CSC Review Session

8/2/2019 CSC Review Session

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Training and ScholarshipDepartment


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GSIS 2Internal Use Only

VOCABULARY BUILDING SKILLSContext Clues

--Bits of information from the text that, when combined with thereader's own knowledge, allow the reader to "read between the

lines," figure out the meaning of the text, or determine the

meaning of unknown words in the text.

Using words around the unknown word to guess the meaning

Examples:

1)I took the tome off the shelf and opened it to page 94. Then I

began to read.A) some food C) a cigarette

B) a bad dream D) a book


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VOCABULARY BUILDING SKILLS

Context Clues

Examples:

2) This virus has really sapped my energy. I get tired just walking

across the room. I hope to get better soon because I need to

return to work.

A) give, increase C) take away, drain

B) make slow D) enhance


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Use of Morphemes as Clues

Morphemes are the smallest units of a word thathave meaning.

Prefixes (before the root word) ; suffixes (after theroot word) and root words

The word uninterested, for example, is comprised ofthree morphemes: the prefix un-meaning not, thebase wordinterest, and the suffix -edwhichindicates that the action happened in the past.


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Prefix Meaning of Prefix Words Formed Using the Prefix

re again replay, resend, replace

hyper over hypersensitive, hyperactive, hyperventilate

un not unclear, undo, uninvited

mis wrong misunderstand, misconduct, misspell

trans across transport, transmission, transaction

omni all omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient

sub below subway, substandard, submerge

pre before premeditate, precursor, prepay

inter between Intermediate, interview, intercollegiate


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Suffix Meaning of Suffix Words Formed Using the Suffix

-able, -ible forms adjectives andmeans capable or

worthy of

likable, flexible, palpable

-ation forms nouns fromverbs

creation, civilization, automation,speculation, information

-fy, -ify forms verbs andmeans to make or

cause to become

purify, acidify, humidify

-ment forms nouns fromverbs

entertainment, amazement, statement,banishment

-ty, -ity forms nouns fromadjectives

subtlety, certainty, cruelty, frailty, loyalty,royalty; eccentricity, electricity, peculiarity,similarity, technicality


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ANALOGY

a similarity between like features of two things, on which a

comparison may be based explains the relationship between words or ideas

may be a comparison to show the similarity between 2 or more

objects on a certain limited number of features or details

The relationship may be shown in various ways:

1.synonym (big : huge ::hostility: antagonism)

2. antonym (dull: bright :: discard: accept)

3. cause and effect or effect and cause relationship (clogging: flood::

logging: denudation of forest)

4. person and object/instrument (carpenter: hammer: : judge: gavel)


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ANALOGY

5. whole- part relationship(flashlight: battery:: computer: hard drive)

6. geography/capital of countries (China: Beijing: : Vietnam: Hanoi)

7. Unit of Measurement (distance: kilometer: : weight: pounds)

8. Classification (juice: liquid: : meat: solid)

9. Characteristics (pillow: soft: : sandpaper: rough)

10. Currency (baht: Thailand :: dinnar: Bahrain)

11. Parents and offspring (hen: chick: : tigress: cub)

12. Gender (stallion: mare: : jack-ass: jenny-ass)


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ANALOGY

Test-Taking Strategies:

Determine the relationship between stem words and find the

same relationship in one of the answers.

Use the answer choices to help you establish if the stem words

are nouns or verbs.Identify the relationship in the given analogy.

The answers must be nearly related in the same way as the

words in the original pair.


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PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATIONExample:

Louis [XIV] was not a stupid man; he was handsome and

lazy. Madame de Pompadour was his most celebrated mistress;

she was not the only one. Apart from women, be had few interests

and no desire to 'waste" his energies on projects he deemed

relatively unimportant. His kind, dull wife bore him ten children in

hardly more than ten years, but she could never hold his attention.Women were his great diversion. One followed another. The post

of "king's head mistress" became the most coveted in the realm.

