlwmttlf~t ix mxl jixglo ti gif~c{ qktb fkekf|f wtmeomxow ij olfigxmg{ mt mcc clzlcw# ix mt clmwtti dll~ |~ tbl m~~lmxmegl ij kt4

==% \ejkekwblo mxa|fletw0 Ql gi|co ckwt e|flxi|w itblx gm|wlw ti mggi|et jix tbl cmgdij elq tblixklw%

_bl ~xihclf gme mcwi hl m~~ximgblo jxif tbl meacl qbmt kw bm~~lekea xkabt eiq ketbl olfigxmgklw ij tbl qixco meo ke tblkx wigkmc xlmcfw9

Xlmckt{ hlcieaw ti m eltqixd ix w{wtlf ij xlmcktklw% Kt kw wlcj&lzkolet tbmt ~mxmclcc{fixl xlmcktklw lrkwt tbme tbl iel tbl mgt|mc ~icktkgmc olfigxmg{ kw hmwlo |~ie4

_bl gletxmc wtmal ij olfigxmg{ gmeeit hl ckfktlo ti tbl "emtkie&wtmtl+~icktkgmc)wtmtl clzlc4 tbl xl}|kxlflet tiom{ kw ti h|kco me i|twtxltgblo# f|ctk&clzlc olfigxmg{4

_bl xicl ij zkxt|mc xlmckt{ bmw kegxlmwlo ke tbl xlmc ixkletmtkiew meo olgkwkiew ijolfigxmgklw% Flmeqbkcl# tbl kww|l ij olfigxmg{ ke tbl mal ij zkxt|mc xlmckt{ bmw eit {lt hllexmkwlo4

Ke ixolx ti bico ieti ~iqlx jix m wbixtlx ix ciealx ~lxkio ij tkfl# tbl ~ickgkmclcktw mxl qkcckea ti m~~c{ m xmeal ij metk&olfigxmtkg tiicw meo tlgbekgw# qbkgb mxl gietxmx{ ti

tbl kolmcw ij olfigxmg{# `|wtkgl meo lr~loklegl4 Olfigxmg{ iegl mamke kw eit iec{ tbl ~|hckg meo)ix gieglmclo amfl ij tbl

xl~xlwletmtkzlw ij oifkemet ~iqlx axi|~w# h|t mcwi tlxxmke qblxl gkzkc meo wigkmc axi|~w meoixamekpmtkiew qbi qlxl cljt i|t jxif tbl ~icktkgmc lckt jkabt jix ~iqlx4

_bl ~xkegk~clw)~xmgtkglw ij olfigxmg{ wbi|co eit mziko fmemakea tbl jkabthltqlle axi|~w qbi bico kewtkt|tkiemckwlo ~iqlx meo itblxw qbi cmgd w|gb dkeo ij ~iqlx4

Olfigxmg{ oilw eit iec{ giewkwt ij xmtkiemc kewtkt|tkiew meo wlt ij ~ickgklw# h|t mwlt ix m w{wtlf ij gif~xlblewkzl deiqcloal# fletmckt{ meo giewgki|welww# qbkgb ailwmamkewt tbl |ekjixfkt{ ij kewtkt|tkiew meo ~iglwwlw ti m cmxal lrtlet4

=7 Mclrkw ol _ig}|lzkccl "=;;7+ Mp mflxkdmk olfidxgkm "_bl Mflxkgme Olfigxmg{+# L|x~m De{zdkmo#H|om~lwt%


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Ketlxlwt&hmwlo ~ickg{)olfigxmg{ kw gixxiolo meo ijtle kaeixlo h{ tbl kejixfmtkiemal meo mal ij deiqcloal `|wt mhi|t ti gifflegl meo ktw ketxkewkgmc gbmeal ij ~mxmokaf4

Mchlkt ~mxtkgk~mtix{ olfigxmg{ kw m wigkmc xl}|kxlflet# lzle gkzkc wigklt{ mgtixwmxl kew|jjkgkletc{ ~xl~mxlo jix okxlgt# ~lxwiemc ~mxtkgk~mtkie%

Ql gi|co ai ie ckwtkea meo ketlx~xltkea tbl elq ~bleiflem jix m giewkolxmhcl mfi|et ijtkfl% Kt kw bmxo ti ole{# biqlzlx# tbmt lzle mjtlx tbl t|xe ij tbl fkcclek|f b|fme gkzkckwmtkiemeo g|ct|xl bmw xlfmkelo m fkcktmx{# ~icktkgmc# lgieifkg~iqlx w{wtlf i~lxmtlo h{ gletxmckwlowtmtlw tbmt mxl gietxicclo h{ keokzko|mcw meo wigklt{ ti m ckfktlo lrtlet% _bkw kw tbl fmke xlmwieqb{ acihmc xkwd wigklt{ lrkwtw% Ql mxl wkf|ctmeli|wc{ mt m zlxal ij m |ekzlxwmc&cigmc

hmegx|~tg{ meo tbl omqe ij |ekzlxwmc&cigmc elq mctlxemtkzlw meo bi~lw tbmt bmzl ckttcl kegiffie qktb ico ~mxmokafw% _bl }|lwtkie xlfmkew0 jix biq ciea gme tbkw hl fmketmkelo9

=%2% Kejixfmtkie wigklt{ mw tbl elrt wtmal ij acigmckpmtkie

Kj tbl kejixfmtkie mal meo qktbke kt tbl fiolc ij kejixfmtkie# ~iwt&kejixfmtkie ixdeiqcloal&clo wigklt{ kw tbl cmtlwt wtmal ij acihmckwmtkie ix xmtblx tbl cmtlwt olzlci~fletijacigmckwmtkie# tble kt kw lzkolet tbmt tbl gietlet meo giegl~t ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal kw iel ijtbl gletxmc gmtlaixklw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal% _bl lrtleolo emfl ij tbl elq giegl~t kww|wtmkemhcl# keeizmtkzl kejixfmtkie wigklt{%

Kt bmw eit hlle olgkolo {lt qbltlx tbl ~icktkgmc# lgieifkg# wigkmc ix g|ct|xmc giegl~twij m w~lgkjkg ~lxkio mxl ke tblfwlczlw |wlj|c qbkcl akzkea m gif~xlblewkzl ketlx~xltmtkie ij mglxtmke ~lxkio% Elzlxtblclww# jix tbl gietlet ij kejixfmtkie mal ql jkeo ~xkfmxkc{ tbiwlgmtlaixklw |wlj|c tbmt ketlx~xlt wigkmc ~xiglwwlw xmtblx tbme lgieifkg meo g|ct|xmc giegl~tw%

_bkw kw qb{ ql okwtkea|kwb hltqlle acihmc# gietkeletmc "tbmt kw0 L|xi~lme+# emtkiemc meo cigmcdeiqcloal"w+% Ke tbkw wlewl kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw m alelxmc giegl~t# qbkgb gme hl olo|glojxif tbl gmtlaix{ ij kejixfmtkie mal# meo qbkgb wlxzlw mw m hmwkw jix itblx gmtlaixklw w|gb mwtbl l&lgieif{# l&wtmtl ti hl cmtlx okwg|wwlo%

_bl giegl~t ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ gme hl l}|mcc{ oltlxfkelo ie tbl hmwkw ijkejixfmtkie tlgbeicia{# lgieif{# ~icktkgw ix ~iqlx# wigklt{# lgicia{ ix jix kewtmeglkejixfmtkie tblix{% Kj ql gcmkflo mhizl tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw m alelxmtkzl giegl~t# tbleke tbkw gmwl eiel ij tbl m~~ximgblw tbmt ijjlx ~mxtkmc wic|tkiew mxl |wlj|c mw m wtmxtkea ~iket% _i

~|t kt tbl itblx qm{ mxi|eo# ql bmzl ti gifl |~ qktb me ketlxmgtkzl gmtlaix{ qbkgbw|ffmxkwlw meo mxxmealw lzlx{ m~~ximgb keti iel w{wtlf%

_bl wtmxtkea ~iket ij tbl jkxwt alelxmtkzl m~~ximgb kw tbmt ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal mwqixco fiolc# qbkgb kw m giegl~t tbmt wtmeow mhizl kejixfmtkie wigklt{% Ke tbkw gmwl kt fkabtw|jjkgl ti wtmtl tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ olwkaemtlw tbl wigkmc ~mxmokaf gbmeal ij tblkejixfmtkie mal% _b|w kt kegc|olw tbl ketlx~xltmtkie ij acihmc wigklt{ alelxmtlo h{ tbl elqqixco wtx|gt|xl meo qktb tbl blc~ ij qbkgb tbl giegl~t ij elq acihmc wigklt{ tbmt wtmeowmhizl cigmc meo emtkiemc wigkltklw gme hl ketlx~xltlo% Kj tbkw alelxmtkzl m~~ximgb kw m zmckoiel# tble tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw ~xkfmxkc{ m acihmc meo cigmc# kejixfmtkie&hmwlo wigkmc

~mxmokaf gbmeal%

_bl wlgieozmcko m~~ximgb gi|co hl ti gbmxmgtlxkwl kejixfmtkie wigklt{ qktb giegl~twtbmt emfl gm~ktmc aiiow% _bkw gmtlaix{ ~xlwletw |w qktb wifl okjjkg|ctklw hlgm|wl ql f|wtakzl ~xkixkt{ ti ketlcclgt|mc gm~ktmc# ix ti ~|t kt okjjlxletc{# deiqcloal gm~ktmc meo tb|w tbl


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memc{wkw hlgiflw m tqijico ~xiglww% Iel ij tbl ~xiglwwlw oltmkcw tbl qm{w deiqcloal gm~ktmcbmw hlgifl m gletxmc mgtix gietxmx{ ti itblx# fixl txmoktkiemc t{~lw ij gm~ktmc w|gb mw tbllgieifkg meo)ix jkemegkmc gm~ktmc4 kt gme hl ihzki|wc{ ~lxjixflo iec{ ie tbl gieoktkie tbmtql giewkolx tbmt deiqcloal gm~ktmc bmw hlgifl l}|mc ti tbl itblx jixfw ij gm~ktmc meo bmw memgt|mc lrgbmeal zmc|l ke tbl jkemegkmc fmxdlt&gletlxlo elq gm~ktmckwf% _bl ketlx~xltmtkie ij

tbl wlgieo ~xiglww jig|wlw ie tbl gietletw ij ketlcclgt|mc gm~ktmc meo tbl lrtlet kt kw m~~ckgmhclmeo tbl qm{w kt hlgiflw ~lxwiemc meo wigkmc gm~ktmc% Kj ql bico tbkw ciakg tx|l# tblekejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw eitbkea h|t tbl txmewjixfmtkie ij deiqcloal gm~ktmc keti ~lxwiemc meowigkmc gm~ktmc%

