Nu XU 1/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
QCD Phase Structure at High-Baryon Density Region�
CSR-External-target Experiment (CEE)
Zhigang Xiao(1) and Nu Xu(2)
(1) Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing (2) College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan�
Nu XU 2/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Outline
1 Introduction 2 CEE Project
CSR External-target Experiment 3 HIAF
Nu XU 3/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
Baryon Chemical Potential µB (MeV)
Tem
pera
ture
T (M
eV)
LHC SPS AGS SIS CSR
0
80
160
0 500 1000 1500
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
(1) The discovery of Higgs - Origin of matter - Standard Model ! Theory
(2) The QCD Phase-structure - Confinement
- Hadron structure - Spontaneous break of χC
- QCD Phase boundary Critical point …
Emergent Properties of the QCD
Study QCD Phase Structure
2013 Nobel Prize In Physics
Baryon Density (MeV)
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
Me
V)
Nu XU 4/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Phase Diagram
Phase diagram: A map shows that at given degrees of freedom, how matter organize itself under external conditions. New orders, regularities, properties, … emerge.
Water: H2O
QCD Phase Diagram: Structure of matter with color degrees of freedom, quarks and gluons.
Nu XU 5/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
(1, 2, 5-10)ρ0
QCD Phase Diagram (1983)
1983 US Long Range Plan - by Gordon Baym
Gordon Baym
High-Energy Nuclear Collisions and the QCD Phase Structure
1) Baryon chemical potential µB is inversely proportional to the collision energy 2) µB ~ 0: smooth-crossover from QGP to hadrons 3) µB >> 0: models predicts a first-order phase transition
! QCD critical point at finite µB
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
Baryon Chemical Potential µB (MeV)
Tem
pera
ture
T (M
eV)
LHC SPS AGS SIS CSR
0
80
160
0 500 1000 1500
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
Early Universe
Neutron Stars
5000 200 20 5 2 √sNN (GeV)
HIRFL, China
FAIR, Germany
High-Energy HI Accelerators
RHIC, USA
NICA, Russia
LHC, Geneva
Accelerator √sNN (GeV) µB (MeV)
LHC/RHIC 5000-8 0-420
FAIR/NICA 8-2 420-750
CSR/HIAF 3.5-0.4 750-850
HIAF
Nu XU 8/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
quark-gluon plasma
hadronic phase
Baryon Chemical Potential µB (MeV)
Tem
pera
ture
T (M
eV)
LHC SPS AGS SIS CSR
0
80
160
0 500 1000 1500
RHICFAIR/NICA
Chemical freeze-out*
2 RHIC 3 RHIC, FAIR, CSR
Exploring QCD Phase Structure
1 LHC, RHIC
RHIC
For region µB > 500 MeV, √sNN ≤ 5 GeV, fixed-target experiments are much more efficient
CBM
LHC+RHIC
Property of sQGP √sNN ~ 0.1 - 5 TeV
RHIC+FAiR*+CSR
CP and Quarkyonic Matter?
√sNN ≤ 8 GeV
Nu XU 9/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
MTD Magnet BEMC EEMC
STAR Detector System EPD TOF iTPC TPC
- Large acceptance: |η|< 1.5 - Excellent particle identifications
Nu XU 10/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
The emergent properties of QCD matter
Collectivity 集体运动现象
∂µ [(ε +p)uµ uν - pgµν] = 0 ∂µ [s uµ] = 0
Nu XU 11/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
0 - 5% 60 - 80%
Au+Au collisions at RHIC
A. Andronic, et al., NPA834, 237(10)J. Cleymans, et al., PRC73, 34905(06)
Lattice fits
10 100 10000
50
100
150
200(a) Chemical Freeze-out
Chemical Potential µB (MeV)
Tem
pera
ture
Tch
(MeV
)
0
50
100
150
200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Collective Velocity <`T> (c)
Tem
pera
ture
Tfo
(MeV
)
7.7 GeV11.5 GeV14.5 GeV19.6 GeV27 GeV39 GeV200 GeV
(b) Kinetic Freeze-out
Au+Au at RHIC
Pb+Pb at LHC2.76 TeV
1 2 3
Bulk Properties at Freeze-outs
Kinetic Freeze-out: - Central collisions => lower value of Tfo and larger collectivity βT
- Stronger collectivity at higher energy, even for peripheral collisions
Chemical Freeze-out: (GCE) - Weak temperature dependence
- Centrality dependence µB! - LGT calculations indicate the Critical Region around µB ~ 300 MeV?