Father sought it for their daughters, husbands for their wives. A

favorite mistress, like Madame de Pompadour or Madame du

Barry (c. 1746-1793), wielded power. To offend such a person

might be to risk the monarch's wrath. (A History of the Western

World by Solomon Modell.)


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PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION2. SEQUENCE OF EVENTS/CHRONOLOGICAL

Author lists details in the order in which they occurred.

Method of Attack - Note signal words, the beginning and ending

thoughts and the type of intermediate steps.

Signal words: when, then, first, second, next, finally, last

Example:Here is a method which can help you prevent your mind

from wandering while reading. First, before you attempt to readanything, look over the length of the material to see if you havetime to read it: if not, mark a spot where you intend to stop.

Second, read the title and the first paragraph, looking for the mainidea of the article. Next, read the boldface headings, if there is any,and the first sentence of each paragraph. And finally, read the lastparagraph, which will probably contain a summary of the material.By doing this, you condition your mind to 'accept the material youwant to read, and thus reduce mind wandering.


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PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION3. COMPARISON CONTRAST

Author relates ideas/objects to one another by showing how they arealike and how they are different.

Method of Attack - Look for signal words. Read to locate the twoideas that the writer is comparing or contrasting.

Signal words:

Similarities: also, in addition, likewise, further

Differences: but, however, although, even so, in contrast, on the otherhand, nevertheless, yet

Example:

There is a growing controversy over the use of drugs insports. Denny McLain, pitcher for the Detroit Tigers, claims that he

needs pep pills or something to keep him going, especially when he isexpected to be good 162 ball games a year. However, Dr. William H.Fowler, Jr. of the UCLA medical school claims that studies show thereis no increase in strength, motor performance, or vital capacities.(Theodore Irwin, "Doping Athletes," Parade, September 6, 1978.)


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PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION

4. CAUSE AND EFFECT

Author uses one item as having produced another element.Author explains why something occurred or what happened asa result of something.

Method of Attack - Look for interrelationships of ideas. Bealert to reasons why something happened.

Example:What circumstances lead a person to follow a life of

crime? There is no easy answer to this question: however,psychologists have suggested that clues may be found in thechildhood of the criminal. If a child is reared in a negative

environment, he may be more likely to turn to crime than a childwho has had more positive influences. For example, a child ofvery strict parents or from an extremely poor home may run agreater risk of being involved in crimes as he reachesadolescence.


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PARAGRAPH ORGANIZATION

Some researchers have suggested that a basic personality flaw

may be responsible for forcing a person into committing crimes.It is, in other words, a factor within the genes that mightpredispose persons to criminal actions. Still another theory isbased upon the growing evidence that pressures within ourmodern world have caused the rapid growth in the crime rate. Aperson may be unable to cope with the fast pace and complex

lifestyles that exist in our present society: as a result, evensomeone who is an unlikely "criminal type" might be forced intocrime.


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ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND CORRECT USAGE(IDENTIFYING ERROR)

I. Subject- Verb AgreementA. Singular and Plural form

When a noun stands for one thing, it is singular.

Examples: dog, student, city

When a noun stands for more than one thing, it is plural.Examples: dogs, students, cities

Verbs too have singular and plural forms.

Singular: The class votes. The team wins.

Plural: The classes vote. The teams win. Most verbs drop s to form the plural form.


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Special Forms of Certain Verbs

Is, Was, Are, and Were. The verb is and was are singular.The verbs are and were are plural.

Singular: Ms. Di is present today. She was here yesterday.

Plural: They are present today. They were here yesterday.

Has and Have. The verb has is singular. The verb have isplural.

Singular: Jebbie has a blue shirt.

Plural: Jebbie and Benjo have blue shirts.

Does and Do. The verb does is singular. The verb do isplural.

Singular: Glenn does the driving

Plural: We do the driving.



