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Discovering Computers 2008
Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Chapter 6
Operating Operating Operating Operating
Systems and Systems and Systems and Systems and
Utility ProgramsUtility ProgramsUtility ProgramsUtility Programs
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Chapter 6 ObjectivesChapter 6 ObjectivesChapter 6 ObjectivesChapter 6 Objectives
Identify the types of system softwareIdentify the types of system software
Summarize the startup processon a personal computer
Summarize the startup processon a personal computer
Summarize the features of several stand-alone operating systems
Summarize the features of several stand-alone operating systems
Identify various network operating systemsIdentify various network operating systems
Discuss ways that some operating systems help administrators control a
network and administer security
Discuss ways that some operating systems help administrators control a
network and administer security
Explain the purpose of the utilities included with most operating systems
Explain the purpose of the utilities included with most operating systems
Identify devices that use several embedded operating systems
Identify devices that use several embedded operating systems
Explain the purpose of severalstand-alone utility programs
Explain the purpose of severalstand-alone utility programs
Describe the functions of an operating systemDescribe the functions of an operating system
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System SoftwareSystem SoftwareSystem SoftwareSystem Software
What is system software?
Operating system (OS)Operating system (OS)
Programs that control Programs that control or or maintain operation maintain operation
of computer & its devicesof computer & its devices
Two types are Two types are operating systems operating systems
and utility programsand utility programs
Operating system (OS)Operating system (OS)(sometimes called the (sometimes called the platformplatform) )
a set of a set of programsprogramscontaining containing instructionsinstructionsthat that coordinates coordinates
all activitiesall activitiesamong computer among computer hardware resourceshardware resources When purchase a
PC, it usually has system software on
its h/d
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Operating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating Systems
What are the functions of an operating system?Most OSs perform similar functions:
start the computer provide a user interfacemanage programs
administer security manage
memory
monitor performance
control a network
provide file management and other utilities
establish an Internet connection schedule jobs and
configure devices
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Operating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating Systems
Mostly OS installed & resides in computer h/d
Handheld computers & mobile devices – OS resides on a ROM chip
Different size computers use different Different size computers use different operating systems.
Some computers can run multiple OS
When purchasing an application software, user must ensure that it works with the OS installed in the computer
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Operating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating SystemsOperating Systems
What is a cross-platform application?
Application
� Runs the same on multiple operating systems
Operating System/Platform A
Operating System/Platform B
Operating System/Platform C
Operating System/Platform D
Application
7Operating System Functions Operating System Functions Operating System Functions Operating System Functions
1) Starting a Computer
What is booting?
� Cold boot Turning oncomputer that has been powered off
� Warm boot Restarting
� Process of starting or restarting a computer
� Warm boot Restartingcomputer that is powered on� Does not save any unsaved work
� Installation/upgrade new sw
� No response, push reset button
� Still no response, push power button – does not properly close running processes & programs
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BootingBootingBootingBooting
Each time boot computer, the kernel and other frequently used OS instructionsare loaded/copied into computer’s memory (RAM).
Kernel�the core of an OS that manages
� memory & devices, maintains the computer’s clock, � memory & devices, maintains the computer’s clock, � starts application, and � assigns the computer’s resources (devices, programs,
data & information)
�is memory resident– it remains in memory while computer is running�other parts of OS are nonresident– these instructions remain on h/d until they are needed.
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Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
How does a personal computer boot up?
Step 1. Power supply sends signal to components in system unit
Step 4. Results of POST are compared with data in CMOS chip
Step 5. BIOS looks for system files on a USB flash drive or
Step 2. Processor accesses BIOS to start computer
Step 3. BIOS runs tests, called the POST, to check components such as mouse, keyboard, and adapter cards
files on a USB flash drive or CD/DVD drive, and then drive C (hard disk)
Step 6. Kernel (core) of operating system loads into RAM
Step 7. Operating system loads configuration information and displays desktop on screen
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Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
What is a boot disk?� Contains system files that will start computer when
computer cannot boot� Contains few system files that will start the computer
� Also called recovery disk
� Used when h/d becomes damaged & computer cannot boot � Used when h/d becomes damaged & computer cannot boot from h/d
� Boot disk in CD form usually included when purchasing a computer
� Windows Vista installation disk itself is a boot disk
11Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
2) Providing a User Interface
What is a user interface?� Controls how you enter data and instructionsand how
information displays on screen
Command-line interface: for advanced users to configure devices, troubleshoot network connections,… using command language
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Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
What is a graphical user interface (GUI)?
� User interacts with menus and visual imagessuch as buttons and other graphical objects� Basic Interface
Windows Aero Interface� Windows Aero Interface
13Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
3) Managing Programs
What is single user/ multitasking?