- ALICE: B.Abelev et al., PRL109, 252301(12); PRC88, 044910(2013). - STAR: J. Adams, et al., NPA757, 102(05); STAR: 1701.07065 - S. Mukherjee: Private communications. August, 2012
Nu XU 12/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
K/π Ratios and Baryon Density
(GeV)NNs1 10 100 1000
/K/
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
data-//-KALICERHICSPSAGS
data+//+KALICERHICSPSAGS
HRG + Hagedornupper boundlower bound
Kinetic modelThermal modelStatistical modelSHM
1) The K+/π ratio peaks at √sNN ~ 8 GeV, K-/π ratio merges with K+/π at higher collision energy
2) Model: Baryon density peaks at √sNN ~ 8 GeV 3) At √sNN > 8 GeV, pair production becomes important STAR: 1701.07065; J. Randrup and J. Cleymans, Phys. Rev. C74, 047901(2006)
Nu XU 13/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
(a) pions/+
/<
(b) KaonsK+
K<
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02 (c) Protons
ppbar
2 20 200
(d) Lambdas
RRbar
2 20 200
Collision Energy 3sNN (GeV)
Dire
cted
Flo
w S
lope
dv 1/d
y|y=
0
//nxu/BESII/01nxu/Zreference/02 v1/fig7_piKpLv1_au12017.kumac
10-40% Au+Au Colisions at RHIC
v1 versus Energy
STAR Preliminary
1) All produced hadrons mid-y v1 slope < 0 2) At √sNN < 10 GeV, Baryons’ v1 becomes > 0
Nu XU 14/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
v1 vs. Energy: Softest Point?
STAR: PRL112, 162301(2014) STAR: Preliminary
1) Minimum at √sNN = 10 GeV for net-proton and net-Λ, but net-Kaon data continue decreasing as energy decreases
2) At low energy, or in the region where the net-baryon density is large, repulsive force is expected, v1 slope is large and positive!
3) Softest point only for baryons?
4) Need model to explain!
- M. Isse, A. Ohnishi et al, PR C72, 064908(05) - Y. Nara, A. Ohnishi, H. Stoecker, PRC94, 034906(16),
arXiv: 1601.07692
-0.02
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
3 10 30 100 300
Collision Energy 3sNN (GeV)
Au + Au Collisions at RHIC
µB (MeV) 700 420 250 25
(10 - 40% centrality)
Dire
cted
Flo
w S
lope
dv 1/d
y|y=
0
STAR PreliminaryNet < protonNet < RNet < Kaon
//nxu/BESII/01nxu/Zreference/02 v1/Fig4v2_pKL_v1_june12017.kumac
Nu XU 15/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
v1 vs. Energy: Softest Point?
“Attractive force” ! Change of the EOS ~ “softest point” - Y. Nara, A. Ohnishi, H. Stoecker, arXiv: 1601.07692 ; PRC94, 034906(2016)
STAR data: Kathryn Meehan, QM2017
The emergent properties of QCD matter
Criticality 临界现象
Nu XU 17/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Higher Moments and Criticality 1) Higher moments of conserved quantum numbers:
Q, S, B, in high-energy nuclear collisions
2) Sensitive to critical point (ξ correlation length):
3) Direct comparison with calculations at any order:
4) Extract susceptibilities and freeze-out temperature. An independent/important test of thermal equilibrium in heavy ion collisions.
