Css Essays

8/12/2019 Css Essays

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Global Zero: World without Nuclear Weapons

By Irshad Ali Sodhar (FSP)

Outline

1. Introduction2. Brief history of nuclear weapons3. Perils of nuclear weapons. !eed to eli"inate nuclear weapons#. $lo%al &ero initiati'e. Is this oal achie'a%le* +es,a. -istorical support%. Political willc. Stron pu%lic supportd. !ew leadership. -ow to achie'e it* Procedure/Stratey,

a. 0atification of !P/B%. 0eduction %y the S and 0ussiac. 4li"ination %y all nuclear statesd. Follow up, control "echanis"5. reation of International !uclear Fuel6Ban78. Ad'antaes of nuclear &ero19. onclusion

:his is the "o"ent to %ein the wor7 of see7in the peace of world without nuclearweapons; (Bara7 O%a"a)


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due to radiation. ens of thousands %eca"e disa%led. !ot only the people present at theti"e suffered %ut the Eun%ornD as well. housands others were %orn with defor"ities andenetic disorders due to which successi'e enerations ha'e suffered.

he A"ericans and Capanese learned different lessons fro" these %o"%ins. :he

A"ericans lesson was the nuclear weapons win wars= and therefore ha'e 'alue. heCapanese learned that hu"an %ein and nuclear weapons cannot co6e@ist.; (Ga'idHrieer= President !uclear Ae Peace Foundation). -owe'er= the daner posed %ynuclear weapons today is far reater than the destruction they caused in -iroshi"a and!aasa7i.

oday= the nu"%er of nuclear weapons around the world is a%out 39=999 %o"%s with farreater weiht and destruction power. 4'en a fraction of these weapons could put an endto hu"an as well as other species on our planet. It is clear that if we donDt achie'eE$lo%al eroD= our planet is always at ris7= of %ein con'erted into a E$round eroD. hiscould happen not only due to a deli%erate act %ut also accidental incident. herefore=

there is a stron reason that Ethese weapons "ust %e a%olished %efore they a%olish usD.

he need to eli"inate nuclear weapons is not only %ecause these can %e used fordestruction in war %ut also %ecause they pose e>ual daner in ti"es of peace. here ha'e%een :lose alls; to annihilation in 'arious occasions. In 188#J President Boris +eltsinwas infor"ed that a nuclear "issile was speedin towards the heart of 0ussia. 0ussiannuclear forces= already on hair6trier alert= were put in e'en hiher alert. 0ussian policycalled for a :launch on warnin;. he fate of the planet hun in the %alance. +eltsinwisely waited. And within those "o"ents= the alar" declared false. :An uni"aina%lenuclear disaster had %arely %een a'oided;= declared A"ericaDs Gefense


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nuclear weapons in order to "a7e the future of hu"anityNour eneration and our futureenerations ? safe and secure.

In addition= the old ar which was the pushin force %ehind nuclear race has ended twodecades ao. Also due to the interdependence of states in the current scenario= there is

unli7eness of re'i'al of such conflicts.

uirin nuclearweapons %ut their poor population is sufferin fro" a%Mect po'erty. A country li7e

Pa7istan= which is "erely sur'i'in at the ede of econo"ic insol'ency= could ain "uchecono"ic rowth= had the resources %een utilised for the welfare of people. Iranians are%earin the sanctions i"posed %y western powers throuh the ! for pursuin nucleartechnoloy= which accordin to the"= is ai"ed at ac>uirin weapons.

Besides= the aru"ent to possess nuclear weapons to "aintain deterrence capa%ility hasalso lost its round. uire Enu7esD= "ore the ris7 of their use %uilds6up.uestions= :Goes nuclear disar"a"ent i"peril our security*; -e answers= :!o= itenhances it.; As hu"an ? %eins are falli%le= deterrence is not a perfect syste". It can %efailed %y hu"an error= accident= "iscalculation or si"ply "isco""unication. :Goes it"a7e sense to ris7 the future of our cities and e'en the hu"an species on an unpro'a%letheory*;= Ga'id Hrieer= founder of the !uclear Ae Peace Foundation.