� Working on two or more programs that reside in memory at same time
� Programs can run concurrently� Foregroundcontains program
you are using
� Backgroundcontains programs that are running but are not in use
concurrently
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Single user/single taskingOS:
� One user runs one program at a time
� Used by PDAs, smart phones & other small computing devices
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Enables two or
Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
What are other program management features of operating systems?
Can support two
Prevent a process from monopolizing
the computer
Has duplicate components such as processors, memory,
and disk drives
Enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously
Continues to operate when one of its components
fails
Can support two or more processorsrunning programs
at same time
resourcesOS interrupts a prg which is executing & passes control to
another prg waiting to be executed.
ADV: OS regains control is one prg stops operating properly
16Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
4) Managing Memory
What is memory management?� Optimizing use of random access memory (RAM)� With virtual memory (VM) , portion of hard disk is
allocated to function as RAM
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Virtual MemoryVirtual MemoryVirtual MemoryVirtual Memory
If multiple programrunning simultaneously – it is possible to run out of RAM
E.g.: (OS) 512MB+ (antivirus prg) 256MB+ (Web browser) 128MB+ (buss. sw. suite) 512MB+ (photo browser) 128MB+ (buss. sw. suite) 512MB+ (photo editing prg) 256MB = 1664MBor RAM required.
If computer has only 512MB of RAM (physical RAM), OS need virtual memory to solve this problem� OS allocates a portion of a storage medium (h/d –swap
file) to function as additional RAM (computer may slow down)
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Virtual MemoryVirtual MemoryVirtual MemoryVirtual Memory
� Swap file: h/d area used for virtual memory (swap items btw memory & storage)
� Page= the amount of data & prg instructions that can swap at a time
� Paging= technique of swapping items btw memory & � Paging= technique of swapping items btw memory & storage – time consuming
� Trashing = happens when OS spends much time for paging instead of executing application software (when web browser stop responding & h/d LED blinks – OS is thrashing)
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20Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
5) Scheduling Jobs
How does an operating system schedule jobs?
Sending Sending information information
Receiving data Receiving data
Adjusts schedule based on
job’s priority
Transferring items Transferring items between storage between storage
and memoryand memory
information information to output deviceto output device
Processing Processing instructionsinstructions
Receiving data Receiving data from input devicefrom input device
A A jobjob is is operationoperationthe processor managesthe processor manages
A segment of memory/storage
– items placed while waiting to be transferred from
input or to output device
bufferbuffer
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Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
What is spooling?� (OS) Sending print jobs to buffer instead of
directly to printer� Print jobs line up in queue
22Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
6) Configuring Devices
What is a device driver?
Device Device Program that Program that
tells operating system tells operating system With With Plug and PlayPlug and Play, ,
operating system operating system Device Device DriverDriver
tells operating system tells operating system how to communicate how to communicate
with devicewith device
operating system operating system automatically automatically configures new configures new
devices as you install devices as you install themthem
Also called Also called driverdriver
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Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
How do you install a device driver?
Step 1. Open Control Step 2. Click the Hardware
Step 3. Click the Scanners and Cameras
Step 4. Click the Add Device button to start
Step 1. Open Control Panel window. Point to Hardware and Sound link.
Step 2. Click the Hardware and Sound link to display the Hardware and Sound options. Point to the Scanners and Cameras link.
Scanners and Cameras link to display the Scanners and Cameras dialog box. Point to the Add Device button.
Device button to start the Scanner and Camera Installation Wizard. Point to the Next button.
Step 5. Click the Next button to proceed with the wizard. Select the correct manufacturer and model of scanner or camera. Follow the on-screen instructions to complete installation of the necessary driver files for the selected device.
24Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
7) Establishing an Internet Connection
How do you establish an Internet connection?� Windows Vista includes
Connect to a network wizard� Guides user through setting
up connection between up connection between computer and Internet service provider
25Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
8) Monitoring Performance
How does an operating system monitor performance?� Provides program, called performance monitor,
that assesses and reports information about system resources and devices
26Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
9) Controlling Network
What is a network operating system?� Allows users to share resources on a
network� Administers security
by establishing user nameand passwordfor nameand passwordfor each user
27Operating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System FunctionsOperating System Functions
10) Administering Security
Network administrators use network OS to establish permissions to the users to be able to access resources
� Use account (user name/user ID & password) – enables a user to access or log on to a computer or a network
� The OS records successful & unsuccessful logon attempts in a file – monitor computer usagein a file – monitor computer usage
� Encryption– the process of encoding data& information into an unreadable form � Especially as it travels over the network to prevent
unauthorized users from reading the data� Encrypted items automatically decryptedinto readable
form when an authorized reader attempts to read them
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a utility program ?� System software that performs
maintenance-type tasks� Also called
utility
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a file manager?� Performs functions related to file management
� Image viewerdisplays, copies, & prints contents of graphics filefile� User can see image
without having to open them in paint/ image editing program
Window Vista Window Vista –– Window Photo GalleryWindow Photo Gallery
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a personal firewall?� Detects and protects a personal computer from
unauthorized intrusions� Especially for broadband Internet connection� Constantly monitors all transmissions to &
from a computerfrom a computer� Windows Vista
automatically enables the built-in personal firewall upon installation
Someone who tries to access a computer or network illegally
hackerhacker
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is an uninstaller?
