CSH Project Final

7/28/2019 CSH Project Final

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CONTENT

Project theme...pag.2

Introduction.pag.3

Location chosen...pag.4

Solar energy resource.pag.4

Wind energy resource.....pag.7

Hybrid System Components..pag.12

Wind Turbine..pag.12

Solar Panel...pag.16 Charge Controller...pag.19

Battery...pag.20

Diesel Generator...pag.23

Converter...pag.24

Consumers.pag.26

Implementation of Homer Code..pag.29

Results....pag.41

Hybrid System simulation in Matlab..pag.42

Simulation results.pag.

Economic evaluation of the Hybrid System...pag.

Conclusions...pag.

References.pag.

CSH PROJECT Wind-Solar Hybrid system for Probota Montain House Pagin 1


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Project theme

Design, modeling and performance analysis of a wind and PV hybrid system to supply

energy for 10 - 12 rooms from a hotel situated in Bucovina.

The main objective of our project is to desing and analyze the hybrid system followingeach of these steps:

choice of the exact location and collect data about the wind speed, solar irradiance

coefficient, temperature, latitude, longitude, air pressure;

implementation of the bloc diagram;

design of the electrical scheme of the system;

calculation according to our consumers: number of appliances, installed power for

each appliance, power consumption for each month of the year;

choice of the wind turbine, solar panels, battery and diesel generator according to the

calculations on power consumption;

choice of the convertor based on the peak load of the system;

simulation of the system using all the details mentioned before;

analysis of the results, draw of the conclusions on the reliability and functionality of

the system also some further work solutions.

These steps are followed by the zone renewable energy sources, efficiency of the wind

turbine, solar panels, hydro generator and electric/electronic devices, economic issues all this

in accordance with comparison to other devices.



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Introduction

Hybrid power systems based on new and renewable energy sources, especiallyphotovoltaic and wind energy, are an effective option to solve the power-supply problem forremote and isolated areas far from the grids.

Over the present years hybrid technology has been developed and upgraded its role inrenewable energy sources while the benefits it produces for power production can't be ignoredand have to be considered. Nowadays many applications in rural and urban areas use hybridsystems. Many isolated loads try to adopt this kind of technology because of the benefitswhich can be received in comparison with a single renewable system.

The annual average of wind velocity at different places in Probota is about 3 m/s whichmakes the utilization of wind energy converters surely un feasible in such places.

Technically a system which is entirely dependent only on renewable energy sources can

not be a reliable electricity supply, especially for isolated loads in remote areas. This isbecause the availability of the renewable energy sources can not be ensured. Therefore, wind ,solar PV hybrid systems, which combine conventional and renewable sources of energies, area better choice for isolated loads.

A hybrid system using wind , solar PV, diesel generator as a back up system, and a batteryas a storage system is expected to: satisfy the load demands , minimize the costs , maximizethe utilization of renewable sources, optimize the operation of battery bank, which is used as

back up unit , ensure efficient operation of the diesel generator, and reduce the environmentpollution emissions from diesel generator if it is used as a stand alone power supply. The highcapital cost of hybrid systems is affected by technical factors such as efficiency, technology,reliability, location, as well as some nontechnical factors, so the effect of each of these factors

shall be considered in the performance study of the hybrid system.



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One of the important factors, which directly affects the electricity cost is correct system-

sizing mechanism of the systems components. Over-sizing of components in hybrid system

make the system, which is already expensive, more expensive, while under-sizing makes the

system less reliable. Thus optimum sizing for different components gives economical and

reliable benefits to the system.

1.Location Chosen

PROBOTA

Probota is a commune in Iasi, North-Eastern Romania. Community center is locatedat

47 38 33 N latitude and 27 5070 E longitude.



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Probota village has a population of 3710 inhabitants and consists of villages Probota,

Balteni and Perieni.

Fig.1. Locations for the demonstration system (Google Earth)

Climatic conditions determine the availability and magnitude of solar and wind energy ata particular site. For different districts and locations, climatic conditions, including solarradiation, wind speed, air temperature, and so forth, are always changing.

For better utilization of the solar and wind energy resources we use a potential site whereare analysed the characteristics of solar radiation and wind.

1.1. Solar energy resource

With a solar radiation of 1000 1300 kWh/m Romania has a valuable potential forsolar energy application. Romanias geographical distribution of solar energy potential revealsthe fact that more than 50% of Romanias territory benefits from an annual energy flowranging between 1,000 1,300 kWh/m2 per annum. Solar energy potential is given by theaverage solar energy quantity received in horizontal plane which is estimated atapproximately 1,100 kWh/m2 per annum in Romania.