_bl tbkxogiegl~t# qbkgb ql gi|co bico tx|l kw hmwlo ie kejixfmtkie tblix{% Kt jig|wlwie tbl jkxwt lclflet ij tbl gif~clr giegl~t ij kejixfmtkie tblix{ meo kt mttlf~tw ti gcmxkj{ tblokjjlxleglw hltqlle omtm# kejixfmtkie# kolm# deiqcloal meo olgkwkie% Giewl}|letc{# ktw|hwgxkhlw ti tbl qkolc{ wbmxlo zklq tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw ei fixl ix eix clww tbme tbl

~xio|gtkie# txmewfkwwkie# fmxdltkea meo lrgbmeal ij kejixfmtkie% _bkw m~~ximgb# biqlzlx#oilw eit okwtkea|kwb hltqlle kejixfmtkie# kolmw meo deiqcloal tblxljixl kt ketlx~xltlw tbl mal

iec{ mt tbl ciqlwt clzlc# tbmt kw0 tbl clzlc ij kejixfmtkie meo omtm% Fixlizlx# kt kw tbkwm~~ximgb tbmt mttlf~tw ti oljkel tbl kejixfmtkie mal |el}|kzigmcc{ mw m elq tlgbeiciakgmc malmeo wi tbl gbmeal ke tbl okaktmc# keji&giff|ekgmtkiemc eltqixd meo tbl w{wtlf ij wlxzkglw meofmtlxkmcw kw giewkolxlo tbl fiwt kf~ixtmet jlmt|xl ij tbkw elq wtmtl ij tbl qixco% Ke i|xi~kekie# biqlzlx# mctbi|ab tblkx gietlet kw mgg|xmtl meo `|wtkjkmhcl# tbl tqi ketlx~xltmtkiemcmttlf~tw oi eit gizlx tbl j|cc gietlet ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{%

Qbkcl ketlx~xltkea kejixfmtkie tblix{ meo kejixfmtkie keo|wtx{# hmwkg giegl~tw mxllwwletkmc ti oljkel% Omtm0 giewgki|welww&ckea|kwtkg giejka|xmtkie# gmxx{kea tbl flmekea ij mgiaektkie |ekt4Kejixfmtkie0 oltlxfkelw tbl xlcmtkie hltqlle tqi omtm ktlfw# tb|w kt kw me kolm"m flwwmal# elqw# m ~klgl ij kejixfmtkie mhi|t xlmckt{+4 giaektkie0 gieelgtlo# w{wtlfmtkwlo#giewtx|lo ~klgl ij kejixfmtkie4 deiqcloal0 ketlx~xltlo meo ketlaxmtlo w{wtlf ij giaektkie# mgif~xlblewkzl zkwkie ie xlmckt{ meo mcc ktw okflewkiew "qbkgb wkf|ctmeli|wc{ fmdl |~ m elqzkwkie ij xlmckt{+4 olgkwkie0 m deiqcloal w{wtlf |wlo ti mctlx xlmckt{ meo ktw m~~ckgmtkie meogbmeal kt keti wigkmc meo ~lxwiemc gm~ktmc jix tbl wmdl ij deiqcloal%

_bl |emzikomhcl mxa|flet mamkewt tbl ciakgmc ~mtb `|wt olwgkhlo kw tbl jicciqkea0 kelzlx{ mal kejixfmtkie meo deiqcloal mxl ij m wkaekjkgmet zmc|l meo wi kt kw kew|jjkgklet tigcmkf tbmt tbl kejixfmtkie mal l}|mcw tbl mal ij kejixfmtkie% _bkw kw m `|wtkjkmhcl gi|etlx&mxa|flet% Kt kw tbl gbmxmgtlxkwtkg ij tbkw mal kw tbmt kejixfmtkie gme hl giezlxtlo keti memcia|lmeo okaktmc wkaew qktb tbl blc~ ij elq tlgbeiciaklw% Wkae0 kejixfmtkie txmewfkttlo h{ b|fme

fmol flmew% Wi kt kw tbl w~lgkmckt{ ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ tbmt hitb tblixltkgmcc{ meo~xmgtkgmcc{ keoljkektl mfi|et ij kejixfmtkie gme hl ~xio|glo meo txmewfkttlo mw wkaew% Blxlgiflw tbl t|xekea ~iket qbkgb fmxdw tbkw ~lxkio0 tbl kejixfmtkie mal tbkw qm{ meo h{ tbkwflmew ~xio|glw kejixfmtkie ie m elzlx wlle hljixl wgmcl meo wi kejixfmtkie txmol fkabt

hlgifl tbl fmke wlgtix ij lgieif{ ke tbl j|t|xl% H{ tbl wmfl tidle tbl cmxal mfi|et ijkejixfmtkie)deiqcloal mzmkcmhcl xlzic|tkiemckwlw wi f|gb wigklt{ mw tbl keokzko|mc%

_bl tbkxo m~~ximgb clmow |w ti tbl giegl~t tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw tbl wigklt{ ijwkaew txmewfkttlo h{ b|fme fmol flmew# meo tblxljixl kt kw ~itletkmcc{ flxlc{ m giaektkiewigklt{% Kt kw tbl xlmckwmtkie ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ mt m bkablx clzlc# qbkcl deiqcloal wigklt{kw mcxlmo{ tbl wigklt{ ij ketlx~xltlo w{wtlfw ij giaektkie# qbkgb ~itletkmcc{ oilw eit txmewfkt

kejixfmtkie wkaew# h|t deiqcloal wkaew% Iec{ ke tbkw qm{ kt bmw tbl ~itletkmc ti gbmeal tblckzlw ij keokzko|mcw meo wigkltklw%


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8w&=;2>w0 olgmolw ij tbl kejixfmtkie "tlgbeiciakgmc+ wigklt{=;2>w&=;;>w0 olgmolw ij tbl kejixfmtkie lgieif{ "elq lgieif{+8>>> & 8>=>w0 olgmolw ij tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{8>=> & 8>8>w0 olgmolw ij deiqcloal clo wigklt{

_mhcl 7% Bkwtixkgmc w|hfiolcw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal "Gwmhm Zmxam+

Mggixokea ti tbkw ciakg# tbl ketlxemc ~bmwlw meo wtmalw ij olzlci~flet ij tbl elmxj|t|xl mxl mcxlmo{ zkwkhcl% _bl kejixfmtkie mal wtmxtlo i|t mw m tlgbeiciakgmc gbmeal ke tbltbkxo }|mxtlx ij tbl tqletkltb glet|x{% Mw jmx mw ql mxl gieglxelo# ql ~xljlx ti gmcc tbkw lxmkejixfmtkie wigklt{# mctbi|ab ql f|wt moo tbmt kt qmw ke tbl =;:>w meo =;1>w tbmt tbl oxlmfw#

|ti~km meo j|t|xl ~xiw~lgtw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal qlxl oxmjtlo% Kt qmw m tkfl qbletlgbeiciakgmc gbmealw qlxl letb|wkmwtkgmcc{ axlltlo% _bl elrt olzlci~fletmc ~bmwlgiffleglo wifltkflw ke tbl =;2>w meo =;;>w0 mt tbkw wtmal tbl kejixfmtkie mal wmq ktwlcj

~xkfmxkc{ mw elq lgieif{ meo kt qmw ke tbkw qm{ tbmt tbl fiel{&gletxlo acihmc lgieif{ ijelq gm~ktmckwf txklo ti maaxlamtl m f|gb cmxalx tbme mzlxmal ~xijkt% _bl olzlci~flet ijkejixfmtkie mal mw wigklt{ hlgmfl ~iwwkhcl iec{ ke tbl fko&=;;>w meo lzle eiqmom{w kt iec{tmdlw ~cmgl jxmafletmxkc{%

Kt qmw iec{ ke tbl wlgieo ~mxt ij tbl =;;>w tbmt tbl }|lwtkie qbltblx tbl kejixfmtkiemal bmo ~xkfmxkc{ gbmealo keti m deiqcloal&hmwlo mal hlgmfl ~mxt ij tbl maleom meo ktwzlxktmhcl ljjkgkleg{ gi|co hl flmw|xlo h{ |eolxwtmeokea ti qbmt lrtlet elq deiqcloal# elqwgklegl meo elq qm{w ij tbkedkea maaxlamtlo h{ b|fme gkzkckwmtkie qlxl tmdle izlx meo |wloke tbl kejixfmtkie mal% "_bkw kw qble tbl giegl~t ij l&gietlet qmw ketxio|glo ke tbl kolicia{ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{% _bkw giegl~t kw ~mxtmcc{ emxxiqlx meo ~mxtkmcc{ hximolx tbme deiqcloalkeo|wtx{# qbkgb wlxzlw ti emfl meo olzlci~l gietlet keo|wtx{+% Ql gme tmcd mhi|t gietkeletmcmeo wtmtl mfhktkiew iec{ mjtlx tbl t|xe ij tbl fkcclek|f# qbkgb axmw~ meo ketlx~xltlkejixfmtkie mal mw m elq wigkmc fiolc ix wigkmc gbmeal ke wtmeomxow% Kt qkcc tmdl mgiewkolxmhcl mfi|et ij tkfl |etkc kejixfmtkie wigkltklw tbmt jicciq ix lrkwt mciea lmgb itblxmxl aikea ti gif~kcl me ketlaxmtlo# kejixfmtkie mal fiolc# qbkgb ke t|xe kw ~xihmhc{ aikea ticlmo ti deiqcloal mal%

Jxif tbl xlzklqlo wtmalw meo mxa|fletw ql gme giegc|ol tbmt iel gme okwtkea|kwbhltqlle mt clmwt tqi cmxal fiolcw qktbke tbl kejixfmtkie mal0 tbl mal ijkejixfmtkie wigklt{meo)ix deiqcloal wigklt{% _bl kejixfmtkie mal meo tbl deiqcloal mal% _bl tqi malw gmeeit

hl wbmx~c{ wl~mxmtlo jxif iel meitblx4 tbl{ lrkwt wkol h{ wkol% Kt kw iec{ ke tbl i~tkfmcwglemxki tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ kw jicciqlo h{ tbl fiolc ij deiqcloal wigklt{% M elqqixco fiolc kw alelxmcc{ hixe ie x|kew tqi&tbxll b|eoxlo {lmxw ico% _bl deiqcloal&hmwloqixco kw ie tbl iel bmeo ~mxt meo ~mxglc ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal4 ie tbl itblx bmeo# kj bkwtix{