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Subject- Verb Agreement Rules1. The verb must agree with its subject in number.

My colleagues plan to visit us next week.

plural plural

Mafi cooks for us everyday.

Singular Singular

2. The Pronoun You. Unlike other pronouns, the pronoun you is thesame for both singular and plural. But you is never used with asingular verb. It is always used with plural verbs.

You have my best wishes.

You were next on the list last week.


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3. the Pronoun I. Although I stands for a single person, it does notusually take a singular verb form. The only singular verb formsused with it are am and was.

I am a teacher

I was here last night.

Otherwise, the verb form used with I is the same as the pluralform:

I do it every morning.

I live in Bulacan.

I have good friends.


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4. Agreement in Inverted Sentences In most sentences, the subject comes before the verb. A person

is likely to say, for example, A river lies beyond the mountains.

However, for emphasis, a writer or speaker may say, Beyond

the mountains lies a river. The second sentence is called an

inverted sentence. In each sentence the subject is river and theriver is lies.

In inverted sentences, as in ordinary ones, the subject and verbmust agree.

Examples:

Up above flutter a thousand flags. (flags flutter) Through the museum stream tourists by the thousands. (tourists

stream)


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5. Verbs with there. When there begins a sentence, look forthe subject farther on in the sentence. Be careful to makethe verb of the sentence agree in number with the realsubject of the sentence.

There is a penon my desk.subject

There areabsenteesin my class.

subject


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6. Singular Indefinite Pronouns such as each, either, neither, one,everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone,somebody, something, anything, everything take singular verbs.

Everybody is enjoined to participate.

Is anybody home?

Each contestant has a chance to win.

7. Plural indefinite pronouns such as a few, many, both, severaltake plural verbs.

Many books were returned on time. Both of my grandparents live with us.

Several fables interest the kids.


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8. The number of the subject is not changed by a prepositionalphrase after the subject.

One (of the chairs) is broken.

The history (of the Filipinos) still lingers in my memory.

The girls (on the team) believe in the power of cooperation.

9. When all and some are followed by a mass noun (noun thatcannot be counted), the singular inflection is used; when all andsome are followed by a plural noun, the plural inflection is used.

All of the sugar was sold.

All of the children enjoy the activities every morning. Some of the vinegar spills every time you move.

Some of the plates were newly- bought


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10. Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning such as news,series, physics, mathematics, measles, gymnastics,aeronautics, calisthenics, take a singular verb.

Calisthenics makes me physically fit.

Economics is a subject in fourth year.

Physics helps us understand the law of motion.

11. Agreement with a compound subject:

a. A compound subject connected by and generally takes a pluralverb.

Jomar and Liza are my friends. Apple and grapes have been my favorite fruits for years.

Heavy rains and high winds usually hit the coast.


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b. Compound subjects that are closely related or that refer to thesame person or thing take a singular verb.

My friend and colleague has a new job.

Rice and fish was served to us.

The president and leader of the group calls the attention of theaudience.

c. A compound subject involving the use of each or every takes asingular verb.

Each male and female dancer has an instructor.

Every boy and girl is invited. Every man, woman and child does volunteer for the medical

mission.


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D. Compound subjects joined by either- or and neither- nor takesingular or plural verbs depending upon the nearer subject.

Neither mother nor father has called.

Either Macahr or the seminarians are coming.

Neither the children or I am at fault.

12. Intervening words like together with, in addition to, along with,as well as, including and similar constructions following thesubject do not affect the number of the subject.

Anita, together with Wee and Jon, plans to work.

Michelle, as well as Sonny boy believes in ghosts. The group, including all the trainers, joins the contest.


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13. Words or phrases expressing periods of time, weight,measurement, and amounts of money are usually regarded assingular.

Five billion pesos is more than enough for the project. (money)

Two weeks was given to me to decide on this. ( time)

Is twenty kilometers that far? (distance)

14. Fractions may take singular or plural verbs depending on theof phrase.

One-fourth of the tomatoes were rotten. Half of the population speaks in English.

