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MACMILLAN
List ofMaps vii Architecture 20Preface to the Third Edition ix Arts and crafts 20
Writing, mathematics and the calendar 21The Nature of the Caribbean Region 1 The Maya today 21The Caribbean Region 1 3 The Expansion of Europe 22
The Greater Antilles 1The Lesser Antilles 3 Europe in the age of Columbus 22The Bahamas 3 Society 22The Guianas 3 Religion 23Belize 5 Trade 23
The Caribbean Sea 5 Portugal and Prince Henry the Navigator 24The trade winds in the Atlantie 5 The application of technology 25Ocean currents 5 Ship development 25The trade winds in the Caribbean Sea 7 Compass development 25
New navigational instruments 252 The Earliest Inhabitants of the Maps and charts 26
Caribbean Region 8 Armament development 26
The arrival of people in the Amerieas 8 Christopher Columbus and the race forthe East 27
The arrival of people in the West Indies 9 The first voyage, 1492 27The first Arawaks 9 The second voyage, 1493-1496 29
The Taino 10 The third voyage, 1498-1500 31The fourth voyage, 1502-1504 32Appearance and colour 10
Subsistence living 10 The riyal claims of Spain and Portugal 33
Arawak communities 11 The legacy of Columbus 33Politieal organisation 12
4 The Spanish ConquestReligion 12 34Pleasure and recreation 13 Official Spanish policy towards the Indians 34
The Caribs 14 The Ovando administration 34The Kalinago 14 Encomienda 35Appearance 15 The colonisation of Hispaniola 36Diet 15 Gold production 37Politieal organisation 15 The conquest of Puerto Rieo 37Warrior training 17 Ovando's retirement 38Language 18 The administration of Diego Columbus 38Religion 18 The conquest of Jamaiea 38
The Amerindians of the Guianas 18 The conquest of Cuba 38
TheMaya 19 The conquest of the Yucatan 39
Politieal organisation 20 The genocide of the Taino 39Religion 20 Ways in whieh the Taino were killed 40
The role of the Church 41 The Dutch break the Spanish monopoly 63The Church and the Indians 42 The revolt of the Netherlands 63Montesinos 43 The Dutch in the West Indies 63
The work of Bartholomew de las Casas 43 The Dutch West India Company 64
Conquest of the Caribbean Region Non-Spanish settlement in the Caribbean 65completed 44 Sir Walter Raleigh and the Wild Coast 65
The Dutch in the Guianas 67Trinidad 44The French in the GuianasThe Guianas 45 68
7 The Foundation of the English, French5 Spanish Colonial Administration, and Dutch Island Colonies 69
Economic Development and theSt Kitts - mother colony of the EnglishControl of Trade 46islands 69
The machinery of colonial government Warner begins the settlement 69in Spain 46 The arrival of the French 70
The conciliar system of government 46Economic development of St KittsThe Council of the Indies 46 71
Colonial government under Philip II 47 The proprietary system 71Indentured servants 71
Spanish colonial administration in the Population 71NewWorld 48 Crops 72
Local government 48 The survival of the colony 72Economic development 49 The settlement ofNevis, Antigua and
The influence of gold 49 Montserrat 72Extracting gold 49 The settlement of Barbados 73Royal control of mining 50 The charter and other difficulties 73
Economic foundations of Barbados 74The beginning of the sugar industry 50
Difficulties in starting the industry 51 The Revolt of Barbados 74The arrival ofWilloughby 75
Control of trade 52 The Declaration of Independence 75The Casa de Contratacion 53Functions of the Casa de Contratacion 53 The settlement ofBermuda and the Bahamas 76The Plota and Armada system 54 The English conquest of ]amaica 76
Routing the treasure fleets 55 The 'Western Design' 76Protecting the treasure fleets 57 The capture ofIamaica 78
English settlement in ]amaica 796 Breaking the Spanish Monopoly in The Cayman Islands 79
the Caribbean 58The French colonies 79
Spain's claim to control the Caribbean 58 St Kitts 79Nationalism and religion in Europe 58 The settlement of Martinique and'No peace beyond the Line' 59 Guadeloupe 80
Pirates and adventurers 59 French expansion 80Illegal traders 59 Government in the French islands 81French privateers 60 Mercantilism in the French West
English privateers 60 Indian empire 82Importance of the privateers 62 The Dutch and Danish island colonies 82
Interaction between the Europeans and The foundation of St Domingue 99Caribs 83 The Anglo-Dutch Wars and the West Indies,