his is why= fortunately= the initiati'e of achie'in peace of the world without nuclearweapons is ainin support a"on %oth the senior "ilitary and the political leaders of theworld. he increasin nu"%er of leaders ha'e realised what A%raha" Kincoln said= :e"ust thin7 anew and act anew.; 0ecently "any world leaders ha'e e@pressed willinnessto "o'e towards this oal. British Pri"e


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sinatories included for"er S President Ci""y arter= for"er So'iet leader


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his new and unprecedented political support fro" the heads of the worldDs "osti"portant o'ern"entsD for &ero nuclear weapons has "ade this oal possi%le. his"o"ent offers %oth the possi%ilities and daners. Possi%ilities %ecause of new leadershipin the S which appears to support the oal of nuclear a%olition. Ganers %ecause= if this"o"ent passes without action= then the nuclear6race could >uic7ly ather pace with "any

"ore states ac>uirin weapons and the ris7 of weapons fallin into the hands of terroristswould increase.

his opportunity "ust %e sei&ed. It is the ti"e for a new %einnin to achie'e a worldfree of nuclear weapons. his "o"ent calls for e"%racin possi%ilities and dispellindaners. he phased and 'erifia%le eli"ination of nuclear weapons is possi%le. -ere areso"e of the steps needed to achie'e this oal,

Firstly the ratification of !on Proliferation reaty (!P) and o"prehensi'e est Banreaty (B). he !P= which was sponsored %y the S= H and the SS0= wasai"ed :to pre'ent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapon technoloy= to pro"ote

cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear enery and to further the oal of achie'innuclear disar"a"ent;. he treaty was sined %y 15 states and was ratified in 18#.-owe'er= the S= its sponsors= did not ratify it. Other four countries which ha'e notsined it are, India= Pa7istan= Israel and u%a. Si"ilarly= B= introduced in 188#= hasnot %een ratified %y "any states= includin the S. It is stronly felt that if the S ratifiesthese treaties= others would follow the course. :4arly the S ratification would do "uchto encourae the few re"ainin states to follow suit=; wrote Ga'id


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that, :he only effecti'e for" of nuclear disar"a"ent and eli"ination of nuclearweapons is lo%al disar"a"ent.; President ardari has also tal7ed of :nuclear weapon6free South Asia;. !orth Horea is already on6%oard in si@6party tal7s and has alsoco""itted to a%olish nuclear weapons for econo"ic incenti'es. he only country whichhas stayed silent is Israel which is undeclared nuclear state. But i'en the le'erae=

ashinton enMoys o'er it= Israel will ha'e to %e part of the process.

Once this process sets in "o"entu"= the weapons could %e deli'ered to a sinle andco""on re"ote place in oceans for dis"antlin under the super'ision of s7illedscientists. he nuclear "aterial could %e returned to the donors for use in the enerysector or disposal.

Kastly= ha'in achie'ed the co"plete and 'erified eli"ination of nuclear weapons fro"the world= all the countries will ha'e to conclude a Moint treaty at the ! platfor"%annin any de'elop"ent of nuclear weapons and technoloy. As ueen !oor of Cordantold BB= :e ha'e to wor7 on de6leiti"isin the status of nuclear weapons.; his is

'ital for "a7in the eli"ination of nu7es irre'ersi%le. his would re>uire esta%lishin"any "echanis"s to constitute an e'entual rei"e for o'erseein the lo%al %an.

It is also i"portant to realise that ad'antae of use of nuclear technoloy for peacefulpurposes is too reat to %e inored. he !P also underscores Eto pro"ote cooperation inthe peaceful use of nuclear eneryD. And= e'ery country has the riht to ac>uire nucleartechnoloy for peaceful purposes. But i'en the ele"ent of conflict in internationalaffairs and at"osphere of "istrust= all the countries canDt %e trusted as relia%le for notpursuin the a"%itions of ac>uirin nuclear weapons aain. his situation warrants a newapproach= which would allow the use of nuclear enery and deny the weaponstechnoloy.

he $lo%al ero initiati'e en'isaes Einternational "anae"ent of the fuel cycle topre'ent future de'elop"ent of nuclear weapons.D :An aree"ent on a new InternationalAto"ic 4nery Aency (IA4A) led syste" that would help states wishin to de'elop aci'il nuclear enery industry to do so without increasin the ris7 of nuclear weaponproliferation; says Ga'id


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diseases= includin cancer. Its use in ariculture enhances crop yield which would help"itiate the food crisis.