~lxfktw kt kw aikea ti ~xl~mxl tbl xlmc fiolc gbmeal% _bl elq lxm gme lktblx hl gmcclodeiqcloal mal# mctbi|ab tbmt wtkcc oilw eit flme tbmt bkwtix{ giflw ti me leo hlgm|wl tbldeiqcloal&hmwlo qixco fiolc gme hl ~iwwkhc{ jicciqlo h{ m elqlx |ekzlxwmc ~bmwl0 tbl lxmij tbl giewgki|welww wigklt{%


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^xlwletc{ ql gmeeit ai keti oltmkc mhi|t tbl giblxlet {lt mctialtblx okjjlxlet wlt ij~xihclfw ij tbl acihmc meo cigmc qixco# ix ti |wl m elq giegl~t biq meo ti qbmt lrtlet tblketlaxmtlo meo gif~clr gxkwkw wkt|mtkiew wciq oiqe tbl |ejicokea deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{meo wigklt{ fiolcw% Eiqmom{w tbl okwmozmetmal ij m wigkmc "meo deiqcloal+ wtxmtm ix axi|~ kwf|ctk~clo hlgm|wl ie tbl itblx bmeo tbl lgieifkg&jkemegkmc# xlakiemc&cigmc# wigkmc# lgiciakgmc#

giaektkzl&deiqcloal ix flokm mozmetmalw mxl mcwi ketlaxmtlo meo mgt tialtblx%

Ql qi|co ckdl ti ~|t jixqmxo m jlq fixl mxa|fletw ti tbl wgl~tkgw# tbl okwkcc|wkieloielw# tbiwl qbi lmalxc{ kfmakel m elamtkzl wglemxki% _bl ~xlwlet&om{ ico&mal acigmcmaaxlmtkiew ij elamtkzl wtmtlw fm{ lr~meo mt clmwt jkzljico tbl wigkmc meo fixmc am~w ij tblmal% M alelxmc wigkmc giejckgt gme hxlmd i|t hltqlle "=+ tbl tlgbeiciakgmcc{ ~iix meo qlmctb{#"8+ kejixfmtkie ~iix meo kejixfmtkie xkgb# "7+ deiqcloal ~iix meo xkgb# "?+ mqmxlelww xkgbmeo ~iix meo "


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8;

Ke i|x |eolxwtmeokea tbl lzic|tkie ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ fiolc meo tbl lzic|tkie ijdeiqcloal wigklt{ fiolc mxl tqi w|hwl}|let olzlci~flet wtmalw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal% Kt kwokjjkg|ct ti wl~mxmtl tbl tqi fiolcw hitb ke tblix{ meo ke ~xmgtkgl% Kt kw qixtb xlgmcckea tbmtfme{ lr~lxtw# kegc|okea Omeklc Hlcc=?# giewkolx deiqcloal ti hl tbl ixamekwlo wlt ij jmgtw meokolmw% Mggixokea ti Hlcc# deiqcloal ~mwwlo izlx ke m w{wtlfmtkwlo jixf giewkwtw ij elq

`|oalfletw# fixlizlx# kt fm{ hl moolo tbmt tblwl `|oalfletw oi clmo ti elq mgtkiew%

Mw ql bmzl mcxlmo{ keokgmtlo# kt kw lwwletkmc ti oljkel deiqcloal mfiea itblxwhlgm|wl tbl xlmckwmtkie kw tbmt kejixfmtkie wigklt{ meo deiqcloal wigklt{ wkaekjkgmetc{ izlxcm~ke ~xmgtkgl% Ke i|x i~kekie tbkw fm{ hl lr~cmkelo jkxwt ij mcc h{ tbl ketlxemc deiqcloal gmxxklxjlmt|xlw ij kejixfmtkie meo tbl jmgt tbmt kejixfmtkie kw oltlxfkelo h{ kejxmwtx|gt|xl%

Elzlxtblclww# kt kw kf~ixtmet ti okwtkea|kwb hltqlle tbl zmxki|w ~bmwlw ij olzlci~flet keixolx eit ti bmzl m oltxkfletmc ljjlgt ie wigkmc zmc|lw meo ih`lgtkzlw "wigkmc&~|gb+ jix tbl

hleljkt ijtlgbei&~|gb o|xkea tbl xlmckwmtkie ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{%

Jkxwt meo jixlfiwt# deiqcloal wigklt{ kw tbl wigkmc meo g|ct|xmc okflewkie ij

kejixfmtkie wigklt{% _bkw m~~ximgb tblxljixl oilw eit wtmxt i|t qktb okwgxkfkemtkea hltqllekejixfmtkie meo deiqcloal# h|t jxif tbl jmgt tbmt tbl deiqcloal wigklt{# gietxmx{ tikejixfmtkie wigklt{# jig|wlw ie txmewjixfkea deiqcloal keti wigkmc gm~ktmc% _bkw kw tblfiflet ke tbl lzic|tkie ij b|fme gkzkckwmtkie qble tlgbekgmc)tlgbeiciakgmc ~iwwkhkcktklw mxl|tkckwlo jix xlixamekwkea wigklt{% _i ~|t kt okjjlxletc{# tbl mcxlmo{ i~lxmtkea kejixfmtkie meodeiqcloal w{wtlfw mxl |tkckwlo mt m wigkmc clzlc4 tbl{ hlgifl tbl ~|hckg zlbkgcl ij deiqcloalwigklt{# tbxi|ab qbkgb eit iec{ deiqcloal lclfletw w|gb mw kejixfmtkie meo omtm ckelw jciq

h|t mcwi deiqcloal# lzle w|hwtmetkmc deiqcloal ke alelxmc% Ql xljlx blxl ti deiqcloal mw mgietke||f ij w~lgkjkg ixamekwmtkiemc jlmt|xlw# qbkgb kw okwtxkh|tlo tbxi|ab K_ eltqixdw# meoqbkgb hlgiflw m ~mxt ijwigkmc gm~ktmc "qktbi|t hlkea koletkgmc qktb kt+%

M xlwtxkgtlo giegl~t ij deiqcloal ke tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{

Gietxmx{ ti tbl giegl~t ij deiqcloal oljkelo mw w|hwtmetkmc meo wigkmc gm~ktmc# ql gmemcwi ketlx~xlt deiqcloal ke tbl emxxiq wlewl ij tbl tlxf% Omeklc Hlcc oljkelw tbkw giegl~t ketbl kejixfmtkie mal jxif tbl mw~lgt ij kejxmwtx|gt|xl% Qbmt kw lw~lgkmcc{ wkaekjkgmet jix i|xketlx~xltmtkie ke tbkw oljkektkie kw tbl jmgt tbmt (elq |oalfletw(mxl ~mxt ij deiqcloal# qbkgblrkwt mt mcc ~iclw ij tbl kejixfmtkie flok|f# lzle qblxl deiqcloal kw hixe mw me (ixamekwlowlt(# meo qblxl kt kw hlkea |wlo% Ke tbl ~xiglww ij mxxkzkea mt `|oalfletw tblxl kw m w|h`lgtkzllclflet ql gmeeit okwxlamxo0 tbl b|fme# qbi kw wkf|ctmeli|wc{ tbl gxlmtix# gmxxklx#txmewfkttlx meo |wlx ij deiqcloal# ij deiqcloal ketlaxmtlo mw ~lxwiemc gm~ktmc% Kt kw

~iwwkhcl ti lrmfkel deiqcloal meo tbl ~xiglww tbmt gxlmtlw deiqcloal iec{ tialtblx qktb tbl~lxwie qbi bmw mg}|kxlo kt% Ke tbkw gietlrt# iel fm{ wl~mxmtl wlzlxmc cm{lxw ij deiqcloal0 Kejixfmtkie 6jixfmckwlo "lr~ckgkt+ deiqcloal# qbkgb ktwlcj bmw hlle mcwi gxlmtlo mw m

xlw|ct ij m giaektkzl ~xiglww%Deiqcloal bmw mcwi meitblx cm{lx tbmt kw gciwlc{ gieelgtlo ti tbl ~lxwiemckt{ ij tbl

gmxxklx ij deiqcloal "~lxwiemc deiqcloal# ~lxwiemc gm~ktmc+% Deiqcloal gmeeit hl wl~mxmtlojxif tbkw ~lxwiemckt{ mw kt gmeeit hl jixfmckwlo lktblx% _bkw tmgkt deiqcloal# qbkgb gme hlmg}|kxlo meo ~mwwlo izlx iec{ tbxi|ab ~lxwiemc xlcmtkiewbk~w meo lr~lxkleglw "w|gb eitkiew

hlciea blxl mw wdkcc# lr~lxklegl# kolm# ket|ktkie# w|w~kgkie# ltg%+# ~cm{ me lzlx kegxlmwkea xicl ke

=?

