CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++

Prof. amr Goneid, AUC 1

CSCE 110CSCE 110PROGRAMMINGPROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALSFUNDAMENTALS

WITH WITH C++C++

Prof. Amr GoneidProf. Amr GoneidAUCAUC

Part 14. User Defined ClassesPart 14. User Defined Classes


User Defined ClassesUser Defined Classes


User Defined ClassesUser Defined Classes OOP & Classes Data Encapsulation, Classes and objects Class Definition: Private & Public Members Constructors & Destructors Data and Function Members Accessors & Mutators Polymorphism and Overloading Example: Rational Numbers Class Example: Simple String Class


1. OOP and Classes1. OOP and Classes Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

focuses on creating ADT’s called “Classes” that identify “objects” and how they work together.

A class contains “data members” + “function members” in one object.

A member function tells an object to “operate on itself” in some way.

Objects are “self-contained”, carrying their own operations.


2. Data Encapsulation, Classes 2. Data Encapsulation, Classes and Objectsand Objects A Class of objects is a user-defined Abstract Data

Type (ADT) An object is an instance of the class Once a class is defined, an object can be declared to

be of that type. For example, we have encountered the string class before. Since it has been defined, we can declare:string message;So, now message is an object of that class

Classes can be used by more than one program.


Sharing ClassesSharing Classes

Class Class Class Class Class

Program Program Program

Standard Classes User Classes


Classes & EncapsulationClasses & Encapsulation C++ classes are similar to structs, with the main

difference being that classes can have member functions, or methods, as well as variables, or data members in their definitions.

Combining data and operations (methods) together in an object is called encapsulation.

An object of a class can operate on itself by the methods or member functions of that class. e.g., an object of class string can operate by:

.find .length .at .erase etc


3. Class Definition: Private & 3. Class Definition: Private & Public MembersPublic Members Classes use the technique of information hiding to

avoid incorrect use of the class. This is done by creating two areas: a public area, and a private area

public:Member Functions

private:Data members

Outside World


Private & Public MembersPrivate & Public Members

External world has no access to the private area.

Users are allowed to operate on the objects of the class only via public member functions.

All member functions of a class have automatic access to all of the data members of that class.

Once we make a member variable a private member variable, there is then no way to change its value except by using one of the member functions.


Class DefinitionClass DefinitionA class definition contains only the prototype for its member functionsand the definitions of the data members.It is declared in a class header file (.h) The implementations for the member functions are given elsewhere, in a class implementation file (.cpp) not in the header file .These two files form the Class Library.


class ClassName { public:

function prototypes of methods and data members that are public and can be used by statements outside the class definition. private:

prototypes of functions and type definitions and variable declarations of data members that are

private and can be used only by statements inside the class definition.

}; // a semicolon must appear here

General Format of a Class General Format of a Class Declaration (in Header File)Declaration (in Header File)


The name of the header file is the class name followed by “.h “ , e.g. ClassName.h

The name of the implementation file matches that of the header file with an extension of “.cpp”, e.g. ClassName.cpp

Application programs using the class are called “client programs”.

These programs must include:#include “ClassName.h”#include “Classname.cpp”

Class Library FilesClass Library Files


Two special functions in the public part with thesame name as the class: The constructor is used to create and initialize

objects declared to be of that class There could be more than one constructor to

allow for different ways of initializing objects. The destructor is used to remove the objects

(specially when the data is allocated dynamically). Only one destructor is allowed.

4. Constructors and Destructors4. Constructors and Destructors


//File: Time.h Time Class Header File#ifndef TIME_H // used to avoid multiple definitions #define TIME_H // not part of the classclass Time{

public: Time(); // constructor, a must~Time(); // destructor// Function prototypesvoid setTime (int, int, int);void displayTime (); const

private: int hour, minute, second;

}; // a semicolon must appear here#endif // TIME_H#include “Time.cpp"

5. Data & Function Members: Example 5. Data & Function Members: Example Header FileHeader File

Function cannot changeprivate members


Implementing Member FunctionsImplementing Member Functions

A member function is implemented in the implementation file (.cpp). The format is:

<type> <class name> :: <function name> (param list){..function body ..}

The Scope resolution operator::: prefix for each member function

Informs the compiler that the function is a member of the class


Example Implementation FileExample Implementation File//File: Time.cpp Time Class Implementation File#include <iostream>using namespace std;