$lo%al ero offers two?proned %enefits, achie'in safety %y eli"inatin nuclearweapons and to achie'e prosperity %y usin nuclear enery. he leaders of world ha'e the

reatest "oral responsi%ility to sei&e the opportunity for the welfare of the li'in and thefuture enerations of "an7ind. As Bena&ir Bhutto said= :e owe it to our children to%uild a world free of the threat of nuclear annihilation.;666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666

risis of $ood $o'ernance in Pa7istan

By Gr. uratul Ain


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Political causes1. Parlia"ent= a toothless tier2. Political insta%ility due to constant "ilitary interference3. Issue of pro'incialis" on re'enue= resources and de"and of pro'incial autono"y

Ad"inistrati'e causes1. Bureaucratic hold on all institutions2. Political interference on %ureaucracy3. orruption= "other of all e'ils. A%sence of culture of accounta%ility#. uer

Social causes1. Po'erty ? 9 per cent population li'in %elow the po'erty line (! reports)2. O'er population 61. crore ( 4cono"ic Sur'ey of Pa7istan 2998)3. Illiteracy leadin to socio6econo"ic %ac7wardness

0e"edies1. Pa7istan is in dire need of truly capa%le leadership2. Stron anti6corruption ca"pains strenthenin !ational Accounta%ility Bureau3. Strict accounta%ility of all o'ern"ent ser'ants in particular and co""on "asses ineneral. In'est"ent in socio6econo"ic de'elop"ent#. Allocation of se'en per cent $GP for education. hree per cent for population control. hree per cent for po'erty alle'iation5. $eneration of new e"ploy"ent opportunities8. 4>ual distri%ution of resources19. 4nsurin freedo" of press66666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666orld Order, nipolar to


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2. Brief history of orld Order3. nited StatesD ni6polar Status. Geter"inants of orld Ordera) 4cono"ic strenth%)


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%oth the S and the SS0 (for"er) had played sinificant role in defeatin the :a@is;=they esta%lished their enor"ous influence in the world affairs. he resultin conflict ofinterest and ideoloy %etween the S and the SS0 shaped :Bipolar orld Order;. Inthe after"ath of orld ar6II= nited !ations Oranisation (!O) was created to"aintain peace. -owe'er= this foru" was also una%le to diffuse the tension %etween the

S and the for"er SS0 which "ar7ed the second half of the 29th century. he period is7nown as the old ar.

4'entually= old ar ended with the disinteration of the SS0 and e"erence of theS as sole super power of the world? econo"ically= "ilitarily and politically. he thenpresident of the S Bush coined the ter" :!ew orld Order;= which was sinificantly:nipolar;. he S has enMoyed a pro"inent status and role since then its econo"y rewwith tre"endous pace= its "ilitary strenth has %een un"atched= its political influence inthe international affairs has %een uncontested= and its ideoloy of de"ocratic principleearned its world leadership.

Si"ply= the S holds supre"acy in e'ery ele"ent of lo%al e"inence. 0ichard !i@on=the e@6president of the S= in his %oo7 :In the Arena;= has descri%ed inredients of lo%alpolitical clout as, econo"ic power= "ilitary forces= ideoloical appeal= do"estic politicalcohesion= s7ill in statecraft and co""onality of interest with other "aMor powers. In theliht of these inredients the S still enMoys upper hand o'er other countries of the world.So"e of these are enu"erated here.

he S also possesses a stronest "ilitary in the world with 1. "illion acti'e personnelforce. Its co"%at force consists of the larest nu"%er of carrier ships= fastest fihterplanes with precision uided "issiles and %o"%s. It has successfully tested anti6%allistic"issile shield capacity.


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4cono"ically= the S is still the larest econo"y of the world %ut closely followed %yCapan and hina. he per capita inco"e of Capan is hiher than that of the S. hina hasa 'ery rowin econo"y with sustained rowth rate of o'er nine per cent for the last oneand a half decades. he S faces trade deficit of R599 %illon while hina has tradesurplus of R1#9 %illion a year. 4Ds collecti'e $GP is now reater than that of the S.