References: - STAR: PRL105, 22303(10); ibid, 112, 032302(14)
- S. Ejiri, F. Karsch, K. Redlich, PLB633, 275(06) // M. Stephanov: PRL102, 032301(09) // R.V. Gavai and S. Gupta, PLB696, 459(11) // F. Karsch et al, PLB695, 136(11),
- A. Bazavov et al., PRL109, 192302(12) // S. Borsanyi et al., PRL111, 062005(13) // V. Skokov et al., PRC88, 034901(13) - PBM, A. Rustamov, J. Stachel, arXiv:1612.00702
€
δN( )2 ≈ ξ2, δN( )3 ≈ ξ4.5, δN( )4 ≈ ξ7
Sσ ≈χB3
χB2 , κσ 2 ≈
χB4
χB2
µB = 0
0
1
2
3
4
2 10 20 505 100 200
net-protonanti-protonproton
BES-II error for net-p
UrQMD
Au + Au Collisions at RHIC0-5% centrality
|y| < 0.5, 0.4 < pT < 2 (GeV/c)
STAR Preliminary
Colliding Energy 3sNN (GeV)
Hig
h M
omen
ts gm
2
Search for the QCD Critical Point
CEE
1) CEP=(µE=685, TE=106)MeV => √sNN ~ 4 GeV F. Gao, et al. PRD93, 094019(2016)
2) At CSR:√sNN ~ 2 GeV and at HIAF: √sNN ~ 3.5 GeV
! CEE is important to complete the ‘CP oscillation’
CSRm 1000 AMeV (H.I.), ≤ 2.8 GeV (p)
兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环(HIRFL-CSR)
0
1
2
3
4
102 20 505 100 200
net-protonanti-protonproton
0-5% centralitySTAR Preliminary
Colliding Energy 3sNN (GeV)
Au + Au Collisions at RHIC|y| < 0.5, 0.4 < pT < 2 (GeV/c)
g*m
2
SPS: 6.5< 3sNN <17.3 GeVFAIR: 2.4< 3sNN <5.2 GeVRHIC: 4.8< 3sNN <14.2 GeV
CEE
CBM 2025
CEE
Nu XU 20/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 201720
HIAF
The establishment of the National Research Center at the Pearl River Delta is planned!
Location!
Huizhou city and Guangdong province will cover the expenses for land, preparing land, constructing roads, electricity and water supply stations, …!
Nu XU 23/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Experimental Setups at HIAF
Gas-filled Recoil Separator
Low Energy Spectrometer TSR
Low Energy Irradiation Terminal
Setup for Hypernuclear Study
Fragment Separator and Spectrometer
DR Spectrometer
In-ring Reaction Spectrometer
Mass and Lifetime Spectrometers
CEE Concept
Target
BeamZDC
Superconducting Magnet
Beam Monitor
MWDC
TPC
TOF
T0 Detector
iTOF
技术亮点 1) Beam Monitor (CCNU)
自主研制 2) Time of Flight Detector (MRPC) (THU、USTC) 3) Time Project Chamber (SINAP, CAS) 4) DAQ (USTC) 5) Superconducting Magnet (IMP, CAS)
Nu XU 25/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
CEE Concept
ZDCTOF
MWDC Superconducting Magnet
TPC
iTOF
T0
Beam Monitor
CEE: design parameters
时间投影室探测器(TPC)
灵敏区体积 1.(长)×0.8(高)×1.(宽) m3
读出片大小 ~80 mm2
通道数 12k
工作气体 90% Ar + 10% CH4
相对动量分辨 π、p典型值5%,总≤10%。
粒子种类量程 Z <= 2, π, p, d, t, He
双径迹区分 < 3 cm
径迹多重性限制 200
1级触发事件率 1000 Hz
微像素定位探测器
位置分辨 < 50 µm
时间分辨 1µs
探测器层数 2
像素数 360k
总面积 18cm2
飞行时间探测器
时间分辨 eTOF < 80 ps,iTOF < 50 ps
T0 < 50ps
占有度 10%~15%
总面积 12m2
通道数 3000
零度角量能器 ZDC
总体尺寸 1(长)×1.5(高)×1.5(宽) m3
能量分辨 10%
通道数 400
超导磁铁
总体尺寸 2.5 (长)×3 (高)×4 (宽) m3
均匀场区尺寸 1(长)×0.8(高)×1.2(宽) m3
中心场/均匀度5kG / 1%
总体重量 200 吨
漂移室径迹探测器
横向位置分辨 0.3 mm
漂移室层数 3
通道数 3000
总面积 12 m2
相对动量分辨 5%
Nu XU 27/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Topmetal Concept
Topmetal CMOS
Sensor
Topmetalreadout
Beam Monitor