In Windows Vista, In Windows Vista, uninstaller is available through uninstaller is available through
the Uninstall a program command the Uninstall a program command in the in the Control PanelControl Panel
Removes a Removes a program and program and
all associated filesall associated files
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a disk scanner?� Searches for and removes
unnecessary files such as temporary files
� Windows Vista includes Disk CleanupDisk Cleanup
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a disk defragmenter?� Reorganizes files and unused space on hard disk so
programs run faster
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Disk DefragmenterDisk DefragmenterDisk DefragmenterDisk Defragmenter
� When OS stores a file on a disk it places the file in the � When OS stores a file on a disk it places the file in the first available sector on disk
� It attempts to place it in contiguous sectors, but not always possible
� File contents are scattered across two or more non-contiguous sectors– file is fragmented –
� Fragmentation slows down disk access & overall computer performance
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Disk DefragmenterDisk DefragmenterDisk DefragmenterDisk Defragmenter
� Defragmenting the disk, or reorganizing itso the files are stored in contiguous sectors, solve this problem
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a diagnostic utility?� Compiles technical information about hardware and
some software� Prepares report outlining problems� Information in the report assists technical support
staff in remedying any problemsstaff in remedying any problems� Windows Vista includes Problem Reports and
Solutions� Diagnoses problems as well as suggests courses of
action
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a backup utility ?� Copies selected files or entire hard disk onto
another storage medium
� Most compress filesduring backup to require less storage require less storage space
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Operating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility ProgramsOperating System Utility Programs
What is a screen saver?� Causes monitor’s screen to display moving
image or blank screen if there is no activity for a specified time
� To secure computer, user configures screen user configures screen saver to require password to deactivate
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Device-dependentRuns only on
Types of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating Systems
What are some characteristics of operating systems?
Proprietary software
Privately ownedand limited to specific
Device-independentRuns on many Runs only on
specific type of computer
Downward compatible
Works with application software written for earlier version of OS
Upward compatible
Runs on new versions of OS
limited to specific vendor/computer
model
Runs on many manufacturers’
computers
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Types of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating SystemsTypes of Operating Systems
What are three categories of operating systems?
EEMMBBEE
NNEETT
WW
S T A N D S T A N D –– A L O N EA L O N E
DDDDEEDD
WWOORRKK
Windows XP, Vista, Mac OS X, UNIX & Linux
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
How do Windowsversions compare?
Windows Version Year Released
Windows 3.x 1990
Windows NT 3.1 1993
Windows 95 1995
Windows NT Workstation 4.0 1996
Windows 98 1998
Windows Millennium Edition 2000
Windows 2000 Professional 2000
Windows XP 2001
Windows XP SP2 2004
Windows Vista 2006
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� Fast, reliable Windows operating system
StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
What is Windows XP?
� Available in five editions: Home Edition, Professional Edition, Professional Edition, Tablet PC Edition,Media Center Edition,and 64-bit Edition� For power users
working with workstations that use 64-bit processors
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� Successor to Windows XP, containing a new interface and new / enhanced features
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What is Windows Vista?
� Available in several editions, grouped into Home and Business Home and Business categories
� More reliable, efficient, quicker application starter, better security, enhanced searching,…
512 MB RAM for Vista Basic,1GB RAM &
128MB video/graphic memory for V Premium, Ultimate,
Business, Enterprise
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Windows Vista Features
Reliability and Performance
Security
Information Management
StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
What are some features of Windows Vista?
