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CSD 2230HUMAN COMMUNICATION
DISORDERS
Topic 6Language DisordersChildhood Disorders
Causes and Associated Disorders
Language Impairment
“A heterogeneous group of developmental and/or acquired disorders and/or delays principally characterized by deficits and/or immaturities in the use of spoken or written language for comprehension and/or production purposes that may involve the form, content, and/or function of language in any combination.”
Causes and Associated Disorders Important to Childhood Language
Disorders
Hearing Impairment
1. Language is learned through hearing2. Deafness reduces the amount of auditory
stimulation available to the child during the critical language learning period
3. All components of language can be affected
4. In general, the degree of hearing loss is related directly to the magnitude of the delay
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
Occurs in about 2.5% of the populationCharacteristics
1. substantial limitations in present, overall functioning2. significant sub average intellectual function
• Severity is based on IQ• Mild (52-68)• Moderate (36-51)• Severe (20-35)• Profound (below 20)
3. limitations in adaptive skills, communication, self-care, home living, social skills, community use, self-direction, health and safety, academics, leisure, and work
4. limitations apparent before adulthood
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
Causes:Biological
1. Genetic 2. Maternal infections3. Toxins4. Metabolic causes5. Problems before birth6. Complications during pregnancy7. Brain diseases acquired after birth
Social-environmental1. Stimulation deprivation2. Poverty—poor housing, poor medical care, poor
nutrition, poor hygiene
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
Some general characteristics of children with MR (mild-to-moderate degree):
Difficulty selecting which stimuli to attend to
Limitations in the ability to discriminate relevant cues
Organization and categorization of new information is impaired
Memory is much poorer than non-MR kids, especially short-term auditory memory
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities
Specific language characteristics of MR:
1. Language impairments are their single most important limitation.
2. The differences in their language skills, compared to age-matched non-MR kids are qualitative and quantitative• Initially, their language characteristics are
normal but delayed• Utterances are shorter and less elaborate
3. In later years, the differences are more qualitative
Learning Disabilities
National Joint Committee on Learning Disability“a generic term that refers to a heterogeneous group
of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. These disorders are intrinsic to the individual and are presumed to be due to CNS dysfunction. Even though a LD may occur with other handicapping conditions or environmental influences, it is not the direct result of those conditions or influences.”
Learning Disabilities
Different forms of learning disability1. Motor
Hyperactivity, problems attending and concentrating,hypoactivityattention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
2. AttentionShort attention spans, inattentiveness, excessive
distractibility, and perseveration
3. PerceptionProblems interpreting incoming stimuli, trouble integrating
information from a different sources, and dyslexia
4. MemoryProblems with short term and long term retrieval
Learning Disabilities
Specific language characteristics:
1. All aspects of language are usually affected2. Delayed in morphological rule acquisition
and in the development of syntactic complexity
3. Overall oral language develop may be slow4. Preschoolers exhibit little interest in books
and language
Specific Language Impairment
significant limitations in language functioning that can’t be attributed to hearing loss, problems with oral structure and functioning, IQ or perception deficits
Specific Language Impairment
Language characteristics:
The primary characteristic of these kids is language delay, but it’s not the only thing
Difficulty extracting regularities from the language around them
Difficulty registering different contexts for languageDifficulty constructing word referent associations for
vocabulary growthDifficulty with auditory processing
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism is the most severe form of PDDAmerican Psychiatric Association defines
autism as an impairment in reciprocal social interaction with a severely limited behavior, interest, and activity repertoire that has its onset before 30 months of age
Likely causesBiological
65% have abnormal brain activity Anatomical brain differences Increased seretonin Prenatal complications, Fragile X syndrome, family
history
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Autism is characterized by the following deficiencies:
1. Rate and sequence of the development of motor, social-adaptive and cognitive skills
2. Response to sensory stimuli3. Speech and language, cognition and
nonverbal communication4. Ability to relate to people, events, and
objects appropriately
Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorder
Specific language characteristics:
1. Lack of communication development is usually the first indicator of the disorder
2. About 50% remain non-speaking3. Echolalia4. Pragmatics and semantics of language are
generally more disrupted than linguistic forms
Brain Injury
Causes: Traumatic brain injury Cerebrovascular accidents Congenital malformations Convulsive disorders Diseases of the brain
Brain Injury
Characteristics of kids with TBI1. Cognitive deficits
Perception, memory, reasoning, and problem solvingPermanent or temporaryPartially or totally affect functioning
2. Psychological deficits:Social disinhibition , lack of initiative, distractibilityInability to adapt quickly, perseveration, low frustration
levelsPassive-aggressiveness, anxiety, depressionFear of failure.
Brain Injury
Specific language characteristics
1. Pragmatic aspects of language are most affected
2. Lengthy, inappropriate, and off-topic utterances
3. Language comprehension is lacking4. Higher linguistic abilities affected
Early Expressive Language Delay
“Late Bloomers”No apparent etiologyLanguage characteristics:
1. Substantial delays in expressive language
2. Initially seen as delay in vocabulary development
3. Other linguistic forms fall behind in later years
Neglect and Abuse
Issues related to the poor development of early child language skills in these families
Poor maternal health Substance abuse Poor or nonexistent pediatric services Poor nutrition Physical abuse Poor mother-child bond
Specific lang characteristics:All aspects of lang are usually affected Less talkative, few conversational skillsLless likely to spontaneously enter into conversationreluctant to discuss emotions and feelings
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Accounts for 1 in every 500/600 birthsAt the extreme end of the condition:
Premature birth with low birth weight Central nervous system problems Hyperactivity Motor problems Attention deficit Cognitive problems
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Specific languages characteristics Delayed development spoken language Echolalia Profound comprehension problems Infants have few vocalizations, inappropriate
gestures and delayed language Preschoolers exhibit word retrieval
problems, short sentences, and inappropriate conversational skills
Older kids have problems with abstraction, multiple meanings of words, temporal and spatial terms, and reading
Some Examples of Childhood Language
DisordersCD ROM Ch.17.01 Errors of Language
FormThis segment shows a 5 year old girl
playing with cars. She is pretending to be a 15 year old boy learning to drive. She makes agreement errors as she interacts with the SPL. She also uses the general verb “get” rather than drive, which is a content-based error.
Some Examples of Childhood Language
DisordersCD ROM Ch.17.02 Content based expressive
difficultiesThis segment shows a 3 year old girl looking
through a “touch and feel” book. This child has some difficulty understanding the content of the book. Although she can understand language in context, she has difficulty understanding and expressing concepts such as color, descriptions and actions.
Some Examples of Childhood Language
DisordersCD ROM Ch.17.03 Content based expressive
difficultiesThis segment shows a 5 year old girl playing
with a giraffe and a doctor’s kit. This child uses nonspecific language. The toys are used as props that provide context for listener understanding. Children with content-bases difficulties often use more general language in interaction. There are several instances of this in this segment.
Some Examples of Childhood Language
DisordersCD ROM Ch.17.04 Expressive language
delayThis segment shows a 3 year old girl playing
with the SLP with food and dishes. She used very few words, typically one-word utterances. Notice though that she does understand quite a bit of contextualized language and demonstrates appropriate social pragmatic responses to adult requests (use).