Solar energy is converted into electricity using photovoltaic installations consisting ofsolar modules of different configurations and dimensions. Romanias exploitable potential forelectrical energy generation by photovoltaic systems is approximately 1,200 GWh perannum.



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Performance of Grid-connected PV

PVGIS estimates of solar electricity generation

Location: 47 38 33 North, 27 5070 East, Elevation: 0 m a.s.l.

Fixed system: inclination=35, orientation=0

Month Ed Em Hd Hm

Jan 1.54 47.8 1.82 56.4

Feb 2.39 67.0 2.88 80.6

Mar 3.27 101 4.10 127

Apr 3.59 108 4.71 141

May 4.26 132 5.78 179

Jun 4.23 127 5.83 175

Jul 4.30 133 5.96 185

Aug 4.31 133 5.93 184

Sep 3.78 113 5.01 150

Oct 2.94 91.1 3.75 116

Nov 1.68 50.3 2.05 61.5

Dec 1.27 39.3 1.50 46.5

Yearly average 3.13 95.3 4.12 125

Total for year 1140 1500

Table 1. Solar data

Ed: Average daily electricity production from the given system (kWh)Em: Average monthly electricity production from the given system (kWh)Hd: Average daily sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modulesof the given system (kWh/m2)Hm: Average sum of global irradiation per square meter received by the modules of thegiven system (kWh/m2)



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Fig. 2. Global Solar Rank [http://www.3tier.com]

Fig.3. Global radiation and solar electrical potential

1.2.Wind energy resource



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For the first year since 2007, wind energy in 2010 was not the leading sector in termsof the value of the capacity of new facilities based on ecological electrical energy sources.Wind constituted 16.8% of the capacity of all new energy sources.

Wind energy has taken the lead among alternative energy sources in Romania.According to the Energy Regulatory Authority, the total capacity of wind farms in use

amounted to 469 MW at the end of May 2011.

Wind measured at 10 m height:

Mounth[day] Wind speed [m/s]

January 5.0

February 5.0

March 5.4

Aprilie 4.7

May 4.0

June 3.9

July 3.6

August 3.6

September 3.9

October 5.0

November 4.9

December 5.1

Table 2. Probota Wind Speed

Monthly wind data recorded near the village Probota [http://www.inmh.ro]:

Fig.4. Wind speed in January



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Fig.5. Wind speed in February

Fig.6. Wind speed in March

Fig.7. Wind speed in April

Fig.8. Wind speed in May

Fig.9. Wind speed in June



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Fig.10. Wind speed in July

Fig.11. Wind speed in August

Fig.12. Wind speed in September

Fig.13. Wind speed in October

Fig.14. Wind speed in November



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Fig.15. Wind speed in December

Fig. 16. Global Wind Rank [http://www.3tier.com]

Fig.17. Annual average wind speed



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2. Hybrid System Components

Block diagram:

Fig. 18. Block diagram of the hybrid system.

A hybrid solarwind system consists of PV array, wind turbine, battery bank, inverter,

controller, and other accessory devices and cables. A schematic diagram of a basic hybridsystem is shown in Fig. 18. The PV array and wind turbine work together to satisfy the loaddemand. When the energy sources (solar and wind energy) are abundant, the generated power,after satisfying the load demand, will be supplied to feed the battery until its fully charged.

On the contrary, when energy sources are poor, the battery will release energy to assistthe PV array and wind turbine to cover the load requirements until the storage is depleted.

The hybrid solarwind system design is mainly dependent on the performance ofindividual components. In order to predict the systems performance, individual componentsshould be modeled first and then their combination can be evaluated to meet the demandreliability.

2.1.Wind turbine

General Aspects

Small wind turbines are wind turbines which have lower energy output than largecommercial wind turbines, such as those found in wind farms. These turbines may be as smallas a fifty watt generator for boat, caravan, or miniature refrigeration unit. Small units oftenhave direct drive generators, direct current output, aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings anduse a vane to point into the wind. Larger, more costly turbines generally have geared powertrains, alternating current output, flaps and are actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive

generators and aeroelastic blades for large wind turbines are being researched.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_farmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


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Smaller scale turbines for residential scale use are available, they are usuallyapproximately 2.17.6 m in diameter and produce electricity at a rate of 300 to 10,000 wattsat their tested wind speed. Some units have been designed to be very lightweight in theirconstruction, e.g. 16 kilograms, allowing sensitivity to minor wind movements and a rapidresponse to wind gusts typically found in urban settings and easy mounting much like a

television antenna. It is claimed, and a few are certified, as being inaudible even a few feet(about a metre) under the turbine.