Two- thirds of the pie was eaten.


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15. Collective nouns take singular verbs when they are used todenote a unit; they take plural verbs when used to refer to theindividual member of the group.

The jury have left their seats but will soon return.

The team has won several times.

The entire faculty joins the field trip.

16. When the subject and the predicate noun are of differentnumbers, the verb agrees with the subject, not with thepredicate noun.

The ships cargo is coconuts. Coconuts are the ships cargo.


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17. The expression the number takes a singular verb; theexpression a number takes a plural verb.

The number of actors performs well.

A number of applicants are fresh graduates.

18. The title of a book, story or article, the name of anestablishment, even when plural in form, takes a singularverb.

The three Musketeers is an entertaining story.

MDCG Enterprises requests for your presence in theconference.


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19. Arithmetical operations take the singular form.

Twenty plus two is twenty-two.

Fifteen minus eight is equal to seven.

Three times four equals to twelve.

20. Adjectives used as subjects take plural verbs.

The poor are blessed.

The rich make things possible.

The tough get going.


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IDENTIFYING ERROR:

1. Theres 47 different kinds of headaches. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 5

2. Nobody know what his future will be. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 5

3. The crowd is appreciative of our performances. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 5

4. The number of job opportunities limit the potentials of the graduates.

1 2 3 4

NO ERROR

5

5. Each learner has to be prioritized. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 56. Five miles on the Kennon Road seem fifty. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 5


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IDENTIFYING ERROR:

7. Many hearts have been broken by his honeyed tongue.1 2 3 4

NO ERROR

5

8. Either of the answers are wrong. NO ERROR

1 2 3 4 5

9. Echel, including her family plans to leave the country soon.

1 2 3 4

NO ERROR

510. Neither you nor I am needed here.

1 2 3 4


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PRONOUN USAGE Pronouns are words that stand for the nouns.

Pronouns get their meaning from the words they stand for.These words are called antecedents.

Examples:

Mary Ann said she lost her money.

When my relatives moved, they gave their pets to us.

A. Personal Pronouns

The most common pronouns are those that you use to refer toyourself and the people and things around you. These pronounsare called personal pronouns.

Personal pronouns refer to (1) the person speaking or the first-person, (2) the person spoken to or the second-person or (3) theperson, place or thing spoken about or the third-person.


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PRONOUN USAGE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Singular PluralFirst Person I, me, my, mine We, us, our, ours

Second person You, your, yours You, your, yours

Third person He, him, his

She, her, hersIt, its

They, them

Their, theirs

Examples:

First person: I left my bag at home.

Second person: If you come to the party, dont forget your gift.Third Person: The girls took their swimsuits with them.


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PRONOUN USAGE

B. Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun ends inself orselves and adds

information to a sentence by pointing back to a noun or

pronoun earlier used in the sentence.

An intensive pronoun ends inself orselves and simply

adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same

sentence.


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PRONOUN USAGE

Singular Plural

First Person Myself Ourselves

Second person Yourself Yourselves

Third person Himself, herself, itself themselves

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive:

Iyah poured herself some juice.

The visitors entertained themselves.

Intensive:

Edgar himself joined the youth camp.

Jon-Jon himself fixed the electric fan.


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PRONOUN USAGE

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Independent Clause Dependent Clause

Ric made the difference that inspired others.

Ate Fe sold her bracelet which was brought in

Singapore.

Mae is my student who greeted me first.

Sherwin is my tutee whom the teachers

chose for the contest.

Miko visited Mhil whose house is locatedin Cebu.


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PRONOUN USAGE

Who/whoever - refers chiefly to persons

Which/whichever refers to animals, things, collective nouns

That refers to persons, animals and things

Whom refers to persons and used when the pronoun is the object ofa verb or preposition

Whose shows possession

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

What, which, who, whom, whose

An interrogative pronoun may or may not have a specific antecedent.