The attitude of the Caribs 83 1652-1678 100European attitude towards the Caribs 84 The Second Dutch War 100Early contacts between Europeans The Third Dutch War 101and Caribs 84The Caribs of Dominica 84 The great age of the French buccaneers,
The French approach to the Caribs1678-1685 10185
Condusion 85 The end ofbuccaneering 102The logwood cutters 103
8 Government in the English Colonies The Bahamas - the pirates' republic 103and the Old Colonial System 86
How the English colonies were governed 86 10 The Sugar Revolution 104The proprietary system 87 Causes of the sugar revolution 104The governor and council 87 Fall in West Indian tobacco prices 104The Assembly 88 Part played by the Dutch in theThe Church 89 sugar revolution 105Law in the colonies 89Military service 90 Results of the change in land use 106
Land tenure 106The Old Colonial System 90 The price ofland 107
Economic theories of empire 90How mercantilists viewed the Dutch 91 Population changes 107
The Navigation Acts 91 Sugar in other parts of the Caribbean
Enumerated goods 92 Region 108The Consolidating Act of 1696 92 The Guianas 108Establishment of the Board ofTrade 92 The French islands 108
The advantages and disadvantages of the Other effects of the sugar revolution 109Navigation Acts 93 Monoculture 109
Advantages for England 93 A stratified society 110Advantages for the colonies 94 Absenteeism 110Disadvantages for the colonies 94
11 African Slavery 1139 European Rivalry in the Caribbean in The labour problem created by the
the Age of the Buccaneers 95 sugar revolution 113The end of the Spanish monopoly in Slavery in the ancient and medievalthe Caribbean 95 worlds 114The buccaneers 95 Slavery in West Africa 114
Providence Island 97 Slavery in pre- European times 114Tortuga Island 97 The Sudanic empires and thePort Royal 97 trans-Saharan trade 114'Militia of the sea' 97 The forest states 116
The English buccaneers 97 Oyo 116Henry Morgan 98 Benin 116The importance of the English Dahomey 116buccaneers 99 The Asante Kingdom 116
West African society in the fifteenth 13 The African Slave in the Caribbean 139century 118 The use of slave labour
Administration 119139
Religion 119 The sugar plantation 139Art and Industry 120 The organisation of a sugar plantation 141
How African slavery in the West IndiesSeasonal activities on the plantation 143
began 120Free labour 144
The reasons used to justify usingEnslaved labour 145
West African slaves 120 Social relationships on the plantation 146The arrival of the Portuguese 121 The slaves' lives 147Main sources of slaves 122 Kinship 147Conclusion 123 Religion 148
12 The Conduct and Effects of the Slave Music and dance 148
Trade 124 Health 148
The conduct of the trade 124 Food and clothing 149
The Companies and free traders 124 The Sunday Market 150
Obtaining the slaves 125 Other employers of slave labour 151
The triangle of trade 126 Coffee plantations 151
The English and the triangle of trade 129 Cotton plantations 151
Price of slaves and profit in slave-trading 130 The logging industry 151
The middle passage 130 The growth of a 'free coloured' society 152
Conditions for slaves on the middle Legislation against coloureds 153
passage 132 Conclusion 154
Mortality on the middle passage 133 Revision Questions 155Arrival in the West Indies 135
Slave sales 135 Further Reading 157
The volume of the slave trade 136 Index 159
The death rate of slaves 136Breeding slaves 137
The effects of the slave trade on West Africa 137Conclusion 138
1 The Caribbean Region 22 Winds and currents 63 The migration of early man into the
Americas 94 Amerindian division of the Caribbean 165 Portuguese progress to the East 246 The four voyages of Columbus 307 Hispaniola at the time of the Spanish
conquest 378 Cuba: towns and provinces under the
Spanish 399 Spanish trade routes across the Atlantic 56
10 'Lines of friendship' 6111 The Wild Coast 6612 St Kitts: English and French settlements
in the seventeenth century 7013 Barbados in the seventeenth century 7514 The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos
in the seventeenth century 7715 Jamaica: early English settlement in the
middle of the seventeenth century 7816 Martinique at the end of the seventeenth
century 8017 Guadeloupe in the middle of the
seventeenth century 8118 The Caribbean of the buccaneers 9619 Early French settlement in St Domingue 10120 West Africa: natural regions 11521 West Africa: forest states and Sudanic
empires 11522 West Africa: the origins of the West
Indian slaves 12223 The triangle of trade 12824 The early English settlement of Belize 152