The majority of small wind turbines are traditional horizontal axis windturbines, but Vertical axis wind turbines are a growing type of wind turbine in the small-windmarket. These turbines, by being able to take wind from multiple dimensions, are moreapplicable for use at low heights, on rooftops, and in generally urbanized areas. Their abilityto function well at low heights is particularly important when considering the cost of a hightower necessary for traditional turbines.

Dynamic braking regulates the speed by dumping excess energy, so that the turbinecontinues to produce electricity even in high winds. The dynamic braking resistor may beinstalled inside the building to provide heat (during high winds when more heat is lost by the

building, while more heat is also produced by the braking resistor). The location makes lowvoltage (around 12 volt) distribution practical.

Wind turbine implementation

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Supplier / producer: WES BV

Life expectancy: Minimum 15 years Service maintenance: once a year

Nominal Power Output: 2.5 kW at 140 rpm

Cut in wind speed: 3 m/s

Cut out wind speed: 20 m/s

Nominal wind speed: 9 m/s

Survival wind speed: 59,5 m/s (IEC 61400-

1 class 2).

Yawing active: yawing

Power regulation: fixed pitch stall

Hub height: 12.25 m. or 6.25 m. Number of blades: 3

Rotor diameter: 5 m

Noise emissions: at 9 m/s 35 dB(A) at 20 m

Fig.19.WES 5 Tulipo 2.5 kW ACWind Turbine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine#Horizontal_axishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_axis_wind_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_braking


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ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:

Power: 2,5 kW

Voltage: 400V/50Hz 3 phase or 400V/60Hz 3 phase Connection grid: connected

Converter back-to-back inverter (IGBT)

CERTIFICATION: Wind turbine IEC 61400-2 (wind class 2)

Certification IEC 61400-22 by ULLightning security NEN 1014Protection IEC 529Harmonics NEN 11000-3-2- (< 16A)EMC EN 55081-1 en EN 55082-2 (CE)SAFETY (IEC 61400-2)

Safety: normal safety through central control Autonomous: safety circuit rpm > 150, stop (brake and emergency yawing)

Safety actions: Failsafe brake on fast shaft of generator independent yawing of 90

degrees

Emergency battery: 24Vdc/24 Ah for yawing and safety circuit

GENERATOR:

Type: a-synchronous

Brake: Spring powered electromagnetic brake of 80 Nm on fast shaft

MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS: Tower: steel, height 12 m, diameter 273 mm

Total weight: 850 kg

Foundation: Concrete block with anchor

Nose, cover glass reinforced epoxy

Blades glass reinforced epoxy

Corrosion protection

Total construction is galvanised

Fig. 20. Energy production of the turbine WES Tulipo



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The power of the turbine at the specifical wind speed:

Windspeed[m/s]

Poweroutput[kW]

1.00 0.000

2.00 0.000

3.00 0.068

4.00 0.243

5.00 0.530

6.00 0.958

7.00 1.553

8.00 2.159

9.00 2.474

10.00 2.595

11.00 2.625

12.00 2.598

13.00 2.552

14.00 2.382

15.00 2.192

16.00 1.960

17.00 1.768

18.00 1.49519.00 1.310

20.00 1.055

Table 3. Wind speed vs. power output



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Solar electricity is almost always more expensive than electricity generated by other

sources.

A PV system consists mainly of:

PV panels that convert the solar power into DC electrical power;

Power converter that transforms the DC power into AC power.

Basics of PV energy conversion: PV cell converts sunlight directly into electricity;

It is made of semi-conducting material in two layer: P and N;

When radiation from the sun hits the photovoltaic cell, the boundary between P and N

acts as a diode: electrons can move from N to P, but not the other way around; Photons with sufficient energy hitting the cell cause electrons to move from the P

layer into the N layer; An excess of electrons builds up in the N layer while the P layer builds up a deficit;

The difference in the amount of electrons is the voltage difference, which can be used

as a power source.

PV Module Characteristics:

Fig. 22. Sunmodule SW 245 Mono

Maximum power of one module calculated in the month with the lowest daily solar radiation :22065.219230045.0245245'

maxmaxmax=== tempcoef dtPPP (W)

where:

maxP - maximum power at a cell temperature of 25 C;

coeft - temperature coefficient;

tempd - difference between 25 C and 2 C (temperature in december)

Total power obtained from solar panels: 3520220*16 ==P [W]



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Total price for the solar panels:

6400400*16_ ==pricePV ($)

Performance under standard test conditions:

Performance at 800W:

Component materials:

Thermal Characteristics:

System Integration Parameters:

Additional Data:



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Fig. 23.Dimensions of PV

Nominal voltage = 24 VPrice per module (5>quantities) = 470 $Price per module (10>quantities) = 450 $Price per module (20>quantities) = 400 $[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solar

panels.solarworld_sw.sw_245.info.1.html]Maximum power of one module calculated in the month with the lowest daily solar radiation :

22065.219230045.0245245'maxmaxmax

=== tempcoef dtPPP (W)

where:

maxP - maximum power at a cell temperature of 25 C;

coeft - temperature coefficient;

tempd - difference between 25 C and 2 C (temperature in december)

2.3. Charge Controller (Regulator)

Charge controller is an essential component in hybrid systems where a storage systemis required. It protects battery against both excessive overcharge and deep discharge. Chargecontroller shall switch off the load when a certain state of discharge is reached, also shallswitch off battery from the DC bus when it is fully charged. Charge controller can be adjustedto deal with different charge and discharge conditions.

