CSIRO Food Futures Flagship Nuffield

Australia Autumn Tour

Bruce LeeDirector, Food Futures FlagshipOctober 25th, 2009

Food Futures Flagship

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Agrifood Challenges

• Adverse climatic conditions

• Sustainability – reducing agriculture’s

• Oil & fertiliser costs

• Commodities & need to differentiate

• Increased Production

• Meeting needs of a changing & ageing population

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Multidisciplinary Approach

• Large Investments >$50m p.a

• 11 Business Units CSIRO

• Universities/Institutes (Locally, Globally)

• Collaboration Fund

• Partnerships

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Food Futures Themes

Breed Engineering

Designed Food & Biomaterials

Quality Biosensors

Future GrainsGrain based

foods and feed

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Vision

• Differentiate grains through quality attributes• Reduce health care costs by increasing healthy grains

consumption

• Lowering input costs• Reduce nitrogen and phosphorous fertiliser costs• Lowering greenhouse gas emissions

• Increasing productivity• 50% more mouths to feed by 2050• Potential for $1 billion p.a. increase in value of the grains

industry by 2020

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Strategy

Develop grains in high yielding varieties delivering health and product quality benefits

Reduced Risk:

-Cardiovascular disease-Type II diabetes-Colorectal cancer

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Starch Synthesis Genes

ADPglucose

Amylose

GBSSI

Amylopectin

SSI

SSIII

BEI

BEIIb

SSIIa

BEIIa

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New Grains – BARLEYmax™

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Standard barley

…..GACAACATGGAGTGGAACCCTGAGGTGG…..

BARLEYmaxTM

…..GACAACATGGAGTGAAACCCTGAGGTGG…..Starch Synthase IIa Gene Suppressed

0 5000

Base Pairs

10000

BARLEYmaxTM DNA change is known

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StarchProteinLipidsSugarFibreMinerals

BARLEYmax™ composition

Barley BARLEYmax™

102030405060 10 20 30 40 50 60% %

Early Delivery – BARLEYmax™

BARLEYmax Breakfast Cereals – in Supermarkets

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

100

80

60

40

20

0

BARLEYmaxControl Barley

Gly

cem

ic In

dex

Gly

cem

ic L

oad

Less Than Half The Glycemic Load

0

5

10

15

Control BARLEYmaxD

ieta

ry F

ibre

(g/s

erve

)

More Than TwiceThe Fibre

Reduced Glycemic Index

BARLEYMaxTM

"I am 44 years old and have HATED cereals my whole life. I have tried to eat them but they make me feel sick. I am struggling with several health issues, chronic pain

condition, overweight and chronic constipation. Within a week I had moved my bowels without pain. I have worried about bowel cancer with the constipation. I

cannot thank you enough. I am also finding I am losing weight because I am not snacking because I am not hungry!"

Kathleen W. Queensland

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Colorectal Cancer

* Source: Cancer in Australia 2001 (AIHW & AACR 2004)

** Source: Global cancer statistics 2002

JapanAustralia/NZNorthern AmericaWestern EuropeNorthern EuropeSouthern EuropeEastern EuropeSouth AmericaPolynesiaCaribbeanChinaSouth-Eastern AsiaSouthern AfricaWestern AsiaCentral AmericaMelanesiaEastern AfricaNorthern AfricaWestern AfricaSouth Central AsiaMiddle Africa

Incidence Worldwide *Mortality in Australia

• 66 to 75% of bowel cancer cases could be prevented by eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

StomachKidney

BladderUnknown site

NHLLung

MelanomaProstate

BreastColorectal

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Resistant Starch [“RS”] & Bowel Cancer

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50

Large bowel cancer incidence (cases/100,000)

Estim

ated

RS

inta

ke (g

/day

)

assidy et al 1994

USAust.

Native South Africans: high diet corn mealcontaining RS, low fibre intakes

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Resistant Starch Wheat High Amylose Grain

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 50 100 150

Elution volume

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 50 100 150

Elution volume

Glu

cose

con

cent

ratio

n

75%Amylose

Positive changes in key bowel health biomarkers in two separate rat feeding trials.