Time :: Time(){ hour = minute = second = 0; }Time::~Time() { } // do nothing

void Time :: setTime(int h, int m, int s) { hour = (h >= 0 && h < 24) ? h : 0; minute = (m >= 0 && m < 60) ? m : 0; second = (s >= 0 && s < 60) ? s : 0; }void Time :: displayTime() const{ cout << hour << “:“ << minute << “:“ << second << endl; }


ObjectsObjects Object: a particular instance of the class. To declare an object in a client program:

The same way we declare a variable but with the type = class name, e.g.

Time t1;Time T[20];

This will also invoke the constructor. The Dot Operator allows an object to access its

public members, e.g.t1.displayTime();


Example of Application (Client) FileExample of Application (Client) File

//File: TimeAppl.cpp Time Class Application File#include “Time.h“#include <iostream>using namespace std;int main(){

Time t1 , t2;cout << “Start Time is: “; t1.displayTime ( );t2.setTime (5, 10, 30);cout << “End Time is: “; t2.displayTime ( );return 0;

}


RemarksRemarks Every class should have a default constructor

(without parameters). The default constructor may also be implemented

as:Time ::Time( ) : hour(0), minute(0), second(0){ }

When used in the application program as:Time t1;then t1.hour, t1.minute and t1.second will be set initially to zero

member initializers


RemarksRemarks An explicit value constructor may also be added

and defined as:Time( int , int , int);

and is implemented as:Time :: Time( int h, int m, int s){ hour = h; minute = m; second = s; }

We can use it in the application to initialize an object:Time t1(7,45,0);

const functions cannot modify private data members


6. Accessors and Mutators6. Accessors and Mutators It is possible to extract a private data member

using an accessor function. For example, to access “hour”:int getHour( ) const; // Prototype

int Time::getHour( ) const // function definition{ return hour; }

Time t1;int h = t1.getHour( ); // invoking the function

A mutator member function (like setTime( )) will be able to change the private data members.


7. Polymorphism & Overloading7. Polymorphism & Overloading Defining several functions with the same name is

called function overloading

The presence of more than one constructor for the class is an example of function overloading.

Polymorphism is what allows functions with the same name to do different things based on its arguments


8. Example: ADT 8. Example: ADT rationalrational

Abstraction:A rational number (fraction) is a rational representation of two integers (x,y).

Elements or Members:A numerator (x) and a denominator (y), both are integers. (y) cannot be zero

Relationship:The representation is equivalent to x / y


ADT ADT rationalrational (continued) (continued)

Fundamental Operations: Read a fraction from keyboard Display a fraction on the screen Add Fractions f = f1 + f2 (e.g. ½ + ¼ = ¾) Subtract Fractions f = f1 – f2 (e.g. ½ - 1/3 = 1/6) Multiply Fractions f = f1 * f2 (e.g. ½ * ¾ = 3/8) Divide Fractions f = f1 / f2 (e.g. 1/5 / ¼ = 4/5) Reduce Fractions (e.g. 2/6 = 1/3)


Implementing a Implementing a rationalrational Class ClassWe will have 3 files:

“rational.h” to contain the class definition.

“rational.cpp” to contain the implementation of the member functions.

“RationalTest.cpp” an application file to test the class.


The Header File: rational.hThe Header File: rational.h// File: rational.h// Rational class definition

#ifndef RATIONAL_H // used to avoid multiple definitions #define RATIONAL_H // not part of the class

class rational{ public:

// Member functions// Constructorsrational(); // Default Constructorrational(int); // Initialize numerator with denom = 1rational(int, int); // Initialize both numerator and denom.