Charge controller act as interface between each of wind turbine and PV panel and the

DC bus where the battery is connected.

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solarhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.large-solar


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2.4.Battery

Leadacid batteries are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having a verylow energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply highsurge currents means that the cells maintain a relatively large power-to-weight ratio. These

features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to providethe high current required by automobile starter motors.

The following battery is used:MODEL: L16RE-BDIMENSIONS: inches (mm)BATTERY: Flooded/wet lead-acid batteryCOLOR: Maroon (case/cover)MATERIAL: Polypropylene

Fig. 24.Trojan L16P Battery

Product specification:

Charging Instruction:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratiohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_self_starter


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Operational data:

TROJAN L16RE-B PERFORMANCE:

Fig. 24. Discharge of battery

CYCLE LIFE:

Fig. 25. Number of cycles for discharge



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Capacity vs. temperature:

Fig. 26. Capacity vs. temperatureBattery dimensions:

Fig.27. Battery dimensions

Price for 1 baterry = 155$[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-

power.batteries.trojan_battery.trojan_l16reb.info.1.html]



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2.5.Diesel Generator

A diesel generator is the combination of a diesel engine with an electrical generator(often called an alternator) to generate electrical energy. Diesel generating sets are used in

places without connection to the power grid, as emergency power-supply if the grid fails, aswell as for more complex applications such as peak-lopping, Grid Support and export to the

power grid. Sizing of diesel generators is critical to avoid low-load or a shortage of power andis complicated by modern electronics, specifically non-linear loads.

Fig.28. Diesel Generator

Product Description:

Max. AC output(KVA): 2.2/2.5

Rated AC output(KVA): 1.7/2.0

Rated AC Voltage(V): 110, 220, 230, 240, 110/220V, 120/240V

Power Factor(cos): 1.0

Type: Brushless, self-excitation, 2-poles, Single-phase

Voltage Regulator: Condenser Type

DC Output: 12V/8.3A(option)

Engine Model: DH170F Type: Forced air-cooled, 4-stroke, Diesel Engine

Displacement(cc): 211

Max. Output(Hp/rpm): 4.2/3600

Fuel: Diesel Light Fuel

Fuel Tank capacity(L): 14

Continuous Operating Hours(H): 12.0/11.0

Oil: SAE 10W30(Above CC grade)

Oil capacity(L): 0.75

Ignition System: Direct injection Starting System: Recoil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak-lopping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak-lopping&action=edit&redlink=1


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Operating Noise Level(7m)db(A): 78 79

Net Dimension LXWXH(mm): 640x480x535

Overall Dimension LXWXH(mm): 655x495x555 N. W. /G. W. (kg): 58/61

20GP/40GP/40HQ: 156/324/324 Place of Origin: China(Mainland)

Model No.: Andi2500L

Payment Terms: 30% T/T before production

Minimum Order: 5 pcs

Price Terms: CIF

Packaging: Carton

Delivery Lead Time: 20-25 days

Price for 1 diesel generator = 685 $

Fuel consumption: 895 l/year

Fuel price: 1.65 $/l

Total price for Diesel generator and fuel for a 5 years project:

8068565.1895685_ =+=priceDG ($)

[http://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-

Generator-AD-03-.html]

2.6.Convertor

Fig. 29. FX & VFX Series FX3048T Convertor

The OutBack FX Series is a modular "building block" sine wave inverter/chargerwhich can be used for both small and large power systems. Each OutBack FX inverter/chargermodule is a complete power conversion system - DC to AC inverter, battery charger and ACtransfer switch. Additional FX inverter/chargers can be connected at any time in parallel (120VAC), series (120/240 VAC), or three-phase (120Y208 VAC) configurations. This allows asystem to be tailored to meet the specific power conversion requirements of the application,

both at the time of the installation and in the future. The OutBack FX series is also availablein export versions with 230 VAC, 50 Hz output that can be connected in parallel (230 VAC)or in three-phase (230Y400 VAC) configurations. Up to eight FX inverter/chargers can be

connected together to provide up to 20 KW of continuous power conversion capacity.The OutBack FX is designed to survive harsh environments anywhere in the world.

http://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.htmlhttp://chinaandi.en.made-in-china.com/product/XqSEUcpvXukg/China-Diesel-Generator-AD-03-.html


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The unique sealed, gasketed die-cast aluminum chassis protects and keeps the powerconversion components cool without requiring outside air to be blown through the sensitiveelectronics. This reduces the major causes of inverter failure - corrosion, dust, insect andanimal damage.