Omeklc Hlcc "=;2:+_bl G|ct|xmc Gietxmokgtkiew ij Gm~ktmckwf% Elq [ixd# Hmwkg Hiidw4 Omeklc Hlcc "=;;;+_bl Gifkea ij ^iwt&Keo|wtxkmc Wigklt{0 M Zlet|xl ke Wigkmc Jixlgmwtkea# Elq [ixd# Hmwkg Hiidw%


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7>

tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ ij kejixfmtkie mal% Mw me kf~ixtmet lclflet ijgif~me{)kewtkt|tkie)giff|ekt{ deiqcloal mwwlt# tmgkt deiqcloal kw ke tbl gletxl ijdeiqcloal fmemalflet%

Iel ijtle kw giejxietlo qktb tbl zklq tbmt (deiqcloal kw gm~ktmc(% _bkw lr~xlwwkie kw

|wlo qktb xlamxow ti deiqcloal mg}|kxlo mt wgbiic% Ke tbkw wlewl ij tbl qixo# deiqcloal kw kejmgt m gif~clr giegl~t# glxtmke lclfletw ij qbkgb oi bmzl gm~ktmc zmc|l# qbkcl itblxw oi eit%_bl |eglxtmket{# ix kj {i| ckdl# tbl xkwd jmgtix kw tbmt wl~mxmtkea tblwl tqi cm{lxw kw ~xmgtkgmcc{kf~iwwkhcl% _blxljixl# ke cmgd ij m fixl ~xlgkwl ketlx~xltmtkie# iel fm{ wm{ tbmt wi jmx# jkxwtmeo jixlfiwt kt kw lr~ciktmhcl deiqcloal tbmt bmw bmo gm~ktmc zmc|l% _bkw oljkektkie ijdeiqcloal kw jkxwt ij mcc qkolc{ |wlo h{ lgieifkwtw# meo kt kw gciwlc{ gieelgtlo ti tbl giegl~tij keeizmtkie "@%M% Wgb|f~ltlx=>:# H|om~lwt%


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7=

kw |wlo ke g|f|cmtkzl jllohmgd cii~w tbmt lrkwtw hltqlle keeizmtkie meo |tkckwmtkie ti ~xio|gl

deiqcloal meo ti gxlmtl kejixfmtkie txmewfkttlx meo giff|ekgmtkie |ektw% Mggixokea ti tbloljkektkie ij F% Gmwtlccw# tbl lgieif{ ij kejixfmtkie mal kw eitbkea h|t tbl ~xio|gtkie ijm~~ckgmhcl deiqcloal gxlmtlo ke tbl gi|xwl ij keeizmtkiew% Lwwletkmcc{# bl okwtkea|kwblw

hltqlle deiqcloal meo m~~cklo "|wlo+ deiqcloal h{ ketxio|gkea tbl giegl~t ij keeizmtkie%

Giewl}|letc{# kt kw eit ~iwwkhcl ti oljkel tbl giegl~t meo tbl ~xiaxmf ij deiqcloal meodeiqcloal wigklt{ ie tbl hmwkw ij tbl ~xkegk~clw meo ~xiaxmfflw ij me lmxcklx mal "tblkejixfmtkie wigklt{+% Gmwtlccw m~~ximgb gclmxc{ oig|fletw tbkw wtmtlflet%

=%==% _bl lr~mewkie ij eltqixd wigklt{ meo deiqcloal&hmwlolgieif{

Eltqixd wigklt{ meo lgieif{ mxl tbl ~xio|gtw ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{% Mt jkxwt# tbl

eltqixd |wlo ti hl lrgc|wkzlc{ ij tlgbeiciakgmc emt|xl# meo qmw eit |wlo ke tbl wlewl ijeltqixd lgieif{ ix eltqixd wigklt{% Kt kw iec{ mt m cmtlx wtmal tbmt ie tbl ketlxelt eltqixdlgieif{ wtmxtw ti ixamekwl ktwlcj%

Wkegl tblxl kw giezlxalegl hltqlle tlclgiff|ekgmtkie tlclzkwkie ~|hckwblx okaktmctlgbeiciaklw# mw qlcc mw gif~|tlxkwmtkie meo txmewfkttkea ketlxelt&hmwlo keeizmtkzl gietletwti tbl lgieif{# mol}|mtlc{ |eolxwtmeokea ketlxelt&hmwlo lgieif{ bmw hlgifl lzlx fixlkf~ixtmet% Biqlzlx# ei giezlxalegl meo giewlew|w lrkwtw qble kt giflw ti |eolxwtmeokeameo ketlx~xltkea tbl ~icktkgmc "mofkekwtxmtkzl+ jxmflqixd ij tbl ketlxelt meo ketlxelt&hmwlolgieif{%

Fiwt ij tbl ti~kgw okwg|wwlo ke tbl lgieifkg tblix{ ijeltqixd lgieif{ mxl jmx jxifhlkea eizlc% _bl wlxzkglw# i~lxmtkie meo |wl ij tlclgiff|ekgmtkie eltqixdw "=;:>w meo=;1>w+ meo w|hwl}|letc{# gif~|tlx eltqixdw "=;1>w meo tbl =;2>w+ axmo|mcc{ lwtmhckwblo mclamc# mofkekwtxmtkzl# meo lgieifkg xla|cmtix{ w{wtlf# meo ~xmgtkgmcc{ lzlx{ ketlxelt&xlcmtlokww|l qmw olwgxkhlo h{ =;1?%

E|flxi|w mxtkgclw wkaelo h{ m axlmt fme{ m|tbixw olwgxkhl# w{wtlfmtkwl meo xlgiffleotbl jlmt|xlw ij ~xio|gt meo wlxzkgl ~xkgl wtx|gt|xl m~~lmxkea ie tbl Ketlxelt# tbl fltbio ijwtmtkwtkgmc flmw|xlflet meo gcmwwkjkgmtkie# ~iwktkzl eltqixd lrtlxemcktklw meo tbl lwwlegl ijketlx&i~lxmhkckt{% Mctbi|ab tbl lr~mewkie ij gifflxgkmc giff|ekgmtkie ie tbl ketlxelt# meofixl alelxmcc{# eltqixd lgieif{ bmw fmol m axlmt clm~ jixqmxo# tbl qixco bmw eit fmol

f|gb ~xiaxlww ke wiczkea tbl kww|lw xmkwlo }|ktl wifl tkfl mai# H{ tbl tkfl mgmolfkgokw~|tlw olzlci~lo mhi|t ketlxelt tlgbeicia{# (tbkw wifltbkea( mw m eltqixd lgieif{ bmwmcxlmo{~xio|glo hkcckiew ij oiccmxw jix tbl lmxc{ hkxow%

Biqlzlx# lzle mt tbkw ~iket ql gmeeit tmcd mhi|t eltqixd lgieif{ ix eltqixd wigklt{gxlmtkea m bkabc{ ixamekwlo elq fiolc%

Ke tbkw olzlci~fletmc wtmal lwtmhckwbkea eltqixd lgieif{ x|clw meo tblkx clamcjixf|cmtkie kw elglwwmxkc{ mgglclxmtlo%

Mctbi|ab ql mxl jxl}|letc{ |emqmxl ij tbkw# i|x lzlx{om{ mgtkzktklw mxl jxl}|letc{ clamcmgtw# tii% Kj ke m wbi~ ql ~|xgbmwl wifltbkea# ql mgt|mcc{ wkae m wmclw gietxmgt% Ie tbl ximo


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78

ql ihwlxzl tbl x|clw ij tbl Bkabqm{ Giol# meo ql |wl fme{ wlxzkglw "l%a% gmhcl tlclzkwkie#~biel# fihkcl ~biel# ketlxelt gieelgtkie+ mcwi ie tbl hmwkw ij gietxmgtw%

_bkw mcwi m~~cklw ti tbiwl xlcmtkiewbk~w ij ckjl tbmt mxl kejc|leglo h{ tbl Ketlxelt meoqbkgb mxl gieelgtlo ti tbl eltqixd% Kj me lgieifkg mgtkzkt{ kw lrlxgkwlo tbxi|ab tbl Ketlxelt#

w~lgkjkg x|clw bmzl ti hl ihwlxzlo ke tbl wmfl qm{ mw ql ihwlxzl tblf ke (lzlx{om{( ckjl%Biqlzlx# ke tbl mhwlegl ij w~lgkmc xla|cmtkiew# m~~c{kea clamc ~xizkwkiew ti tbllrtxmixokemx{ qixco ij tbl ketlxelt xl~xlwletw m fm`ix gbmccleal%

_bl axmo|mc moi~tkie ij tbl m}|kw ij tbl L|xi~lme \ekie clo ti tbl olzlci~flet ijw~lgkmc clakwcmtkie tbmt kw wtmhcl lei|ab m ji|eomtkie ti dll~ lclgtxiekgmcc{ gietmgt qktb lmgbitblx meo ti hl mhcl ti oi w|wtmke tbl lclgtxiekg txmjjkg ke tbl h|wkelww qixco "gieglxekealclgtxiekg wkaemt|xl# tlclgiff|ekgmtkie# lclgtxiekg txmol meo kejixfmtkie wigklt{ wlxzkglw#lclgtxiekg flmew ij ~m{flet# ~xiglo|xmc mgtkzktklw tbmt fm{ hl ~lxjixflo lclgtxiekgmcc{#gi~{xkabt# giew|flx ~xitlgtkie# clamc ~xlwgxk~tkiew ie mozlxtkwkea# ltg%+% W~lgkmc xla|cmtkie

w{wtlfw ij keo|wtxkmc wlcj&xla|cmtkie gieglxekea xlakwtxmtkie ij oifmke emflw# mozlxtkwkea#gietlet ~xizkolxw bmzl axmo|mcc{ lziczlo# meo wkfkcmxc{# fltbiow ij mctlxemtkea giejckgtfmemalflet "clamc okw~|tlw wlttclo i|twkol gi|xtw+ bmzl hlle mcwi lwtmhckwblo%

_bl giegl~t ketlxelt cmq xljlxw ti tbiwl clamc ~xizkwkiew tbmt mxl fmeomtix{ hitbhltqlle eltqixd mgtixw meo hltqlle eltqixd mgtixw meo tbl qixco hl{ieo tbl Elt# mcc ijqbkgb ~xlwgxkhl m glxtmke hlbmzki|x meo oltmkc tbl clamc giewl}|leglw tbmt gi|co |ctkfmtlc{ hllejixglo h{ flmew ij ~iqlx qble eit hlkea moblxl ti%

Ketlx~xltkea deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{

Mw tbl qixco lgieif{ bmw wbkjtlo almx jxif me keo|wtxkmc wigklt{ tiqmxow m elqdeiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{# wi kw tbl acihmckwkea lgieif{ ij tbl t|xe ij tbl fkccleek|fxlzic|tkiekwkea% Qbkcl tbkw xmokgmc gbmeal kw |w|mcc{ gif~mxlo ti ~xlzki|w maxkg|ct|xmc meokeo|wtxkmc xlzic|tkiew ke tbl bkwtix{ ij b|fmedkeo# elq lgieif{ kw alelxmcc{ gmcclokejixfmtkie& ixdeiqcloal&oxkzle lgieif{% _bl xkgbelww ij emflw xljclgtw tbl qkol zmxklt{ ijoifmkew ij ckjl tbkw gbmeal mjjlgtw% Kt kw w|gb ~xiji|eo gbmeal tbmt h{ tiom{ iel f|wt tmcdmhi|t tbl lzic|tkie ij m elq lxm ke i|x gkzkckwmtkie# emflc{ ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal meo ktwlgieif{% Kt kw tblxljixl lwwletkmc ti xlzklq tbl giegl~t|mc jxmflqixd ke ixolx ti |eolxwtmeotbl wkaekjkgmegl ij tbl txmewktkie meo olwkaemtl m ~iwwkhcl ~mtb tbmt kw aikea ti clmo ti tblxlmckwmtkie ij deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{%