Examples:

What are you trying to point out? Which of the slacks do you like?

To whom will I give the flowers?


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GSIS39Internal Use Only

IMPROPRIETIES

--A functional impropriety is the use of a word as the wrong

part of speech.

--The wrong meaning for a word can also be an impropriety.

--To avoid this, always be reminded of the diction or choice

of word that is acceptable to formal English grammar.

Example: Is that alright with you? (informal/conversational)

Is that all right with you? (formal)

Love just aint enough. (nonstandard)

Love just isn't enough. (standard)


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Proper use of words

1. Any more is always written as two words. It is used only for anactivity which has been discontinued.

Example: Although I have accompanied you on the piano severaltimes, I wont be able to do so any more.

2. Ashamed implies a feeling of guilt. Use shy, timid or embarrassed if

nothing wrong is meant.Examples: You failed to do your assignment again.Arent you

ashamed of yourself?

Do not be too shy to sing in front of an audience.

3. Ask an apology. Apology is a noun that means the act of askingforgiveness and cannot be used as a verb. Use the word apologizeinstead.

Examples: Mr. Gomez demands your apology.

Learn to apologize if it is really your fault.

IMPROPRIETIES


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4. Compromise implies the settlement of a dispute by meeting theother person halfway. Use commitment or previous engagementto indicate a promise or an agreement.

Examples: I cant attend the meeting this afternoon because I alreadyhave a previous engagement with the homeowners.The two parties compromised to pay for the damages

made.5. Condition indicates a particular state of being or existence or

something required as part of an agreement. It should not be used toindicate the health of a person.

Examples: We hope that you are all in good health.I can approve this proposal in one condition: you need to

comply with the requirements of the company.6. Vacant means empty . Use free if you want to indicate nothing to

do.Examples: Do you have your free time this afternoon?

Is this room vacant from two to four oclock?

IMPROPRIETIES


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7. Dress vs. Dress up. Dress means to change clothes suitable for

street or ordinary wear. Dress up means to put on ones bestclothes.

Examples: You need to dress up for the prom tonight.

You got drenched so get dressed immediately.

8. Innocent Ignorant. One who is not guilty is innocent, while the one

who has no knowledge of something is ignorant.Examples: The man was set free because it was proven that he was

innocent of the crime.

For you not to be called ignorant, you need to develop the

sense of readership in you.

9. Transferred-Moved. Move indicates a change in residence, whiletransfer can be used to show a change from one thing, person orpoint to another.

Examples: Have you already transferred your son to a new school?

Weve just moved to our new home.

IMPROPRIETIES

IMPROPRIETIES


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10. Alumnus-Alumna

An alumnus is a male graduate and its plural form is alumni /a-

lm-nai/. An alumna is a female graduate and its plural form isalumnae /a-lm-nee/.

Examples: During the alumni homecoming, he was the only

alumnus to represent the Class of 98. The girls were alumnae

of Class 99.

11. Childish-Childlike

Both of these words refer to the characteristics of children.

Unpleasant characteristics are referred to as childish, while

pleasant characteristics are called childlike.

Examples: Mrs. de Castro was childlike in her trust in her husband

and her childlike charm won his love. However, her husband

became irritated when she exhibited childish ways of crying and

sulking to get what she wanted.

IMPROPRIETIES


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12. Uninterested-Disinterested

One who does not care about what happens is uninterested. One who

feels an interest but tries to remain neutral or does not take sides is

disinterested.

Examples: We need an interested person to listen to our problems but we

do not want him to be the judge. The complainant is his first cousin and

it is doubtful if he can remain disinterested.

13. Incredible-Incredulous

Examples: A story or report is incredible if it is hard to believe. A person

who is hard to persuade or who finds it hard to believe a thing is

incredulous.

