41
CSE202 Greedy algorithms
CSE202 Greedy algorithms
4.4 Shortest Paths in a Graph
shortest path from Princeton CS department to Einstein's house
4.4 Shortest Paths in a Graph
shortest path from Princeton CS department to Einstein's house
Shortest path tree in Bay area
Trees with at most 4 edges
G is a tree on n vertices.
There is a unique path between anytwo vertices.
G is connected withno cycle.
G is formed by adding a leaf to atree of n-1 vertices.
G is connected with n-1 edges.
45
Shortest Path Problem
Shortest path network.
! Directed graph G = (V, E).
! Source s, destination t.
! Length !e = length of edge e.
Shortest path problem: find shortest directed path from s to t.
Cost of path s-2-3-5-t = 9 + 23 + 2 + 16 = 48.
s
3
t
2
6
7
4
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23
18
2
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15 5
30
20
44
16
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19
6
cost of path = sum of edge costs in path
46
Dijkstra's Algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm.
! Maintain a set of explored nodes S for which we have determined
the shortest path distance d(u) from s to u.
! Initialize S = { s }, d(s) = 0.
! Repeatedly choose unexplored node v which minimizes
add v to S, and set d(v) = !(v).
,)(min)(:),(
eSuvue
udv !+=!=
"
s
v
u
d(u)
S
!e
shortest path to some u in exploredpart, followed by a single edge (u, v)
47
Dijkstra's Algorithm
Dijkstra's algorithm.
! Maintain a set of explored nodes S for which we have determined
the shortest path distance d(u) from s to u.
! Initialize S = { s }, d(s) = 0.
! Repeatedly choose unexplored node v which minimizes
add v to S, and set d(v) = !(v).
,)(min)(:),(
eSuvue
udv !+=!=
"
s
v
u
d(u)
shortest path to some u in exploredpart, followed by a single edge (u, v)
S
!e
48
Dijkstra's Algorithm: Proof of Correctness
Invariant. For each node u ! S, d(u) is the length of the shortest s-u path.
Pf. (by induction on |S|)
Base case: |S| = 1 is trivial.
Inductive hypothesis: Assume true for |S| = k " 1.
! Let v be next node added to S, and let u-v be the chosen edge.
! The shortest s-u path plus (u, v) is an s-v path of length #(v).
! Consider any s-v path P. We'll see that it's no shorter than #(v).
! Let x-y be the first edge in P that leaves S,
and let P' be the subpath to x.
! P is already too long as soon as it leaves S.
! (P) " ! (P') + ! (x,y) " d(x) + ! (x, y) " #(y) " #(v)
nonnegativeweights
inductivehypothesis
defn of #(y) Dijkstra chose vinstead of y
S
s
y
v
x
P
u
P'
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Dijkstra's Algorithm: Implementation
For each unexplored node, explicitly maintain
! Next node to explore = node with minimum !(v).
! When exploring v, for each incident edge e = (v, w), update
Efficient implementation. Maintain a priority queue of unexplored
nodes, prioritized by !(v).
† Individual ops are amortized bounds
PQ Operation
Insert
ExtractMin
ChangeKey
Binary heap
log n
log n
log n
Fib heap †
1
log n
1
Array
n
n
1
IsEmpty 1 11
Priority Queue
Total m log n m + n log nn2
Dijkstra
n
n
m
n
d-way Heap
d log d n
d log d n
log d n
1
m log m/n n
! (v) = mine = (u,v) : u" S
d (u) + !e .
! (w) = min { ! (w), ! (v) + ! e }.
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
Find shortest path from s to t.
s
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24
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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!
! !
!
!
!
!
0
distance label
S = { }
PQ = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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!
! !
!
!
!
!
0
distance label
S = { }
PQ = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
delmin
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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9 !
!
!
14
!
0
distance label
S = { s }
PQ = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
decrease key
!X
!
!X
X
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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!
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14
!
0
distance label
S = { s }
PQ = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
!X
!
!X
X
delmin
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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!
0
S = { s, 2 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
!X
!
!X
X
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
!X
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!X
X
decrease key
X 33
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
!X
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!X
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X 33
delmin
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 6 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, 7, t }
!X
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!X
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X 33
44X
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32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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!
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S = { s, 2, 6 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, 7, t }
!X
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!X
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44X
delmin
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, t }
!X
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!X
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44X
35X
59 X
24
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
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S = { s, 2, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 3, 4, 5, t }
!X
!
!X
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44X
35X
59 X
delmin
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 4, 5, t }
!X
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!X
X
44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 4, 5, t }
!X
!
!X
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44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
delmin
!X 33X
32
24
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 4, t }
!X
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!X
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44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
24
X 50
X 45
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 }
PQ = { 4, t }
!X
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!X
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44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
24
X 50
X 45
delmin
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
PQ = { t }
!X
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!X
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44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
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X 50
X 45
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
PQ = { t }
!X
!