The FX can be used in high ambient applications up to 60 degree C with reduced

output ratings.The OutBack FX series inverter/charger system is designed for both residential and

commercial stand-alone or back-up power applications with battery energy storage. It isdesigned to operate as a coordinated system with the other OutBack products (i.e. the PSDC,PSAC and PSR enclosures as well as the MX60 MPPT charge controllers and MATE systemcontroller and display).

Applications:

Hot and humid climates where a protected area is not available for installation

of the inverter/charger system

Salt air environments such as Hawaii where you can't get away from the salt air

and where there is little difference between indoors and outdoors

Dirty environments where dust or drifting organic matter such as cottonwood

could clog air openings in an unattended system

Boats and RV's where water might splash on the inverter

Greater control of unwanted radio frequency interference

Specifications:

Continuous Output Power: 3000 VA

Continuous Output Current at 25 degrees: 25 amps AC RMS

Idle Power (120 VAC Output No Load): 23 W DC

Output Voltage: 120 VAC/60 Hz

DC Input Voltage (Nominal): 48 VDC

Peak Efficiency: 92%

Output Voltage Regulation: +/-2%

Continuous DC Charge Rate: 35 Amps DC

Frequency Range: 50-70 Hz

DC Input Voltage Range: 42-68 VDC

Warranty: 2 years (Optional 5 year extended warranty

Price for one inverter/charger = 1863 $

[http://www.solarpanelstore.com/pdf/fx_vfx_series_domestic.pdf

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-

fx.fx2548t.info.1.html]

http://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.htmlhttp://www.solarpanelstore.com/solar-power.outback-inverters.outback-fx.fx2548t.info.1.html


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3. Consumers (Loads)

There are considered two types of loads:

AC consumers (big consumers)

DC consumers represented by the iluminate, refrigerator, microwave

DEVICES Quantity Power[W] hours/day day/week Wh/dayTotal

percentage/day

Economic Bulbs 40 20 6 7 4800 10.85%

Refrigerator 2 90 5 7 900 2.04%

Freezer 1 90 5 7 450 1.02%Washing machine 1 2200 2 6 4400 9.95%

Microwave 1 1220 0.5 7 610 1.38%

Dishwasher 1 2300 7.5 7 17250 39.01%

Vacuum cleaner 1 1000 1 7 1000 2.26%

Mixer 1 450 0.5 1 225 0.51%

Coffe 1 1160 0.25 7 290 0.66%

Laundry ironing station 1 2400 0.5 5 1200 2.71%

TV 13 100 6 7 7800 17.64%

Computer 2 500 3 7 3000 6.78%

Ink Jet Printer 1 35 1 1 35 0.08%Audio system 5.1 1 200 2 2 400 0.90%

Fruit and

vegetable juicer 1 700 0.25 5 175 0.40%

Desk lamp 10 7 1 7 70 0.16%

Toaster 1 860 0.25 5 215 0.49%

Power Plant 1 100 14 7 1400 3.17%

Total energy /

day = 44220

Table 4. Hotel devices



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Power consumed during one day:

Tabel 5. Power consumed during one day



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Fig.30. Hourly load profile

A typical household load was considered. The consumption includes a lot of

consumers, but divided in AC and DC, as shown in Figure 31.

Fig.31. AC Consumers



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Fig.32. DC Consumers

4.Implementation of Homer Code

Figure 33 shows the equipment considered in the optimization. The equipmentsconsidered are photovoltaic solar cells, wind turbine, converter, diesel generator,battery bank and loading system.

The size of the components under consideration, the acquisition cost,replacement cost, operation and maintenance cost and the expected lifetime as inputinto the HOMER software is depicted in next pages below.



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Fig.33. Designed Hybrid System in Homer software

In Homer we simulated a lot of systems. We chose six exemples to find the best pricefor our implementation project.

Case 1: PV(2.2kW)

WT(2.5kW)

Diesel Generator(5kW)

Batteries(8strings x 3 in parallel)

Converter(3kW)



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Fig.34. Monthly average active power production

We optained a total production of 12.398 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096kWh/year and we have a 622 kWh/year excess of the electricity.

The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 1.002 l/year and the electricalproduction is 2.751 kWh/year.