Information Management
Appearance and Navigation
Communications and the Internet
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
What is Mac OS X?� Available only for computers
manufactured by Apple� Macintosh operating
system has been model for most GUIsmodel for most GUIs
� Has large photo-quality icons, built-in networking support, enhanced speech recognition & multimedia capabilities
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
What is UNIX ?� Created in early 1970s� Used by power users because of its flexibility
and power� Suitable for PC & workstations� Most versions offer GUI, � Most versions offer GUI,
others in command-line� Available for computers
of all sizes
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating SystemsAlone Operating Systems
What is Linux ?� Popular, free, multitasking UNIX-type operating system� Open-source software
� code is available to public� Code provided for usage, modification &
redistributionredistribution� Has no restrictions from copyright holder
� Available in GUI & command-line interfaces� Include many free prg. languages & utility programs� Famous GUIs: GNOME & KDE� Both a stand-alone & a network operating system
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LinuxLinuxLinuxLinux
2 ADV: � users share OS software improvements with others
� Customers can personalize the software to meet their needs
Red Hat provides a version of Linux called Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
needs
Bootable OS:� Live CD or Live USB
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Network Operating SystemsNetwork Operating SystemsNetwork Operating SystemsNetwork Operating Systems
What are examples of network operating systems?
NetWareNetWare
Designed for Designed for client/server client/server
networksnetworks
Windows Windows UNIX / LinuxUNIX / LinuxWindows Windows Server 2003Server 2003
Upgrade to Windows Upgrade to Windows 2000 Server2000 Server
UNIX / LinuxUNIX / Linux
MultiMulti--purposepurposeOSOS
SolarisSolaris
�� Version of Version of UNIX UNIX developed by Sun developed by Sun
MicrosystemsMicrosystems
�� Specifically for Specifically for ee--commerce commerce applicationsapplications
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Embedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating Systems
What is an embedded operating system?� Found on most PDAs and
small devices� Windows CE is
scaled-down version of WindowsWindows
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Embedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating Systems
What are three operating systems for mobile devices?� Windows Mobile for PDAs, called Pocket PC & smart
phones� Palm OSfor PDAs & smart phones� Blackberry for handheld devices supplied by RIM
(Research in Motion)(Research in Motion)
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Embedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating Systems
What is Embedded Linux?� Scaled-down Linux operating system
designed for PDAs, smart phones,smart watches, set-top boxes,Internet telephones, and otherdevicesdevices
� Offers many PIM functions
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Embedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating SystemsEmbedded Operating Systems
What is Symbian OS?� Open-source, multitasking operating system
designed for smart phones� Make telephone calls,
save appointments, browse Web, send browse Web, send and receive e-mail and faxes, and more
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What is a virus?� Potentially damaging computer program� Affects computer without user’s knowledge
• An unusual message or image is displayed on the computer screen
SIGNS OF SIGNS OF VIRUS VIRUS
INFECTIONINFECTION
computer screen• An unusual sound or music plays randomly• The available memory is less than what should be available• A program or file suddenly is missing• An unknown program or file mysteriously appears• The size of a file changes without explanation• A file becomes corrupted• A program or file does not work properly• System properties change
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What is an antivirus program?� Identifies and removes viruses in memory, storage
media, and incoming files� Must be updated frequently
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility Programs
What is spyware?� Program placed on a computer without the user’s
knowledge that secretly collects information about the user
� Often enters a computer as a result of a user installing a new programa new program
� A spyware removeris a program that detects and deletes spyware
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StandStandStandStand----Alone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility ProgramsAlone Utility Programs
What are internet filters?� Programs that remove or block certain items from
being displayed
Filtering prg Restrict access to
Pop-upBlockers
Anti-SpamPrograms
WebFilters
removes spam bfr reaching inbox
Restrict access to certain materials on Web, that uses certain words or phrases
Stops pop-up advertisements appearing in new window in the foreground of a Web page displayed in browser
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What is a file compression utility?� Shrinks size of files to free up room and improve
performance� Compressed files are sometimes called zipped files� Two popular utilities:
PKZIP and WinZipPKZIP and WinZip
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What is a media player?� Allows you to view
images and animation, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computeryour computer
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What is CD/DVD burning software?� Writes text, graphics,
audio, and video files to a recordable or rewriteable CD or DVD
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What is a personal computer maintenance utility?� Identifies and fixes operating system problems and
disk problems� Some continuously monitor
computer to identify problems before they occur & even before they occur & even fix them immediately
� Note: diagnostic utility does not repair the problems it found
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Summary of Operating Systems and Utility ProgramsSummary of Operating Systems and Utility ProgramsSummary of Operating Systems and Utility ProgramsSummary of Operating Systems and Utility Programs
Define an operating systemDefine an operating system
Discuss the functions common to most operating systems
Discuss the functions common to most operating systems
Discuss a variety of stand-alone operating systems, network operating systems,
and embedded operating systems
Discuss a variety of stand-alone operating systems, network operating systems,
and embedded operating systems
Chapter 6 Complete
most operating systemsmost operating systems
Introduce several utility programs commonly found in operating systems
Introduce several utility programs commonly found in operating systems
Describe several stand-alone utility programs
Describe several stand-alone utility programs