_bl elq giegl~tw ij lgieif{

_bl gletxmc# clmokea meo hximolwt ij giegl~tw Deiqcloal&hmwlo ix deiqcloal&oxkzlelgieif{

_bl emxxiqlx mctlxemtkzl giegl~t ij deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{

Elq Lgieif{

^mxt ij tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ Kejixfmtkie lgieif{^mxt ij tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ l&Lgieif{^mxt ij tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ meo ij tbll&lgieif{

Ketlxelt lgieif{

^mxt ij tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ meo ielwlgtix ij l&lgieif{

Giff|ekgmtkie lgieif{ "ix flokm lgieif{+


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_mhcl ?0 Elq giegl~tw 8% "Gwmhm Zmxam+

Mctbi|ab ktw aizlxekea ~xiglwwlw |eolxai ~xiji|eo gbmealw# lgieifkg ckjl kw wtkccoltlxfkelo h{ ~xio|gtkzkt{ meo gif~ltktkzlelww% Qbkcl ~xio|gtkzkt{ kw oltlxfkelo h{ tblqkolekea ij ketlxemc xlwi|xglw ij xlelqmc meo keeizmtkie# gif~ltktkzlelww kw oltlxfkelo h{

jclrkhkckt{# mom~tmtkie ti gbmealw meo mhizl mcc# tbl mhkckt{ ti m~~c{ deiqcloal% Lwwletkmcgieoktkiew ke lwtmhckwbkea elq ~xio|gtkie j|egtkiew mxlK_# mw m dl{ ti w~llo# meo deiqcloalmeo g|ct|xl mw keeizmtkzl gm~mgktklw%

Okxlgt ckedw mxl lwtmhckwblo hltqlle lgieifkg ~mxtkgk~metw ke tbl acihmckwkea(kejixfmtkie meo giff|ekgmtkie fmxdlt(# qbkgb mcciq jix m fixl ljjkgklet ixamekwmtkie ij

~xio|gt meo tlgbeicia{ olzlci~flet mgtkzktklw "keeizmtkie+# meo ij ~xio|gtkie ktwlcj "zkxt|mcgif~meklw# okwtmegl qixd# lclgtxiekg txmol# ltg%+% _bl axi|eo&hxlmdkea emt|xl ij lclgtxiekglgieif{ kw ijtle gmcclo ke tbl olzlci~kea qixco (elq lgieif{(%

_bl 8=wt glet|x{ kw aikea ti hl tbl glet|x{ ij deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{# meo h{ tbl

wmfl tidle ql flme tbmt tbl qixco "meo B|eamx{+ qkcc jmgl elq gbmcclealw% H{ tiom{ kt bmwhlgifl ihzki|w tbmt ke tbl elq lxm iec{ tbiwl gi|etxklw# xlakiew meo fkgxi&xlakiew gme wtm{lgieifkgmcc{ gif~ltktkzl# qbkgb txmewjixf tblkx ~xio|gtkie wtx|gt|xl wi tbmt tbl{ kegix~ixmtltbl ketlcclgt|mc moolo zmc|l ke ~xio|gtw meo wlxzkglw%

_bl olzlci~flet xmtl meo tbl gif~ltktkzlelww ij fiolxe lgieifklw ti m cmxal lrtletol~leo ie b|fme jmgtixw giegc|olo ^% J% Ox|gdlx=1 ke tbl fkoocl ij tbl =;2>w% H{ memc{wkeatbl lgieifkg wkt|mtkie ij \WM# tbl m|tbix bmw ~iketlo i|t tbmt tbl lrkwtlegl ijletxl~xlel|xkmc lgieif{ ke tbl \WM kw fixl o|l ti wigkltmc keeizmtkiew tbme tlgbeiciakgmckeeizmtkiew# qbkgb mxl ~xkfmxkc{ gieelgtlo ti tbl fmemalflet ij wfmcc flok|f letlx~xkwlw"WFLw+ mw m (elq tlgbeicia{(%=2

_bl xlgiaektkie ij tbl wkaekjkgmegl ij wigkltmc keeizmtkiew oxlq mttletkie ti tblkf~ixtmegl ij keeizmtkzl hlbmzki|x% \eolx keeizmtkzl hlbmzki|x ql flme ~|x~iwlj|cc{ciidkea jix i~~ixt|ektklw# txmgdkea oiqe meo tbkedkea izlx tbl hmwkg ~xiglwwlw qktbke meoi|twkol tbl ixamekwmtkie ie m ~lxfmelet hmwkw# qbkgb kw okxlgtlo eit wiclc{ mt tbl olzlci~fletij ~xio|gtw meo wlxzkglw# h|t ti gbmealw ke tlgbeiciaklw# txmewjixfmtkie ij tbl ixamekwmtkie# ixfiolxekwmtkie ij meitblx mxlm% _bl |ctkfmtl tmxalt ke lmgb gmwl kw flltkea tbl olfmeow ij(giew|flxw( mt m bkab clzlc# mw qlcc mw ti gxlmtl elq olfmeo hitb jxif tbl wkol ij giew|flxwmeo wlxzkgl ~xizkolxw% Ke tbl gmwl ij m gi|etx{# xlakie# wfmcc mxlm ix m wlttclflet tbkw m~~lmxwmw m gietke|i|w kf~xizlflet ij }|mckt{ ij ckjl ij tbl ~i~|cmtkie%

_bl lxm ij deiqcloal&oxkzle lgieif{

Deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ meo)ix elq lgieif{ kw ke lwwlegl m deiqcloal&jig|wlo#deiqcloal&lr~ciktkea# deiqcloal gm~ktm&leamakea lgieif{# meo kegxlmwkeac{# me l&h|wkelww%

=1 ^ltlx J% Ox|gdlx "=;;7+0 Keeizgk w zccmcdipw "Keeizmtkie meo Letlx~xkwlw+ mxd Dkmo# H|om~lwt% Wllmcwi0 Xmzk Dmcmditm & Fmxgkm Xihkewie "8>>8+0 Mp l&pclt "_bl l&h|wkelww+ _{~itlr Lclgtxiekd|w Dkmo%=2 _bl olzlci~flet xmtl meo gif~ltktkzlelww ij fiolxe lgieifklw ol~leow ie tbl b|fme jmgtix ti m wkaekjkgmetlrtlet# giegc|olo ^ltlx Oxkgdlx ke tbl fko&=;2>w% H{ memc{wkea tbl lgieifkg wkt|mtkie ij tbl \WM# tbl m|tbixmxa|lw tbmt (letxl~xlel|xkmc( lgieif{ fm{ hl xiitlo eit wi f|gb ke tlgbeiciakgmc# h|t wigkmc keeizmtkiew#

xlcmtlo ti fmemalflet m~~lmxkea ~xkfmxkc{ ke wfmcc meo flok|f wkpl letlx~xkwlw mw (elq tlgbeicia{(% ^ltlx J%Ox|gdlx0 kolf


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7?

Eihio{ wbi|co gblxkwb me{ kcc|wkiew mhi|t kt0 tbl keo|wtxkmc mal giflw ti me leo wi f|gb keL|xi~l mw ke B|eamx{4j|xtblx txk|f~bw ij tbl kejixfmtkie mal mxl wkf~c{ m }|lwtkie ij tkfl%

Wkegl deiqcloal&oxkzle lgieif{ bmw eit {lt j|cc{ olzlci~lo# eix bmw kt wlttclo oiqegif~cltlc{ ke tbl acihmc meo L|xi~lme lgieif{# tblxl kw eit me lwtmhckwblo wlt ij giegl~t ti

j|cc{ olwgxkhl tbl elq t{~l ij lgieif{ lktblx% H{ tbl qm{# tbkw kw biq kt wbi|co hl% Iel fm{iec{ gcmkf tiom{ tbmt tbl olwgxk~tkie ij ~xiglwwlw meo tblkx ketlx~xltmtkie okjjlx qkolc{#ol~leokea ie qbkgb mw~lgt "qbltblx deiqcloal# h|wkelww fmemalflet ix itblx+ elqlgieif{ kw flmw|xlo |~ie meo w{wtlfmtkwlo% Wi f|gb ke tbl ketlxemtkiemc cktlxmt|xl mw ke tblB|eamxkme mxtkgclw# kt kw m bkabc{ okw~|tlo giegl~t0 wbi|co ql eiq tmcd mhi|t kejixfmtkielgieif{# deiqcloal lgieif{ ix ~lxbm~w deiqcloal&oxkzle lgieif{% _blwl gmtlaixklw# ielfkabt ello ti wtxlww# mxl elzlxtblclww eit koletkgmc ti iel meitblx%

Jix mcxlmo{ me lrtleolo ~lxkio ij tkfl# tbl elq t{~l ij lgieif{ kw ei ciealx wkf~c{ melq meo fiolwt wlgtix ij lgieif{ ke tbl olzlci~lo qixco% Ie tbl gietxmx{# jkxwtc{#deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ bmw hlgifl m tx|c{ acihmc lgieif{4 wlgieoc{# kt kegc|olw mcc

wlgtixw ij tbl lgieif{ hl{ieo tbl txmoktkiemc wlewl ij tbl qixo% _bkxoc{# lgieif{ bmwgbmealo ktw gcmwwkgmc wbm~l hlgm|wl tbl lgieifkg wlgtix bmw lea|cjlo# mfieawt itblxw#lo|gmtkie# blmctb gmxl meo ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% Ji|xtbc{# deiqcloal ~xio|gtkie bmw mcwiw|x~mwwlo ktw iqe hi|eomxklw meo kezmolo lgieif{ mw m qbicl4 jkjtbc{# elq lgieif{ kwkegxlmwkeac{ hlgifkea eiqmom{w me l&h|wkelww% Jkemcc{# ~icktkgmc kewtkt|tkiew mxl tblxl timwwkwt ke gbmeakea tbl lgieif{ ij me{ akzle gi|etx{ ke tbl elq qixco qbkcl wbiqkea tbl clmwtciww meo fiwt ~xijkt%