Germans story about being held up by five masked men whom he

fought was incredible. The boys listened open-mouthed to their hero

while an incredulous bystander laughed at him.

IMPROPRIETIES


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14. Among/between: Among is used for more than two persons or

things; between is used to refer to only two persons or thingsExamples: Among the three of them, Luisa is the most beautiful.

Between the two of you, Hilda is more easygoing.

15. Besides/beside: Besides- moreover or also, in addition to

Beside - meaning next to or sometimes apartfrom or aside from

Your argument is definitely beside the point.

Stay beside me.

I cant go there because of my medical check up and besides,

still have to review for the test.

IMPROPRIETIES


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Common Usage Problems

1. accept (verb): to receive willingly

except ( preposition): not included

I will really accept his apology. No one came except the teacher.

2. adapt ( verb): to change

adopt ( verb): to take as onesown

She tried to adapt the lyre to make it more appropriate for theband.

The young girl adopted her idols fashion statement.

3. advice (noun): opinion

advise (verb): to give an opinion to.

Please give me some advice regarding my problem.

My psychiatrist advised me to take some rest to overcome mydepression.


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4. affect (verb): to have an influence on

effect (noun): the influence exerted on something

effect ( verb): to bring about or cause to happen

The new law does not affect me.

The new law has no effect on me.

The convict effected an escape from prison.

The Zonta International effected many significant reforms.

5. all ready (adjective): everyone or everything is prepared

already (adverb): at this time or before this time.

The scouts are all ready for the camping.

The store is already closed.



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6. all together (adverb): everyone acts in unisonaltogether (adverb): wholly or completely.

Sing all together now. Your proposal is altogether unsatisfactory.

7. amount ( noun): used to designate a quantity that cant benumbered

number ( noun): used to designate a quantity divisible intoseparate units. I have a small amount of fertilizer left. The company transports a great number of sacks of sugar every

month.8. anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere

None of these adverbs should end with ans. Nonstandard: The lad lost his money somewheres on the field. Correct: The lad lost his money somewhere on the field.



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9. anyway (adverb) in my caseany way (noun) a possible way to do something

I didnt want to play the part anyway. Can you find any way to pay the rent?

10. awhile (adverb) for a while a while (an article and a noun) usually used after the

preposition for Rest awhile. For a while, he remained still.

11. bring (verb) to carry from a distant place to a nearer one.take (verb) to carry from a near place to a more distant place

Bringyour envelope here. Take these records to the registrar.



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The council voted for the tax increase. Will you counsel me so that I can enroll properly?

My father needs a legal counsel to help him solve this problem.15. credible (adjective) believable

creditable (adjective) worthy of praisecredulous (adjective) willing to believe readily or easily imposed

upon.

The childs explanation is credible. The teams performance during the championship wascreditable.

The guard was so credulous that he believed the culpritsexcuse.

16. healthful (adjective) referring to things

healthy (adjective) used when referring to people Fresh green salads are healthful. My parents see to it that we are regularly examined by the

doctor for us to stay healthy.


C U P bl


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GSIS

52Internal Use Only

17. in (preposition) refers to positioninto (preposition) suggests motion

The glasses are in the cupboard. He ran into the rest room as fast as he could.18. later (adverb) at a time after a specified time

latter (adjective) nearer the end or the last mentioned The Magna Carta came later than the Norman Conquest. Our national elections always come in the latter part of the year.19. lay (transitive verb) to place an object somewhere

(principal parts: lays laid, laid)lie (intransitive verb) to be in or take a reclining position(principal parts: lie, lay, lain)

I will lay the book on the table. Have you already laid your cards on the table?

I will lie down this afternoon. Yesterday, I lay down. I have lain down every afternoon for the past few weeks.


C U P bl


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GSIS

53Internal Use Only

20. there (adverb) a place

(expletive) used to introduce sentences

their (possessive pronoun) belonging to them

theyre (contraction) they are

Adverb: The man was found there.