Position and charge sensitivity
Topmetal Test Results
2014年5月13日 CN201210039357.1
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申请(专利)号:201210039357.1大 中 小
申请公开说明书 (5)页
申 请 号: 201210039357.1 申 请 日: 2012.02.21
名 称: 自由电荷像素探测器
公 开 (公告) 号: CN102931202A 公开(公告)日: 2013.02.13
主 分 类 号: H01L27/146(2006.01)I 分案原申请号:
分 类 号: H01L27/146(2006.01)I;H04N5/369(2011.01)I
颁 证 日: 优 先 权:
申请(专利权)人: 华中师范大学
地 址: 430078 湖北省武汉市洪山区珞瑜路152号
发 明 (设计)人: 孙向明;许怒;黄光明 国 际 申 请:
国 际 公 布: 进入国家日期:
专利 代理 机构: 湖北武汉永嘉专利代理有限公司 42102 代 理 人: 张安国;伍见
摘要
一种自由电荷像素探测器,由硅层、信号处理和读出电路、过孔、中间金属层、绝缘层和顶层金属组成;其顶层金属为集成电路芯片最外
层金属层,是一个金属阵列,这层金属裸露在外面,阵列中每一个小单元下面都有过孔与硅层相连接,信号处理和读出电路就在硅层上,信号
处理和读出电路所用到的中间金属层与顶层金属之间有绝缘层隔开。本探测器中与集成电路芯片外部直接接触的金属层部分由小金属电极阵列
组成,其阵列中最邻近的小金属电极中心之间距离<100微米。在集成电路芯片的上面放一个阴极板,在该阴极板和顶层金属之间加电场,自
由电荷被收集到顶层金属上,形成信号。本探测器与已有的金属阳极相比,空间分辨率和灵敏度更高。
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中国发明专利
2015: (a) <ENC> ≤ 13e (b) sensitive to single charge particle
(a) (b)
NIMA, 849, 20-24 (2017)
2016 results:-position resolution < 17 μm
-NIMA, 849, 20-24 (17)
Nu XU 29/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Storage1IMP,2CCNU
Simulations
Computing Centers for Data Storage and Analysis
CEE
Data Analysis
1) Institute of Physics: Computing + Storage 2) CCNU: New Computing Center (NSC3)
CEE TeamCCNU, IMP, SINAP, Tsinghua Univ., USTC, PKU, Fudan Univ. HIT, Lanzhou Univ., …
北京大学,复旦大学,湖州师范学院,哈尔滨工业大学、兰州大学,三峡大学, 中国地质大学
(I) Symmetry Energy and EOS
HIRFL-CSR and HIAF are ideal energy region for study symmetry energy at high baryon density
ρ/ρ0
Nu XU 32/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Esym(ρ) Above Saturation Density!
! No sensitivity in peon ratios J. Hong et al. ArXiv: 1307.7654!
! Soft π-/π+ Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 062502(2009) Phys. Lett. B718, 1510(2013)
! Stiff π-/π+! Phys. Lett. B683, 140(2010)
! Moderate nucleon flow Phys. Lett. B697, 471 (2011) Phys. Lett. B700, 139 (2011)!
- Medium effect are important by J. Xu et al. - More experimental data at ρ/ρ0 > 1 are needed!
0
1
2
3
4
2 10 20 505 100 200
net-protonanti-protonproton
BES-II error for net-p
UrQMD
Au + Au Collisions at RHIC0-5% centrality
|y| < 0.5, 0.4 < pT < 2 (GeV/c)
STAR Preliminary
Colliding Energy 3sNN (GeV)
Hig
h M
omen
ts gm
2
(II) Search for the QCD Critical Point
CEE
1) CEP=(µE=685, TE=106)MeV => √sNN ~ 4 GeV F. Gao, et al. PRD93, 094019(2016)
At CSR:√sNN ~ 2 GeV and at HIAF: √sNN ~ 3.5 GeV
! CEE is important to complete the ‘CP oscillation’
Nu XU 34/35 “CBM School”, Wuhan, September 22–23, 2017
Summary
1) HIAF is scheduled to be online in 2024. CEE is important for exploring the QCD phase structure in the high baryon density region
2) Physics focus: 1) QCD critical point proton PID 2) V1 of (π, K, p, Λ) pion PID 3) Symmetry energy 4) Polarized target
Acknowledgement
Q. An, XR. Chen, H. Dong, S. Gupta, F. Liu, F. Lu, XF. Luo, YG. Ma, B. Mohanty, HG. Ritter, M. Shao, XM. Sun, ZY. Sun, GQ. Xiao, ZG. Xiao, Y. Wang, JF. Yang, M. Yuan, L. Zhao, YF. Zhang, PF. Zhuang
Thanks for your attention!