No negative impacts observed

High Amylose flour

Normal wheat flour

OGTR Approval Granted for Human Health Trial

25%Amylose

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Other Pipeline Products

• Cereal non-starch polysaccharides (NSP): arabinoxylan and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan

• Low GI Rice• High Fructan Cereal Grains

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• Coeliac Friendly Barley

• Gluten Triggers auto immune reaction in coeliacs

• 5% population are coeliac sufferers

• 2014 commercialisation < 20ppm of gluten

Gluten:WheatRyeBarley

+=

Coeliac Disease: Lifelong immune disease due to dietary gluten

Other Pipeline Products

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Ultra Low Gluten Beer

Low Hordein Barley Developed

Hordein Levels in Beer 20x Lower than the Limit for Celiacs

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Short and Long Omega-3 Fats

• EPA and DHA: long-chain omega-3 fats found in fish and algae

• Many health benefits associated with adequate intake of EPA and DH

C22:6 (DHA)O

HO∆4 ∆7 ∆10 ∆13 ∆16 ∆19

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LC-Omega-3 PUFA Biosynthesis

18:118:0

20:5

22:6

22:5

18:2 α−18:3ManyPlants

18:4SDASomePlants

Metabolic Engineering Solutions Required to Bridge the Elongation/Desaturation Gap

Humans

DHA

EPA

TargetCompounds

F

Rapid Assays

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Metabolic Tailoring: Modifying EPA/DHA Ratios

Tuna oil

Plant oil(fish oil profile)

Plant oil(tuna oil profile)

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Omega-3 Oils for Feed and Healthy Foods

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Consumer Engagement

Critical and early on

Australia and key markets (USA)

Consumer preference for GM “one step removed”

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Crop Yield and Consumer Attributes

Critical to stack speciality / value add and grain quality traits in high yielding genetic backgrounds

Some Examples . . .

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Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and Phosphate Use Efficiency (PUE)

• Transferring genes for nitrogen uptake into wheat and barley

• Same yield at less nitrogen

Control + NUE

Increased Yields

GWD CONTROL GWD CONTROL GWD

20cm

20cm

20cm

20cm

20cm

GWD Control

130%Yield (T/Ha)

119 %Seed Yield/plant (g)

112 %Seed Weight (g)

125 %Heads/Plant

% Increase over control

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Field Trials

A unique resource for high resolution gene mapping and genomics.

Very high levels of recombinationLarge population Sizes (6000)

Multiple Founders (4 and 8 way population) provide allelic diversity

Interactionsbetween quality and yield phenotypes can be

rigorously examined

Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross “MAGIC”

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Goal

Food &

FeedBenefits

Yield Genes

Nutrient Use

Efficiency

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0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

2031

2032

Bar

leyM

ax

Inst

rum

ents

, Ric

e

RS

Whe

at, L

ow G

lute

n B

eer

Fruc

tans

, Pre

miu

m Q

ualit

y W

heat

Om

ega-

3 C

anol

a, L

ives

tock

, A

quaf

eeds

, Low

Pro

t. W

heat

Hig

h Fi

bre

Whe

at

GW

D Y

ield N

UE

AU

D$

p.a

(mill

ions

)

Mature Optimistic

Risk Adjusted

Value Prediction Models

Theme Goal

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Breeding

Apply advanced genetic technology to enhance the rate of progress

Health

Product quality

Environment

Nutrition Genetics

Time (Years)

Prod

uctio

n ef

ficie

ncy

t f B f CRC

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os indicus (recipient)nferior meat quality thrives in opical Northern Australia

os Taurus (donor)uperior meat quality poor survival n tropical Northern Australia

Improved growth rate yield and meat quality

Testis Cell Transfer in Cattle

35

Recipient Preparation

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Ultrasound-guided Testis Cell Transfer

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Aquaculture in the Region

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Global aquaculture rapid growth for 50 yearsAquaculture – fastest growing global food sector since the 1950s

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Aquaculture Breed Enhancement

• Selective breeding

• Molecular genetics

• Virology & health

• Reproductive sterility

• Food quality

CMAR, CLI, FSA

Partners: APFA, FRDC, GCMA, Seafarm Pty Ltd, AIMS, QDPIF

Prawns• Selective breeding

• Molecular genetics

• Sex pre-selection

• Health •Vaccine development•Disease resistance

Partners: Aquafin CRC, FRDC, TSGA, SALTAS, Tassal Group, HuonAquaculture

CMAR, CLI, CMIS

Atlantic salmon• Selective breeding

• Molecular genetics

• Reproductive sterility

• Food quality

CMAR, CLI, FSAPartners: Tasmanian Selected Abalone, Abalone Aquaculture, Abalone Farms Aust., Aust. Ocean Biotechnology, Cold Gold

Abalone

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Early delivery - Prawn Farm Harvest Yields