Expletive: There were questions asked by the judge.

Pronoun: The spectator gave their resounding applause to theperformers.

Contraction: Theyre waiting for you at the gate.

21. come (verb) approach, arrive from a distant place to a nearer one

go (verb) to move or proceed to a distant place from a nearer one

Come here immediately.

Go there quickly.



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GSIS

54Internal Use Only

complement / compliment

Complementis a noun or verb that means something thatcompletes or makes up a whole

The red sweater is a perfect complement to the outfit.

Complimentis a noun or verb that means an expression ofpraise or admiration

I received compliments about my new outfit.

elicit / illicit

Elicitis a verb that means to draw out.

Illicitis an adjective meaning unlawful.

No matter how hard I tried to elicit a few scandalous stories fromher, she kept all knowledge of illicit goings-on discreetly toherself.



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GSIS

55Internal Use Only

hanged / hungHangedis the past tense and past participle of hang when themeaning is to execute by suspending by the neck:

The convicted killer was hanged at dawn.

Hungis the past tense and participle of hang when the meaning

is to suspend from above with no support from below:The painting was hung at a crooked angle.

stationary / stationery

Stationaryis an adjective that means fixed or unmoving

They maneuvered around the stationary barrier in the road.Stationeryis a noun that means writing materials

We printed the letters on company stationery.



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GSIS

56Internal Use Only

FAULTY SENTENCE CONSTRUCTIONS

Double Negatives

A double negative is the use of two negative words in a sentence whenone is sufficient. Do not write sentences with double negatives.

Correcting Double Negative

Double Negatives Corrections

I didnt see nobody. I didnt see anybody.

I did see nobody.

I havent no excuse. I havent any excuse.

I have no excuse.

I couldnt hardly see the light. I could hardly see the light.

I couldnt see the light.


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GSIS

57Internal Use Only


Exercise: Choose the word that completes each sentence without forminga double negative.

1. He has never done (anything, nothing) to help them.

2. I promise not to tell (nobody, anybody) about our secret.

3. Sheryn did not do (anything, nothing) wrong.

4. Lily (could, couldnt) scarcely catch her breath.

5. We havent (any, no) questions about it.6. I couldnt have (anything, nothing) for lunch.

7. Dont throw your rubbish (anywhere, nowhere).

8. I did (none, any) of the things they accused me of.

9. The guests didnt like (any, none) of their dessert.10. We (could, couldnt) hardly get to work.



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GSIS

58Internal Use Only

FAULTY PARALLELISM

In writing, the word parallelism suggests similarity or close

resemblance. When two or more ideas in a sentence are related in

form and purpose, they can and should be phrased in the same

grammatical form.

Gelyn is sweet but talkative. (words)

Dee loves to read both at home and at school. (phrases)

He was shocked when he discovered that one tire was flat and that

the wrench was missing. (clauses)

I came. I saw. I conquered. (sentences)




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GSIS

59Internal Use Only

Faulty parallelism can destroy the flow of ideas, disrupt the

balance of the sentence and confuse the reader.

WRONG: The man was delighted to see her refreshing smile, to

hear her soothing voice and feeling her warm embrace.

RIGHT: The man was delighted to see her refreshing smile, to hear

her soothing voice and to feel her warm embrace.

WRONG: Several committee members were at the secret meeting

but not agreeing to change their votes.

RIGHT: Several committee members were at the secret meetingbut did not agree to change their votes.




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GSIS

60Internal Use Only

WRONG: Penniless, alone and without a home, the man left the hall.

RIGHT: Penniless, alone and homeless, the man left the hall.

WRONG: That soap opera was dramatic, exciting and had an involvedin plot.RIGHT: That soap opera was dramatic, exciting and involved in plot.



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REMEMBER:

If you fail to prepare, you prepare to fail because

chances favor only the prepared minds.

Date post:	05-Apr-2018
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CSC Review Session

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