Kj iel ailw hmgd ti tbl lgieif{ ij tbl B|eamxkme Xljixf Mal# kt kw gclmx tbmt tbljl|omc lgieif{ ij tbl lkabtletb glet|x{ ellolo ti hl txmew~iwlo keti tbl gm~ktmckwt lgieif{ij tbl ekeltlletb glet|x{ mt m tkfl qble gm~ktmckwt lgieif{ hlgmfl tbl elq lgieifkg qixcofiolc ke L|xi~l% _bl axlmt ~lxwiemcktklw ij tbl Xljixf Mal qmetlo ti moi~t elq tlgbeicia{#elq deiqcloal meo tbl xl}|kxlfletw ij tbl keo|wtxkmc lxm meo olfigxmg{4 meo keollo# Gi|etWpgble{k hlgmfl tbl w{fhic ij tbkw mal meo bkw ekgdemfl qmw tbl (Hxkoalfme(% Wkfkcmxc{ titbl ekeltlletb glet|x{# tbl tmwd ij tbl ~mwt olgmolw qmw ti axmo|mcc{ wbkjt tbl almx ij lgieif{ij tbl ekeltlletb&tqletkltb glet|xklw keti tbl deiqcloal&hmwlo lgieif{ ij tbl tqlet{jkxwtglet|x{% Iegl fixl# tblxl kw m ~mxmcclc hltqlle tbl gkxg|fwtmeglw meo gbmealw xl}|kxlo ke tblXljixf Mal qktb tbiwl ij tiom{0 `|wt mw tble# ke ixolx ti lwtmhckwb elq lgieif{ ql ellolo timoi~t elq tlgbeicia{# elq deiqcloal# elq l&txmokea wdkccw meo m elq h|wkelww fiolc4 tblw{fhic ij tbkw mal gi|co ~lxbm~w hl (deiqcloal fmemalx( ix tbl (deiqcloalmhcl b|fme (% Ktfmdlw m cit ij wlewl ti tmdl Wpgble{k mw me ixkletkea w{fhic ij i|x om{w%

Qble ql mttlf~t ti jkeo me mol}|mtl emfl jix tbl mgtixw ij tbl ico meo elqdeiqcloal fmxdlt# ql gifl |~ mamkewt m ~xihclf% Emflc{# biq wbmcc ql oljkel tblkeol~leolet wlgtixw ij deiqcloal fmxdlt ix deiqcloal&hmwlo fmxdlt9 _bl mewqlx kw mcc tblfixl okjjkg|ct hlgm|wl ke tbl ~mwt tle ti tqlet{ {lmxw meo ke tbl elrt olgmol deiqcloal&hmwlolgieif{ ktwlcj bmw hlle meo wbmcc wtm{ me lgieif{ ke gbmeal mt me |ehlcklzmhcl xmtl meowgmcl# meo wi ktw wlgtixw mxl eit ~lxfmelet ix mxl eit aikea ti xlwt |egbmealo lktblx%

Jix tbl tkfl hlkea tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{ m~~ximgb iec{ oig|fletw tbmt tbl lmxcklxlziczlo kejixfmtkie&giff|ekgmtkie wlgtixw ij acihmc lgieif{ bmzl hlgifl keol~leolet meoo{emfkg% Ke tbl giegl~t w{wtlf ij l&lgieif{# tbl giegl~tw fmxdlo qktb tbl ~xljkr l& ke

tblfwlczlw wbiq tbl lr~mewkie ij tbl lgieif{ ti eie&lgieifkg wlgtixw ke m w~lgtmg|cmxfmeelx% Fixlizlx# tbl{ mcwi w|~lxhc{ olfiewtxmtl tbl o|~ckgmtkie ij kewtkt|tkiemc fmxdltw%


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7>< m~~xirkfmtlc{+ bmw hxi|abt mhi|t ~xiji|eo gbmealw ke mcc mw~lgtwij qbmt iel fm{ xlamxo mw tbl lxm ij l&h|wkelww%

_bl elq h|wkelww lxm kw mcwi m elq fmxdlt# meo mw cmtlx ie ql mxl aikea ti mxa|l# kt kwmcxlmo{ meo ~mxtkmcc{ m ~iwt&fmxdlt lxm# tii% _bl kewtkt|tkiew ij deiqcloal fmxdlt ixamekwl#flokmtl# gi&ixokemtl hltqlle deiqcloal txmolxw meo deiqcloal g|wtiflxw ij tbl

kejixfmtkie&giff|ekgmtkie fmxdlt%


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7:

=%=8% Gm~ktmc xlwi|xglw ij tbl kejixfmtkie wigklt{

Ke w|ffmx{# ql fm{ lwtmhckwb tbmt tbl kejixfmtkie fmxdlt gme hl gbmxmgtlxkwlo ke tlxfwijxlwi|xglw% _bl m~~ximgb ke ktwlcj mcxlmo{ xl~xlwletw m wkaekjkgmet gbmeal# lw~lgkmcc{ kj qlmxl ti gif~mxl kt ti ~lxkiow ~xigllokea tbl kejixfmtkie mal "tbl keo|wtxkmc lxm# jkemegkmc

fmxdlt&ixkletlo gm~ktmckwf# elq gm~ktmckwf+% _bl xlwi|xglw mxl h{ ei flmew |eolxwtiio mwlgieifkg ix ~icktkgmc xlwi|xglw lrgc|wkzlc{# h|t mw wigkmc meo deiqcloal xlwi|xglw# qbkclgiff|ekgmtkie xlwi|xglw bmzl hlgifl fixl ~xifkelet# tii%

_bl tmhcl Xlwi|xglw ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ ketxio|glw tbl t{~lw ij gm~ktmc# meo tblqm{ tbl{ fm{ hl giezlxtlo keti lmgb itblx%


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Okxlgtkiew ij giezlxtkhkckt{ ij gm~ktmc t{~lw

^icktkgmc gm~ktmc

keokxlgt meo ~mxtkgk~mtkix{ olfigxmg{#txmew~mxleg{#

~xlwletmtkie ij m|tieifi|w tlxxktixkmc

ketlxlwtw# ~mxtelxwbk~# w|hwkokmxkt{#kejxmwtx|gt|xl meo keeizmtkie ~ickg{#gif~clr xlakiemc olzlci~flet# ltg%

Lgieifkg gm~ktmcjkemegkmc gm~ktmc meo kejixfmtkie

gm~ktmc# kejxmwtx|gt|xl# keeizmtkie~itletkmc# jclrkhcl gif~meklw#okzlxwkjkgmtkie# deiqcloal~xio|gtkie# mom~tmtkie ti emtkiemc meoxlakiemc qixd okzkwkiew

Wigkmc gm~ktmc

wigkmc giblwkie# wickomxkt{#ketlcckalet lezkxiefletmc

}|mckt{ ij ckjl# b|fme xlwi|xglwolzlci~flet# jclrkhcl qixdjixglltg%

Deiqcloal meo g|ct|xmc gm~ktmc

txmoktkie# cigmc deiqcloal hmwl#kejixfmtkie# elq deiqcloal# elq

wgklegl# keeizmtkie gm~mhkckt{#lo|gmtkie# txmkekea#deiqcloal

flokmtkea w{wtlf#gietletolzlci~flet# ltg%

Giff

flokmtlo flokm# kfma

ij flokmtkemqmxl


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_mhcl


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7;

Gbm~tlx _qi0 Olzlci~kea tbl xlcmtkiewbk~ hltqlle wtmtlmeo gktkple

Mjtlx bmzkea oxmjtlo tbl gbmxmgtlxkwtkgw ij tbl elq lxm# ql wbi|co olgkol qbltblx tblw|xzkzkea giegl~t meo ~xmgtkgl ij tbl wtmtl kw wtkcc tlemhcl mfiea tbl gbmcclealw meo gieoktkiew~iwlo h{ tbl kejixfmtkie mal% _i qbmt lrtlet gme ql wtkcc xljlx ti tbl wtmtl meo ~|hckgmofkekwtxmtkie ke tbl wlewl ql bmzl ait |wlo ti ke tbl ~mwt jlq b|eoxlo {lmxw9

8%=% Wtmxtkea ~iket ke lkabt ktlfw

Ie tbl ~xlwlet ~malw ql gmeeit ai keti oltmkc mhi|t tbl elq wtmtl tblix{ ijkejixfmtkie mal meo tbl tblix{ ij wlcj&aizlxemegl mw f|gb mw ql qi|co ckdl% _bmt kw#biqlzlx# qixtb{ ti eitl tbmt ke tbl ~mwt tqi meo ke tbl elrt olgmolw tbl ~lxgl~tkie mw qlcc mwtbl ~xmgtkgl ij tbl wtmtl bmwj|eomfletmcc{ gbmealo meo kw aikea ti lwwletkmcc{ txmewjixf% _bl

}|lwtkie kw0 gme ql wtkcc |wl tbl g|xxlet wtmtl fiolcw# mxl tbl{ wtkcc gm~mhcl ij tmgdckea tbl jmwt~mglo gbmealw9

Qble b|fme gkzkckwmtkie gxlmtlo tbl wtmtl# tbkw ke ktwlcj xl~xlwletlo tbl lwtmhckwbfletij m zkxt|mc clzlc meo wi mcc ktw j|egtkiew meo wlxzkglw gieglxekea tbl aizlxemegl ij wigkltklwmeo giff|ektklw bmzl hlgifl kewtkt|tkiemckwlo% _bl kejixfmtkie mal kf~clfletw tbl wlgieozkxt|mckwmtke ij tbl wtmtl meo wlcj&aizlxemegl% Kt kw xkabt eiq tbmt tbl kewtkt|tkiemckwmtkie ij tblwlgieo meo bkab&clzlc zkxt|mckwmtkie amtblxw ~mgl meo tbkw elq jixf kw gmcclo l&aizlxemeglmeo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie% _bkw kewtkt|tkiemckwmtkie tmdlw ~cmgl ke m qm{ tbmt ~xkfmxkc{ tblkewtkt|tkiew ij tbl wtmtl meo wlcj&aizlxemegl mxl fiolxekwlo mw qlcc mw elq kewtkt|tkiew mxl

hlkea gxlmtlo# tii% _bl hlcklzlxw ij tbl ~iwktkzl mctlxemtkzl ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ mww|fl tbmt

tbl txmoktkiemc olfigxmg{ fiolc kw qlmx{# ~mxtkmcc{ lrbm|wtlo meo kw akzkea ~cmgl ti m elqolfigxmg{ fiolc qktbke m jlq olgmolw mcxlmo{# qbkgb ie tbl iel bmeo kw aikea ti xlt|xe titbl j|eomfletmc ~xkegk~clw ij gcmwwkgmc olfigxmg{# qbkcl ie tbl itblx bmeo kt kw aikea timttlf~t tbl keokzko|mc meo okxlgt gietxic ij acihmc meo cigmc qixcow%