The total cost of the system is: 202.048$.

Case 2:

PV(3.51kW)

WT(2.5kW)



Converter(3kW)



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The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 433 l/year and the electrical production

is 1.244 kWh/year.The total cost of the system is: 199.311$.

Case 3:

PV(7.91kW)

WT(2.5kW)


Batteries(8strings) Converter(3kW)



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We optained a total production of 18.047 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096

kWh/year and we have a 6.863 kWh/year excess of the electricity.

The fuel consumption of the diesel generator is 943 l/year and the electrical productionis 1.967 kWh/year.


Case 4:

WT(2.5kW)



Converter(3kW)



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We optained a total production of 12.318 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096kWh/year and we have a 36.1 kWh/year excess of the electricity.



Case 5:

PV(7.91kW)



Converter(3kW)



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Case 6:



Converter(3kW)



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We optained a total production of 12.238 kWh/year and the consumption is 10.096kWh/year and we have a 0.0711 kWh/year excess of the electricity.



System[kW] Totalproduction[kWh/year]

Excess ofthe

electricity[kWh/year]

Fuelconsumption

[l/year]

El.Productionof the DG

[kWh/year]

TotalCost[$]PV WT DG Bat Conv

2.2 2.5 5 8x3 3 12.398 622 1.002 2.751 202.048

3.5 2.5 5 8x4 3 12.375 784 433 1.244 199.3117.9 2.5 5 8 3 18.047 6.863 943 1.967 209.259

X 2.5 5 8x4 3 12.318 36 1.819 5.144 207.588

7.9 X 5 8x4 3 12.792 644 1.360 3.885 46.357

X X 5 8x3 3 12.238 0.071 4.442 12.238 60.201

Table 6. Systems simulated in HomerThe best price of the system simulated in Homer is obtained in the second exemple

and we detail in the next pages.



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Fig.40. Solar resource for PV

Fig. 41. Output active power of the PV power



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Fig.42. Site specific wind resource

Fig.43. Wind turbine output active power



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Fig.44. WT inverter and rectifier output active power

Fig.45. Diesel generator output active power



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Fig.46. Battery Characteristics

Fig.47.Monthly average active power production



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Fig.48. Cash Flow by components

Fig.49. Cash Flow by cost type



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5. RESULTS

The total net present cost is HOMER's main economic output. All systems are rankedaccording to net present cost, and all other economic outputs are calculated for the purpose offinding the net present cost. The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial capital

cost as $144.681 while operating cost is 61.928 $/year. Total net present cost (NPC) is$199.311 and the cost of energy (COE) is 1.544 $/kWh.

The cost benefit analysis of a wind turbine-solar hybrid system in comparison withutility tariff showed that the hybrid system is not economically cheap and have a system

payback time of 20 years.The model developed is fairly general and may be adequate for preliminary results for

energy consumption cost for household and industrial sector willing to adopt renewableenergy sources.

After we explain the most efficient method, we calculate the total electricalconsumption of the hotel.

The amount of electricity bill based on annual consumption is:

Tariff D

simple monomial

Quantity

[kVARh]

Price unitary

without TVA

Value

excluding

TVA[lei]

Value with

TVA[lei]

Consumption 10096 0.4651 4695.65 5822.61

Inductive energy billed 0 0 0.00 0.00

Capacitive energy billed 0 0.0635 0.00 0.00

Loss 0 0.4651 0.00 0.00

Excise 10096 21.55 26.72Total 4717.20 5849.33

Table 7. Total electrical consumption

Result a invoice monthly average of 60 million.



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6. HYBRID SYSTEM SIMULATION in Matlab

A software program using Matlab was developed to simulate the hybrid systembehavior. An hourly time step is used through this simulation. By using computer simulation,the optimum system configuration can be found by comparing the performances and energy

production costs of different system configurations.



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7.Simulation results



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8. Economic Evaluation of the Hybrid System

The costs of a hybrid system include acquisition costs, operating costs, maintenancecosts and replacement costs. At end of the life of the system, the system may have a salvagevalue. An economic analysis is done based on life cycle costing method, which accounts for

all costs associated with the system over its life time, taking into account the value of money.Life cycle costing is used in the design of the hybrid system that will cost the least amountover its lifetime. Cost annuity( cost required to generate 1 kWh of energy) is an indication onthe cost of the system so that the system with the least cost annuity is selected.

Costs of hybrid system include: components initial costs, components replacementcosts, system maintenance costs, fuel and/or operation costs, and salvage costs or salvagerevenues.

Initial costs include purchasing the following equipments required by the hybridsystem: wind turbine, PV modules, batteries, diesel generator, charge controllers, bidirectionalinverter, management unit, cables, and other accessories used in the installation includinglabors .