0

5

10

15

20

Gold Coast Marine Aquaculture

Tonn

es p

er h

ecta

re

WildAverage

12.8 t/ha

7.6 t/ha5.0 t/ha

Wild best

FFFBreeds

Tonn

es p

er h

ecta

re

0

5

10

15

20

Target: 20 t/haBy 2020 via breedsand novel feeds

20.0 t/ha

15 t/ha

5.0 t/ha

WildAverage

FFFBreeds

FFFBreeds & Feeds

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Wild Harvest Fishmeal

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

1983 1985 1990 1995 2005

Global fishmeal production

aquaculture feed productiontonn

es (t

hous

ands

)

20081999

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Convert Low Value Carbon to Marine Proteins and Oils “Biofeed”

Novel Aquafeeds technology

Tank Trials1. Production in tanks

Raw materials: waste carbon2. Feed trials

3. Dried to produce ingredient

Protein content: 30%Marine Oil content: 5%

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Prawn Growth Response to Novel Aquafeed

38%24%

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Ridley Basal 5% incl. 10% incl.

Diet

Growth (g wk-1)

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Novel Feed Ingredients & Nutrition

Bioconversion

Formulation

Sensor based feeding technology

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Potential to Expand ?

Study area:13,200,000 m haPotentially suitable:1,700,000 m ha

#

#

Cape YorkKakadu

Bonaparte

Lagrange

Carnarvon

Kununurra Darwin

RoperGulf

SE Qld

N Qld

NSW

Central Qld

Qld: 594,000 haNT: 528,000 haWA: 516,000 ha

Current industry: 1,000 ha4,000 MT $60MIndustry target: 5,000 ha25,000 MT $375M

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Waste to Combat Wastage?

• Person in their mid nineties in 2050 - different physical status from one in 2009

- physically more active

- will have different nutritional requirements [muscle wastage]

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Technology PartnershipA MIP is prepared in the form of a monolith or particles in the presence of template molecules (target) to create template specific recognition sites in a polymer matrix.

template

porogen crosslinker

Templateextraction

rebinding

Functionalmonomers

Pre-polymerization complex

Initiator,60º C

Template boundpolymer

Template specificbinding site

Most common MIP format (monolith / block polymer)

OO

OO

Bioactives for Ingredients and Foods

Complex Waste Stream

OH

NNH2

H

O O

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Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)

Binding Affinity to New MIP’s

Health Substantiationof new polyphenolanalogues

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Consumer & WineCapturing information about

what consumer values -

Grapes for Wine FlavourUnderstanding how genetics

or vineyard manipulationscan deliver on specifications

Cybernose®

A practical tool to measurearoma & flavour & adherence

to specifications

AWRI/ & Wine-maker collaborationsMaking wines to con-sumer specifications

Wine Value Chain

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• Consistent and predictable style and quality

• Avoiding taints, contaminants and off flavours

• Maximising price point• From a raw material

that is far from consistent using a biological process that is variable

Quality BiosensorsWinemakers want to be able to make wine to a precise flavour and aroma specification

BmOr22 NDBmOr17

BmOr8 *BmOr21HvCr19

BmOr20HvCr21BmOr19 ****BmOr12 ****

BmOr15 ***BmOr13 ***

HvCr8BmOr29 ND

BmOr27 ** BmOr36 **

BmOr4 **BmOr9 **

HvCr13BmOr1 ****

BmOr5 ***BmOr7

HvCr14HvCr15

HvCr16HvCr6

HvCr11BmOr3 ****

BmOr6 ***BmOr40 **

BmOr24 *BmOr25HvCr12BmOr11 **

HvCr7 BmOr23

HvCr9BmOr42

BmOr32 NDBmOr14 *

HvCr20BmOr28 *HvCr18

BmOr33 *** BmOr34 ***BmOr30 **BmOr37 ND

BmOr39 NDBmOr38 ND

BmOr35 ***BmOr16 **

BmOr26 *HvCr17

HvCr10BmOr31 *BmOr41 **

BmOr10 ***BmOr18 **

HvCr3BmOr2 ****SeOr2HvOr2AiOr2

0.5 Changes

Male Biased(exceptions areBmOr9 & HvCr6)

99100

100

100

69

89

99

100

97

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

91

Female Biased

Female Biased

Novel Receptors Identified

Food Futures Flagship

Acknowledgements

•Colleagues CSIRO

•University / Institute Partners

• Industry Partners

•RDCs