Ke ixolx ti ketlx~xlt tbl tblixltkgmc ji|eomtkiew ij l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie# tbljicciqkea ~xkegk~clw meo ti~kgw mxl qixtb m olhmtl meo ie tbl hmwkw ij qbkgb iel gme ~|tjixqmxo tbl tblixltkgmc giegc|wkiew ij0

=% _bl elq gktkple meo)ix giff|ekt{ gktkplewbk~ tblix{0 Qbmt qmw tbl ~iwktkie ij tblgktkple ke bkw)blx iqe wtmtl ke tbl cmwt tqi&tbxll b|eoxlo {lmxw# h|t lw~lgkmcc{ ke tbl cmwt jlqolgmolw meo biq wbi|co tbl gktkplewbk~ wtmt|w meo gif~ltlegklw hl gbmealo qktb tbl blc~ ij

l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie98% _bl elq t{~l ij wtmtl meo l&wtmtl tblix{0 Biq mxl L|xi~lme wtmtlw mhcl ti ~lxjixfke tbl tqlet{jkxwt glet|x{9 Bmzkea mewqlxlo tbkw }|lwtkie# m elq iel mxkwlw0 qbmt okxlgtkie ijwtmtl olzlci~flet wbi|co hl wtkf|cmtlo meo biq meo qb{ wbi|co l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie hl

~xmgtkglo97% _bl cigmc ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie meo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie tblix{0 Qbmt wbi|co hl

tbl olzlci~fletmc okxlgtkie ij cigmc wlcj&aizlxemegl meo ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie meo tblkxfiolxekwlo zlxwkiew ke tbl elq acihmc&cigmc qixco ixolx9

?% _bl emtkiemc meo cigmc ix tbl ketlcckalet cigmc wigklt{ tblix{0 Ke tbl elq acihmc&cigmcixolx qbmt wbi|co hl tbl ~iwktkie ij tbl cigmc meo qktbke kt# wlttclflet wigklt{4 ti qbmt lrtletkw ~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie xlw~iewkhcl jix tbkw wkt|mtkie meo biq gme l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie

jixqmxo tbl gixxlgt gbmealw9


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lr~lxkflet qktb m|tbixktmtkzl wtmtl ~xmgtkglw% _bkw gme# biqlzlx# hl oiel |~ |~ ti tbl ~ikettbmt acihmckwmtkie meo tbl ketlaxmtkie ij tbl L|xi~lme gietkelet kw aikea tmdl ti ~mxtkmcc{ ixletkxlc{ tmdl mqm{ tbl gcmwwkg ~iqlx j|egtkiew ij emtkie wtmtlw%

_bl txmoktkiemc ckhlxmc mewqlx kw ihzki|wc{ tbmt olfigxmg{&hmwlowtmtl ~xmgtkglw wbi|co

hl wtxleatblelo% Biqlzlx# tbkw oilw eit wiczl i|x okclffm0 qbmt dkeoij olfigxmg{ meo qbmtt{~l ij wtmtl ql mxl xljlxxkea ti "qbltblx el|txmc ix giffkttlo+ ix qbltblx ql giewkolx tbmtwigklt{# lgieif{# deiqcloal "deiqcloal lgieif{+ kw h{ tbkw wtmal gm~mhcl ij olzlci~fletqktbi|t tbl lr~ckgkt w|~~ixt ij tbl wtmtl% Kt kw tbl wigkmc olfigxmtkg xlw~iewl qbkgb kw tbl fiwtkegiblxlet ij mcc# lw~lgkmcc{ wi# hlgm|wl kt oilw eit omxl ti i~lec{ mofkt ktw zklq ~iket# tbmt ijm wigkmc&hmwlowtmtl ~xmgtkgl% _bl ~xihclf wtm{w# biqlzlx# |exlwiczlo0 qbmt dkeoij wigklt{meo qbmt t{~l ij wtmtl tbl{ w|hwgxkhl ti ke zklq tbmt ke ixolx ti ihtmke ~iqlx tbl{ qi|co bmzlti xlmokc{ jckxt qktb olfigxmg{&hmwlo ix emtkiemckwf&hmwlo wtmtl ~xmgtkglw% _bl giewlxzmtkzlmewqlx kw eiel tbl fixl qlcc&tbi|abt&i|t hlgm|wl kt ~xi~iwlw tbmt wtmtl ~xmgtkglw wbi|co hl

hmwlo ie emtkiemckwf qktbi|t mooxlwwkea tbl wmfl }|lwtkie0 qbmt emtkie meo qbmt t{~l ijwtmtl mxl ql tmcdkea mhi|t ix kw tbl wl~mxmtkie ij wtmtl meo emtkie mggl~tmhcl qbkcl tbl zkmhkckt{

ij "deiqcloal&hmwlo ix g|ct|xl&hmwlo+ emtkie olzlci~flet kw mwwkwtlo h{ wtmtl flmew%

_bl gieti|xw ij elq olfigxmg{ tblix{ meo elq wtmtl tblix{ gme bmxoc{ hl wlle% Kj qlclmzl tbkw }|lwtkie |emewqlxlo meo ~xlw|~~iwl kewtlmo tbmt tbl mhizl fletkielo koliciaklw kelzlx{ kewtmegl wlxzl ti amke meo ~lxfmeletc{ wtm{ ke ~iqlx# tbl tblix{ ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{meo deiqcloal wigklt{ akzl tqi okzlxalet mewqlxw% _blxl mxl tqi i~tkiew i~le ke tbl ~iwt&wigkmckwt gi|etxklw mt tbl tbxlwbico ij kejixfmtkie wigklt{ jix tbl tkfl hlkea0 lktblx tblkezmxkmhc{ m|tbixktmtkzl wtmtl tbmt wtxleatblew meo gietxicw kejixfmtkie ix tbl }|mwk el|txmc#wlxzkgl&ixkletlo wtmtl# qbkgb blc~w tbl olzlci~flet ij lgieif{ meo wigklt{# & ix# tbl tbkxoi~tkie qi|co hl tbl gifhkemtkie ij tbl tqi ~xiaxmfw% Fixlizlx# tbl cmwt i~tkie fm{ wlxzl mwtbl xlgiewtx|gtkie ij tbl emtkie ix "eit {lt txmewjixflo+ emtkie&wtmtl# qbltblx tbkw kw mofkttloix eit% "_blwl i~tkiew gme hl iec{ qktb okjjkg|ct{ hkeolo ti tbl gcmwwkg ~icktkgmc koliciaklw%+_bkw f|ctk~c{ fkrlowtmtl fiolc fiwt ~xihmhc{ qkcc eit leo|xl ke tbl ciea x|e meo wiielx ixcmtlx qkcc oifkemetc{ hlgifl me kejixfmtkie "{lt eit m|tbixktmtkzl+ wtmtl# kj kt oilw eit x|e i|tij tkfl% Kj tbl Gletxmc L|xi~lme meo B|eamxkme lgieif{ kw ti m wfmcc olaxll ~iwt&jl|omc# mcmxal olaxll ~iwt&wigkmckwt# meo kw mcxlmo{ meo ti m axlmtlx ix wfmcclx lrtlet fmol |~ jixokjjlxlet t{~lw ij fmxdlt lgieif{ ix gm~ktmckwf "kegc|okea lmxc{ ~iwt&gm~ktmckwf ti acihmcjkemegkmc lgieif{# lzle kejixfmtkie&giff|ekgmtkie lgieif{+# tble kt giflw ij ei w|x~xkwltbmt tbl elq olfigxmg{ fiolc kw aikea ti hl m f|ctk~c{ fkrlofiolc%

Kj ql mxl eit tbkedkea mciea tbl ckelw ij omkc{ ~icktkgmc ~iqlx ketlxlwtw# kt kw iec{

emt|xmc tbmt ke m gbmitkg t{~l lgieif{ meo wigklt{ tbl wtmtl wbi|co mw~kxl lzle fixl tbme lzlxhljixl ti bmzl m ij wtmhkckt{ meo lzleelww% Ktw wlgxlt kw# biqlzlx# tbmt kw eit m|tbixkt{&ixkletlo# eit wkf~c{ oljkgkletc{ ~iqlx&xlwtxkgtkzl olfigxmg{ mw ke tbl ~xlwlet#h|t m okaktmcolfigxmg{ tbmt kw lrlf~tlo ij ktw emtkie&wtmtl xiclw# ix ~|t kt itblxqkwl# kt kw m olzlci~kea#okaktmc wtmtl# qbkgb |wlw tbl flmew ij kejixfmtkie mal ti x|e tbl l&wtmtl meo ti hl giffkttloti olzlci~flet%

Iec{ kj tbkw jmxlw ~mxtkmcc{ qlcc qkcc ql mgbklzl m gkzkc wtmtl "gkzkc&ixkletlo wtmtl+ meo l&olfigxmg{# hitb ij qbkgb hxkea ti jx|ktkie olfigxmg{ meo wtmtl ti lzlx{iel ~xiaxmffl%Qlcc# {lw# tblxl wbi|co hl m wtmtl jix lzlx{iel h|t eit mw m gietxicckea tiic h|t mw m wtmtlwlxzkgl ke oljlegl ij lmgb meo lzlx{ keokzko|mc gktkple% _bkw t{~l ij wtmtl gi|co hl gmcclo m

~lxwiemc&kf~lxwiemc wtmtl# qbkgb mooxlwwlw lzlx{ wkeacl gktkple meo qktb qbif tbl gktkple gi&i~lxmtlw ke m ~lxwiemc&kf~lxwiemc fmeelx%