We know that the entire investition is aprox. 200.000$. We can calculate theamortization of the investition, and we can see that is 20 years.

Amortization Calculator

Fig. Amortization Calculator

Calculation Results:Summary:

monthly pay $716.43

total of 240.00 monthly payments $171,943.45

total interest paid $71,943.45

Annual Amortization Schedule:



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beginning balance interest principal ending balance

1 $100,000.00 $5,927.37 $2,669.80 $97,330.20

2 $97,330.20 $5,762.71 $2,834.47 $94,495.74

3 $94,495.74 $5,587.88 $3,009.29 $91,486.45

4 $91,486.45 $5,402.28 $3,194.90 $88,291.55

5 $88,291.55 $5,205.22 $3,391.95 $84,899.60

6 $84,899.60 $4,996.01 $3,601.16 $81,298.44

7 $81,298.44 $4,773.90 $3,823.27 $77,475.17

8 $77,475.17 $4,538.09 $4,059.08 $73,416.09

9 $73,416.09 $4,287.74 $4,309.44 $69,106.65

10 $69,106.65 $4,021.94 $4,575.23 $64,531.42

11 $64,531.42 $3,739.75 $4,857.42 $59,674.0012 $59,674.00 $3,440.15 $5,157.02 $54,516.98

13 $54,516.98 $3,122.08 $5,475.09 $49,041.89

14 $49,041.89 $2,784.39 $5,812.78 $43,229.10

15 $43,229.10 $2,425.87 $6,171.30 $37,057.80

16 $37,057.80 $2,045.24 $6,551.94 $30,505.86

17 $30,505.86 $1,641.13 $6,956.05 $23,549.82

18 $23,549.82 $1,212.09 $7,385.08 $16,164.74

19 $16,164.74 $756.60 $7,840.57 $8,324.1620 $8,324.16 $273.01 $8,324.16 $0.00

An annual interest rate of 6% was considered, while the project life year was taken as20 years.

9. Conclusions



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Based on the simulation program results previously presented, the followingconclusions can be demonstrated:

Using a wind-solar hybrid system is more economical then use just a PV or a

wind turbine;

The cost of this system is not expencive (200.000$) and the amortization ofthis investition is 20 years.

Anna & Cristina Mountain House (Fig. ) is an example of a building used through the entire

year and powered by a hybrid system consisting of a diesel generator, solar panels, wind

turbine and storage batteries.

Fig. . Anna&Cristina Mountain House

Solar modules installed on the roof convert sunlight into ecological electricity -no noise and emissions. While electrical consumers can be fully electrical fed when sunlightis strong enough, and the energy excess can be stored in batteries, and the power can be usedfrom the batteries at night and during bad weather.If the wind speed is high enough, wind turbine provides energy and charge batteries.Once the batteries are fully charged, wind turbine production is reduced whenthe wind is strong.

An inverter converts direct current from batteries in 230 V, alternating the current sothat all ordinary commercial electrical can be used. A diesel generator provides energysecurity even when the weather is bad. To take advantage of energy supply as well as

possible, computer monitors and controls the whole system.Solar and wind energy are the most accessible natural resources, and inexhaustible source ofrenewable energy. Depending on the weather, and the geographical area, solarand wind energy are complementary. Making a hybrid system (sun, wind) generation usingthe most favorable state of nature at a time, renewable energy is the essenceof efficiency.Wind-solar hybrid system (WSH) is the best (complete, efficient, versatile,economical, advantageous) power supply system, totally or partially independent of local



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resources / national.WSH is a power generation system that uses wind energy entirely and solar energy.

The results are widely used in areas without electricity or frequent power interruptions, thelighting of roads, housing, communications stations, islands. The system combines two typesof green energy, wind energy and solar energy, taking into account environmental protection

and energy saving,wind-solar combination can produce more energy. The system is easy toinstall, low maintenance cost.

The WSH is more efficient than classic solar generation system (PV), inensuring power supply and is ideal as a new source of supply of housing.

The stand-alone hybrid solarwind power generation system is recognized as a viablealternative to grid supply or conventional fuel-based remote area power supplies all over theworld. It is generally more suitable than systems that only have one energy source for supplyof electricity to off-grid applications. However, the design, control, and optimization of thehybrid systems are usually very complex tasks.

An implementation for this hybrid system as a pilot system in Probota(Bucovina) can

be done if a subsidy is available for this project, this will make it possible for more research,study and analysis.

In addition to all these, there is another aspect of effective use of this system in theresidential sector. A hybrid system like the one analyzed, can be used very effectively andefficiently as well, in rural areas, where the connection from the grid is not possible. In thiscase an installation of a system like this, in these kind of areas usually is an economically andcost saving viable idea.