The Header File: rational.h (cont.)The Header File: rational.h (cont.)void setNum(int); // Set numerator and denominatorvoid setDenom(int);rational multiply(const rational &f); // Multiply fractionsrational divide(const rational &f);// Divide fractionsrational add(const rational &f); // Add Fractionsrational subtract(const rational &f); // Subtract Fractionsvoid readRational(); // Read a fractionvoid displayRational() const; // Display a fractionrational reduce() const; // Reduce fraction

// Accessorsint getNum() const;int getDenom() const;


The Header File: rational.h (cont.)The Header File: rational.h (cont.)// Operator Style// Add object to parameterrational operator + (const rational &);// Test equality of object and parameter bool operator == (const rational &);

private:// Data members (attributes)int num; // private data fieldint denom; // private data field

}; // Note -- a class definition MUST end with a semicolon

#endif // RATIONAL_H#include "rational.cpp"


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// File: Rational.cpp// Rational class implementation

#include <iostream>using namespace std;

// Member functions// Constructorsrational::rational() // Default Costructor{ num = 0; denom = 0; }

rational::rational(int n) // Class Constructor{ num = n; denom = 1; }

rational::rational(int n, int d) // Class Constructor{ num = n; denom = d; }


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// Set numerator and denominatorvoid rational::setNum(int n){ num = n; }void rational::setDenom(int d){ denom = d; }

// Multiply fractionsrational rational::multiply(const rational &f){ rational temp(num * f.num, denom * f.denom); return temp; }

// Divide fractionsrational rational::divide(const rational &f){ rational temp(num * f.denom, denom * f.num); return temp; }


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// Add fractionsrational rational::add(const rational &f){ rational temp(num * f.denom + f.num * denom, denom * f.denom); return temp;}

// Subtract Fractionsrational rational::subtract(const rational &f) { rational temp(num * f.denom - f.num * denom, denom * f.denom); return temp;}


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// Read a fractionvoid rational::readRational(){ char slash; // storage for / do { cout << "Enter numerator / denominator: "; cin >> num >> slash >> denom; } while (slash != '/');}

// Display a fractionvoid rational::displayRational() const{ cout << num << '/' << denom;}


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// Reduce rationalrational rational::reduce() const{ int n,m,rem,gcd;

// Get the two integersn = abs(num); m = abs(denom);while (n > 0){

rem = m % n;m = n;n = rem;

}gcd = m;rational g (num/gcd, denom/gcd);return g;

}


The Implementation File: rational.cppThe Implementation File: rational.cpp// Accessorsint rational::getNum() const{ return num; }int rational::getDenom() const{ return denom; }

// Operator-Likerational rational::operator + (const rational &f2){ rational temp (num * f2.denom + f2.num * denom, denom *

f2.denom); return temp; }

bool rational::operator == (const rational &f){ return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); }


RemarksRemarks It is possible to create a temporary class object within

a member function and initialize it using a constructor, e.g.rational rational::multiply(const rational &f){ rational temp (num * f.num, denom * f.denom);

return temp; }

A regular C++ operator can be “overloaded” to perform a different action on class objects. A member function can be defined to do this. If is an operator, the prototype will be:

<type> operator (parameter);e.g.

bool operator == (const rational &);


RemarksRemarks The definition will be:

<type> <ClassName>::operator (parameter);e.g.bool rational::operator == (const rational &f){ return (num == f.num && denom == f.denom); }

For example:rational a , b;An expression of the form (a == b) will be evaluated as:

(a.num == b.num) && (a.denom == b.denom)


The Application File: RationalTest.cppThe Application File: RationalTest.cpp// File: RationalTest.cpp// Tests the rational class#include <iostream>#include "rational.h“using namespace std;

int main(){

rational f1, f2;rational f3;// Read two rational numberscout << "Enter 1st fraction:" << endl;f1.readRational();cout << "Enter 2nd fraction:" << endl;f2.readRational();


The Application File: RationalTest.cppThe Application File: RationalTest.cpp// Fraction Arithmeticf3 = f1.multiply(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " * ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;

f3 = f1.divide(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " / ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;


The Application File: RationalTest.cppThe Application File: RationalTest.cppf3 = f1.add(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " + ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;

f3 = f1 + f2; // uses operator “+” for additionf1.displayRational(); cout << " + ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = "; f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;


The Application File: RationalTest.cppThe Application File: RationalTest.cppf3 = f1.subtract(f2);f1.displayRational(); cout << " - ";f2.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3.displayRational(); cout << " = ";f3 = f3.reduce();f3.displayRational(); cout << endl;

return 0;