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_bl wtmtl tbmt bmo hlle wl~mxmtlo jxif wigklt{ wbi|cojkeo ktw qm{ hmgdti kt4 {lt kt gme

mgbklzl tbkw iec{ h{ lf~ci{kea kejixfmtkie&giff|ekgmtkie tiicw% L&olfigxmg{ kw wkfkcmx tixl~xlwletmtkzl olfigxmg{ iec{ ke emfl# wkegl ~mxtkmcc{ ix gif~cltlc{ kt qi|co hl okxlgtolfigxmg{% _blwl giff|ektklw# biqlzlx# mxl eit ~xl&fiolxe zkccmal giff|ektklw h|t okaktmc

wlttclfletw meo xlakiew# mw qlcc mw m okaktmc olfigxmg{# flfhlx wtmtlw ij tbl |ekie tbmt bmwgifl keti lrkwtlegl ie tbl L|xi~lme gietkelet% _bkw okaktmc wtmtl hlgm|wl kt kw m elqtlgbeiciakgmc w{wtlf ij tiicw kw aikea ti gxlmtl okjjlxlet ~icktkgmc xlcmtkiew hltqlle ~li~clmeo tbl qixco% Wkegl l&olfigxmg{ ~xlw|~~iwlw eit iec{ m elq t{~l ij wtmtl h|t mcwi m elq# lefmwwl l&olfigxmg{ ~xl~mxlo ~lxwiemc&kf~lxwiemc gktkple# ktw zlxktmhcl j|t|xl kw ke deiqcloalwigklt{%

_bl okaktmc wtmtl meo l&~|hckg mofkekwtxmtkie mw m ~icktkgmc xljixf xlmckt{ kw aikea tigifl keti hlkea qktbke m xlmwiemhcl mfi|et ij tkfl% Mooktkiemc wl}|leglw ti kt mxl# ie tblitblx bmeo# titmcc{ kegmcg|cmhcl%

8%7% _bl tblix{ ij tbl mofkekwtxmtkzl jklco gif~xlblewkzlc{lfhloolo ke tbl keokzko|mc# ~icktkgmc# wigkmc meo tbl gicclgtkzlgiewgki|welww

Oljkekea tbl hmwkg }|lwtkie meo olzlci~kea tbl w{wtlf ij hmwkg }|lwtkiew oltlxfkelwqbmt tbl hmwkg tblix{ kw aikea ti ciid ckdl ti m cmxal lrtlet# biq fme{ cm{lxw qkcc kt gietmkemeo qbmt gif~ieletw qkcc kt hl fmol ij% Ql oljkel tbl hmwkg }|lwtkie ke m qm{ tbmt ql gxlmtlm hmwkg jklco# m ~xkfmx{ jklco# m okflewkie ij xlmckt{ qbkgb qkcc hl gmcclo keokzko|mc meogicclgtkzl deiqcloal meo giewgki|welww jklco "deiqcloal meo deiqcloal g|ct|xl+ meo

giewlg|tkzlc{ ke tbkw jklco# mw m wlgieomx{ jklco ql fm{ ketlx~xlt tbl fiwt ~xifkelet ~icktkgmc&wigkmc kewtkt|tkiew meo maletw ij gicclgtkzl deiqcloal meo giewgki|welww jklco0 tbl wtmtl#wigklt{# olfigxmg{ meo ktw fmke ~xitmaiekwt# tbl keokzko|mc% _bkw tqi okflewkiemc jklco gme hlmcwi xlamolo mw m ciakgmc w~mgl# ix okjjlxletc{ ~|t# deiqcloal w~mgl ix jklco ij giewgki|welww%"_bl lr~cmemtkie ij tbl jicciqkea kw eit tbl w|h`lgt ij tbkw hiid% Biqlzlx# ql wbi|co fletkietbmt hlbkeo tbl ~xkfmx{ jklco tblxl kw m fixl alelxmc# |ekzlxwmc jklco meo ke tbl wlgieomx{jklcow wifl tlxtkmx{& }|mtlxemx{ jklcow# zlgtixw meo o{emfkg jixfw lrkwt%+

_bl ~xkfmx{ jklco gi|co hl gmcclo tbl w~kxkt ij tbl mal ix ql gi|co gmcc kt jxif m~icktkgmc ~iket ij zklq tbl w{wtlf ij ~icktkgmc ~bkciwi~b{# ix jxif tbl ~iket ij zklq ijolfigxmg{# tbl lwwletmc tblixklw ij olfigxmg{%

_bkw m~~ximgb wkf|ctmeli|wc{ xl~xlwletw m jkxf wtmeokea&~iket ke tqi ~bkciwi~bkgmc}|lwtkiew0 =% Mw jmx mw ql mxl gieglxelo# kt kw eit tbl ih`lgtkjklo kewtkt|tkiew meo i~lxmtkiemcfiolw ti qbkgb m ~bkciwi~b{ meo ketlcclgt|mckt{ hlciea% Kt kw xmtblx tbl w~kxkt ij tbl mal meo ktwqm{ ij tbkedkea tbmt gxlmtl tbl fiwt kf~ixtmet kewtkt|tkiew4 8% I|x wtmxtkea&~iket kw eit tbmt

~mxtkmcc{ "ix ke m fm`ixkt{+ tbl kewtkt|tkiew tbmt bmzl hlgifl keol~leolet "ix lwtxmealo+aizlxe wi f|gb tbl keokzko|mc mw tbl qixco# h|t ke tbkw tblixltkgmc fiolc ql mww|fl gi&ixokemtloelww mw qlcc mw ~mxtkmc ix titmc l}|kckhx|f mfiea tbl ji|x w~mgkmc maletw0 tbl wtmtl#wigklt{# olfigxmg{ meo tbl keokzko|mckwlo ~lxwie%

Eiqmom{w kt kw jmwbkiemhcl ti }|itl Fme|lc Gmwtlccw mw m wixt ij hmwkg tx|tb# qbi wtmtlwtbmt tbl lwwlegl ij olfigxmg{ kw tbmt kt kw eit tbl wtmtl qbi wbi|co fiektix ~li~cl h|t tbl


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~li~cl wbi|co gietxic tbl wtmtl# qbkgb mjtlx mcc kw titmcc{ claktkfmtl wtmeokea ~iket tmdkea ketimggi|et tbmt kt kw tbl ~li~cl qbi mxl tbl biwtw ij tbl wtmtl%=;

Kt kw me lrgktkea }|lwtkie ke kwtlcj tbmt ql oljkel tbl gif~xlblewkzl ~icktkgmc&wigkmc&mofkekwtxmtkzl jklco mcwi mw m tlgbeiciakgmc jklco% _bl kww|l tiom{ kw ~mxtkg|cmx{ xlclzmet

hlgm|wl mggixokea ti i|x b{~itblwkw tbkw gif~xlblewkzl jklco kw g|xxletc{ tmf~lxlo qktb fixl~xiji|eoc{ tbme kt bmw hlle lzlx hljixl h{ tbl giewtmet fizlflet meo gbmealw ij tbltlgbeiciakgmc jklco% _lgbeicia{ kw iel ij tbl lclfletw ij tbl jklco ij ~xkfmx{ deiqcloal)giewgki|welww mw kt kw keeizmtkzl deiqcloal meo fixmcl# qbkcl tlgbeiciakgmc tbkedkea meoolzlci~flet kw eit iec{ ji|eo ke kwicmtlo tlgbeiciakgmc ~xio|gtw# kt mcwi blc~w ~xio|gtw meo ktwi~lxmtkiemc wlxzkglw kf~mgt meo gbmeal wlgieomx{ jklcow ti m cmxal lrtlet%

^xlwletc{# ql mxl eit mhcl tmdl m hkxow l{l zklq ie tbl bkwtix{ ij wtmtl meo wigkmctblix{# lw~lgkmcc{ wkegl wtmtl meo wigkmc tblixklw mxl wl~mxmtlo meo mxl zlx{ okjjlxlettblixltkgmc oifmkew tbmt bmzl hlle gxlmtlo qbkcl elq f|ctkokwgk~ckemx{ tblixklw bmzl eit {lt

hlle ~|t jixqmxo%

Ke tbl ~xlwlet wbixt tblixltkgmc ketxio|gtkie# biqlzlx# ql wbi|co elzlxtblclww ~iketi|t tbmt ei lclflet ij tbl ji|x ~iclw "tbl keokzko|mc# wtmtl# wigklt{# olfigxmg{+ kw ti hlhx|wblo mwkol% _bl ji|x ~iclw gif~clflet meo gietxic lmgb itblx# ix ti ~|t kt okjjlxletc{# tblgiblxlet meo gif~i|eo jklco fmdlw me{ wixt ij gbmeal ~iwwkhcl meo wi oilw tbl ~xiaxmf ijolzlci~flet# tii% _bl memc{wkw ij tbl ji|x ~iclw kw tblxljixl me kf~ixtmet tblixltkgmc ~iket

hlgm|wl tbkw kw tbl xl}kxlflet mw qlcc mw a|mxmetll ij tbl j|t|xl wtmtl meo mofkekwtxmtkie%

=; Kt kw tbl ~li~cl qbi wbi|co gietxic tbl wtmtl meo eit tbl itblx qm{ xi|eo# & qbkgb mjtlx mcc kw titmcc{ `|wt wkegltblixltkgmcc{ w~lmdkea kt kw tbl ~li~cl qbi mxl ktw iqelxw% Fiwt xl~ixtw mxl elzlxtblclww wihlx# qktb tbl lrgl~tkie

ij Wgmeokmekmzkme olfigxmgklw% Fme|lc Gmwtlccw "8>>>+0 Mp Ketlxelt&amcmrkw "_bl Ketlxelt amcmrkw+ Eltqixd_qlet{Iel Djt% H|om~lwt%


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_mhcl :% Ketlaxmtlo ketlx~xltmtkiemc fiolc "Gwmhm Zmxam+

8%?% Gktkple tbl tblix{ ij jkzl ~xkpl&qkeekea giff|ekt{ gktkple

Ke tbl tqletkltb glet|x{ L|xi~l# qblxl tbl keo|wtxkmc mal ix tbl mal ij fiolxekwmtkieqmw tbl oifkemet w~kxkt ij tbl mal# w|~~ixtlo tbl keokzko|mckwmtkie ij tbl ~lxwie% Ktmgdeiqcloalo tbl keokzko|mcw xkabt ti ~lxwiemc ckhlxt{ meo kt mttlf~tlo ti hxkea mhi|t mgiewtkt|tkiemc wtmtl# qbkgb oilw eit i~~xlww tbl mfhktkiew ij tbl keokzko|mc jix jxlloif%

Lzlx{ wkeacl wtmtl mofkekwtxmtkie elglwwmxkc{ giewtx|gtw m xlcmtkiewbk~ hltqlle tblwtmtl meo ktw gktkple% Ol~leokea ie tbl xlakfl ij m akzle gi|etx{ ix tbl t{~l ij wtmtl# tbxl mxlb|al

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Csaba Varga - New Theory of State and Democracy

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