References



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[1] Mahmoud M.M. , Ibrik H.I. . Techno-economic feasibility of energy supply of remotevillages by PV- systems, diesel generators and electric grid. Renewable & Sustainable EnergyReviews. 10(2006) 128-138.[2] Energy Research Center (ERC) , Meteorological measurements in West Bank / Nablus& Ramallah. An-Najah National University.

[3] B. Ai, H. Yang, H. Shen, X. Liao . Computer-aided design of PV / wind hybrid system.Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 14911512.[4] Wind energy: our wind farms. Available at:http://www.Stable windenergy.net/windenergy/wind_enrgy20.html[5] Boyle G., 2004 , Renewable Energy[6] Wind and Hydro Power Technologies Program. Available at :http:// www .eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_how.html[7] Basic Wind Turbine Configurations. Available at:http:// www.awea. org/ faq/ basiccf.html[8] Marwan Mahmoud. Lecture notes: Renewable Energy Technology 1 &2 . An-Najah

National University. 2006-2007.

[9] Roger A. Messenger, Jerry Ventre, 2004, Photovoltaic Systems Engineering[10] Marwan Mahmoud, Ismail Nabhan. Determination of optimum angle of single andmulti rows of photovoltaic arrays for selected sites in Jordan. Solar & Wind technology[11] Iakovos Tzanakis. Combining Wind and Solar Energy to Meet Demands in the BuiltEnvironment ( thesis report). Energy Systems Research Unit. University of Strathclyde.2005-2006[12] Research and markets Brochure. Available at:http:// www .research andmarkets.com/reports/328418/ [access date 4 February 2008][13] Technical Status of Thin Film Solar Cells. Available at :http:// www . udel.edu/iec/status.html [access date 10 February][14] Solar cell-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Available at :http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell[15] EV World Blogs: Personal Perspectives on the Future In Motion.[16] PV payback .Available at :http://www.gosolarnow.com/pdf%20files /

pvpaybackHP.pdf[17] Energy Payback: Clean Energy from PV. Available at :http://www.nrel.gov /docs/fy99osti/24619.pdf [ access date 12 April 2008][18] Environmental Impact of Photovoltaic. Electrification in RuralAreas. Available at : http:// www.tiedekirjasto.helsinki.fi:8080/bitstream /1975/295/1 [Access date 12 April 2008][19] A Decision Support Technique for the Design of Hybrid Solar

Power. Available at : http:// www.ceage.vt.edu /2DOC /IEEE_ cov1998_v13_no1 _76-83.pdf [ access date 20 April 2008][20] Mahmoud M.M. On the Storage Batteries Used in Solar ElectricPower Systems and Development of an Algorithm for Determiningtheir Ampere-Hour Capacity. Electric Power Systems Research 2004.[21] Panichar P.S., Islam S.M. and PryorT.L. Effect of Load Managementand Optimal Sizing on the Economics of a Wind-Diesel Hybrid power System. MurdochUniversity Energy Institute. Available at:http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~aupec/aupec99/paper_index.html.[22] Omar M.A. Computer-Aided Design and Performance Evaluation of PV-Diesel HybridSystem. Thesis report at An-Najah University.2007

[23] EnergyAtlasFinal2006.pdf Coastal zone management. Available at :http ://www.akenergyauthority.org/Reports%20and%20Presentations

http://www.stable/http://www.stable/


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[24] Optimization of Hybrid Energy Systems. Sizing and Operation control.[25] Agentia Nationala de Meteorologie (2008), Atlasul climatologic al Romaniei,Bucuresti[26] Alpopi, Cristina, Florescu Margareta (2006), Utilizarea surselor regenerabile deenergie

[27] http://www.ramp.ase.ro/_data/files/articole/6_04.pdf[28] ANRE (2005), Ghidul producatorului de energie electrica din surse regenerabile deenergie[29] Bazac, Gh., (1983), Influenta reliefului asupra principalelor caracteristici ale climeiRomaniei, Editura Academiei RSR, Bucuresti.[30] Bernow,S., Biewald, B., Singh, D. (1993), Modelarea surselor de energie regenerabila:un studiu de caz asupra viabilitatii energiei eoliene, Conferinta nationala NARUC-DOEasupra energiei regenerabile, Savannah, Georgia[31] Centrul de Informare al Comisiei Europene (2007), Energia eoliana perspective,

provocari, politici europene, Suport curs EUROPE DIRECT IASI[32] Chitu, M., Ungureanu, A., Mac, I., (1983), Geografia resurselor naturale, Editura

Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti[33] http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_opt/pvgis_solar_optimum_RO.png[34] http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/RETScreen/[35] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
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