!X
X
44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
X 50
X 45
delmin
!X 33X
32
24
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
PQ = { }
!X
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!X
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44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
X 50
X 45
!X 33X
32
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Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm
s
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S = { s, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, t }
PQ = { }
!X
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!X
X
44X
35X
59 XX 51
X 34
X 50
X 45
!X 33X
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Coin Changing
Greed is good. Greed is right. Greed works.Greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures theessence of the evolutionary spirit.
- Gordon Gecko (Michael Douglas)
71
Coin Changing
Goal. Given currency denominations: 1, 5, 10, 25, 100, devise a method
to pay amount to customer using fewest number of coins.
Ex: 34¢.
Cashier's algorithm. At each iteration, add coin of the largest value
that does not take us past the amount to be paid.
Ex: $2.89.
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Coin-Changing: Greedy Algorithm
Cashier's algorithm. At each iteration, add coin of the largest value
that does not take us past the amount to be paid.
Q. Is cashier's algorithm optimal?
Sort coins denominations by value: c1 < c2 < … < cn.
S ! "
while (x # 0) {
let k be largest integer such that ck $ x
if (k = 0)
return "no solution found"
x ! x - ck S ! S % {k}
}
return S
coins selected
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Coin-Changing: Analysis of Greedy Algorithm
Theorem. Greed is optimal for U.S. coinage: 1, 5, 10, 25, 100.
Pf. (by induction on x)
! Consider optimal way to change ck ! x < ck+1 : greedy takes coin k.
! We claim that any optimal solution must also take coin k.
– if not, it needs enough coins of type c1, …, ck-1 to add up to x
– table below indicates no optimal solution can do this
! Problem reduces to coin-changing x - ck cents, which, by induction, is
optimally solved by greedy algorithm. !
1
ck
10
25
100
P ! 4
All optimal solutionsmust satisfy
N + D ! 2
Q ! 3
5 N ! 1
no limit
k
1
3
4
5
2
-
Max value of coins1, 2, …, k-1 in any OPT
4 + 5 = 9
20 + 4 = 24
4
75 + 24 = 99
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Coin-Changing: Analysis of Greedy Algorithm
Observation. Greedy algorithm is sub-optimal for US postal
denominations: 1, 10, 21, 34, 70, 100, 350, 1225, 1500.
Counterexample. 140¢.
! Greedy: 100, 34, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.
! Optimal: 70, 70.
Selecting Breakpoints
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Selecting Breakpoints
Selecting breakpoints.
! Road trip from Princeton to Palo Alto along fixed route.
! Refueling stations at certain points along the way.
! Fuel capacity = C.
! Goal: makes as few refueling stops as possible.
Greedy algorithm. Go as far as you can before refueling.
Princeton Palo Alto
1
C
C
2
C
3
C
4
C
5
C
6
C
7
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Truck driver's algorithm.
Implementation. O(n log n)
! Use binary search to select each breakpoint p.
Selecting Breakpoints: Greedy Algorithm
Sort breakpoints so that: 0 = b0 < b1 < b2 < ... < bn = L
S ! {0}
x ! 0
while (x " bn)
let p be largest integer such that bp # x + C
if (bp = x)
return "no solution"
x ! bp S ! S $ {p}
return S
breakpoints selected
current location
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Selecting Breakpoints: Correctness
Theorem. Greedy algorithm is optimal.
Pf. (by contradiction)
! Assume greedy is not optimal, and let's see what happens.
! Let 0 = g0 < g1 < . . . < gp = L denote set of breakpoints chosen by greedy.
! Let 0 = f0 < f1 < . . . < fq = L denote set of breakpoints in an optimal
solution with f0 = g0, f1= g1 , . . . , fr = gr for largest possible value of r.
! Note: gr+1 > fr+1 by greedy choice of algorithm.
. . .
Greedy:
OPT:
g0 g1 g2
f0 f1 f2 fq
gr
frwhy doesn't optimal solutiondrive a little further?
gr+1
fr+1
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Selecting Breakpoints: Correctness
Theorem. Greedy algorithm is optimal.
Pf. (by contradiction)
! Assume greedy is not optimal, and let's see what happens.
! Let 0 = g0 < g1 < . . . < gp = L denote set of breakpoints chosen by greedy.
! Let 0 = f0 < f1 < . . . < fq = L denote set of breakpoints in an optimal
solution with f0 = g0, f1= g1 , . . . , fr = gr for largest possible value of r.
! Note: gr+1 > fr+1 by greedy choice of algorithm.
another optimal solution hasone more breakpoint in common! contradiction
. . .
Greedy:
OPT:
g0 g1 g2
f0 f1 f2 fq
gr
fr
gr+1
80
Edsger W. Dijkstra
The question of whether computers can think is like thequestion of whether submarines can swim.
Do only what only you can do.
In their capacity as a tool, computers will be but a rippleon the surface of our culture. In their capacity asintellectual challenge, they are without precedent in thecultural history of mankind.
The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should,therefore, be regarded as a criminal offence.
APL is a mistake, carried through to perfection. It is thelanguage of the future for the programming techniquesof the past: it creates a new generation of coding bums.