}


Sample Run of RationalTest.cppSample Run of RationalTest.cppEnter 1st fraction:Enter numerator / denominator: 2/6Enter 2nd fraction:Enter numerator / denominator: 3/82/6 * 3/8 = 6/48 = 1/82/6 / 3/8 = 16/18 = 8/92/6 + 3/8 = 34/48 = 17/242/6 + 3/8 = 34/48 = 17/242/6 - 3/8 = -2/48 = -1/24Press any key to continue


9. Example: Simple String Class9. Example: Simple String ClassHere we build a simple string class to do few tasks on our own string objects, e.g.read, write, get the character at a given location, etc.We implement the string as a dynamic array of characters. We will have 3 files:

“simpleString.h” to contain the class definition. “simpleString.cpp” to contain the implementation of

the member functions. “simpleStringTest.cpp” an application file to test

the class.


The Header File: simpleString.hThe Header File: simpleString.h// File simpleString.h// Simple string class definition#ifndef SIMPLESTRING_H#define SIMPLESTRING_Hclass simpleString{ public:// Member Functions// Constructors

simpleString();simpleString(int );

// Destructor ~simpleString();


The Header File: simpleString.hThe Header File: simpleString.h// Function Prototype definition// Read a simple string void readString();// Display a simple string void writeString() const;// Retrieve the character at a specified position// Returns the character \0 if position is out of bounds char at(int) const;// Return the string length int getLength() const;// Return the string capacity int getCapacity() const;// Get the contents into an array void getContents(char[ ]) const;


The Header File: simpleString.hThe Header File: simpleString.hprivate: // Data members (attributes)

// maximum size int capacity; // pointer to a dynamic storage array

char *s; // current length

int length; };#endif //SIMPLESTRING_H #include "simpleString.cpp"


The Implementation File: simpleString.cppThe Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// File: simplestring.cpp// Simple string class implementation#include <iostream>using namespace std;// Member Functions...// default constructor, capacity = 255simpleString::simpleString(){ s = new char[255]; capacity = 255; length = 0; }// Constructor with argument, capacity is mValsimpleString::simpleString(int mVal){ s = new char [mVal]; capacity = mVal; length = 0;}

// Class DestructorsimpleString::~simpleString(){ delete [ ] s;}


The Implementation File: simpleString.cppThe Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Read a simple stringvoid simpleString::readString(){ char next; int pos = 0;

cin.get(next); while ((next != '\n') && (pos < capacity)) { // Insert next in array contents s[pos] = next; pos++; cin.get(next); } length = pos; }


The Implementation File: simpleString.cppThe Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Write a simple stringvoid simpleString::writeString() const{ for (int pos = 0; pos < length; pos++) cout << s[pos]; }

// Character at (pos). Returns \0 if position is out of boundschar simpleString::at(int pos) const {

const char nullcharacter = '\0'; if ((pos < 0) || (pos >= length))

{cerr << "position " <<pos << " not defined." << endl;return nullcharacter;

} else return s[pos];}


The Implementation File: simpleString.cppThe Implementation File: simpleString.cpp// Return the string lengthint simpleString::getLength() const{ return length; }

// Return the string capacityint simpleString::getCapacity() const{ return capacity; }// Get the contents into an arrayvoid simpleString::getContents(char str[ ]) const{ for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) str[i] = s[i];}


The Application File: simpleStringTest.cppThe Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp// File: simpleStringTest.cpp// Tests the simple string class

#include "simpleString.h“#include <iostream>using namespace std;

int main(){

simpleString S1;simpleString S2(20);

cout << S1.getCapacity() <<" "<<S1.getLength() << endl;cout << S2.getCapacity() <<" "<<S2.getLength() << endl;


The Application File: simpleStringTest.cppThe Application File: simpleStringTest.cpp // Read in a string.

cout << "Enter a string and press RETURN: ";S1.readString();

// Display the string just read. cout << "The string read was: "; S1.writeString(); cout << endl; // Display each character on a separate line. cout << "The characters in the string follow:" << endl; for (int pos = 0; pos < S1.getLength(); pos++) cout << S1.at(pos) << endl;

return 0;}


Sample Run of simpleStringTest.cppSample Run of simpleStringTest.cpp255 020 0Enter a string and press RETURN: User ClassesThe string read was: User ClassesThe characters in the string follow:User

ClassesPress any key to continue

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CSCE 110 PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS WITH C++

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