Since the launch of 4uro currency in 1888= dollar had %een losin its 'alue aainst itconstantly. 4cono"y of 0ussia has %een %loatin its since 2999 and its $GP has %eentripled. he risin oil and as prices ha'e added enor"ous i"petus in 0ussian econo"y.o""entin on the challenes to unipolarity of the S= 0ichard !. -ass= a scholar at Souncil for Forein Affairs= wrote in :Forein Affairs uite larer ar"ies. he 8/11 attac7sshowed how a s"all in'est"ent %y terrorists could cause e@traordinary le'el of da"ae.

Politically= the influence of the S and its unilateral posture has %een seriously chec7ed.his is "anifested fro" nuclear i"%rolio with !orth Horea and Iran. hina pro'ed to %ethe %est a%le to influence Pyonyan. Iran has faced four sets of sanctions %y the !Son the insistence of the S %ut does not see" to %e ready to co"pro"ise its stance. hederee of sanctions was sinificantly softened due to the stand of 0ussia and hina.:ashintonDs a%ility to pressure ehran has %een strenthened %y the participation ofse'eral estern 4uropean countries and wea7ened %y the reluctance of hina and 0ussiato sanction Iran;= says 0ichard !. -ass.


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sti"atised A"ericaDs reputation is its policy in the war to cli"ate chane crises ha'e only un'eiled fissures in its powerstructure. he "ost contro'ersial issues= which ha'e placed the S at the opposite polefro" rest of the world= are enery crises= Ira> war= cli"ate chane= financial crises andlo%alisation. hese factors ha'e rather pro'ed catalyst in the shift fro" unipolar to the"ultipolar world.

4nery resources are 'ital ele"ent in forein policy for"ulation= particularly inconte"porary scenario of enery crises. he S enery policy is a dri'in force %ehindthe end of unipolarity. Since there is increase in de"and of oil= it has two6fold effects on

eopolitical front. First the increase in de"and raised the world oil prices fro" Must o'erR29 a %arrel to o'er R1#9 a %arrel in less than a decade until the financial crisis plunedthe oil prices. his increase in oil cost resulted in enor"ous transfer of wealth andle'erae to enery rich countries. Secondly in order to secure enery supply= all the "aMorpowers ha'e co""on interest in the enery rich countries. his co"petition has resultedin confrontational politics on the international stae. his is the enery de"and which ledthe S to war in Ira>.

he Ira> war has sinificantly contri%uted to the dilution of the S power in the world. Ithas pro'ed to %e e@pensi'e in ter"s of al"ost all ele"ents of power and in hu"an ter"s.-istorian Paul Hennedy had outlined in his %oo7 EI"perial O'erstretchD that the Swould e'entually decline %y o'erreachin Must as other powers had in the past. he warhas cost A"erica deaths of "ore than =#99 troops and o'er R99 %illion as loss.0esultantly= the S fiscal position has declined fro" surplus of R199 %illion in 2999 to adeficit of R99 %illion in 299. his also "anifests that ashinton cannot fiht any"orewar unilaterally.

On the diplo"atic front= the S could not o%tain appro'al fro" the nited !ationsSecurity ouncil (!S) for oin into war in Ira>. he issue of pre6e"pti'e wardi'ided the S and the H fro" their 4uropean partners N France and $er"any N andother lo%al powers N 0ussia and hina.

he financial crisis of 2995 hit the %ac7%one of the S econo"y whereas 0ussian=hinese and other Asian econo"ies ha'e displayed >uite sta%ility. he crisis da"aed notonly its econo"y %ut i"ae as well. :he financial crisis is causin "aMor da"ae to Si"ae as the sta%le anchor of the world econo"y= and A"erican leadership= as thedo"inant financial superpower with free and inno'ati'e "ar7ets= is in >uestion;= says+eonseop 0hee= of Broo7ins institution. In a short= the financial crisis has defined theecono"ic "ultipolarity of the world.


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Besides= the lo%alisation has transfor"ed the world into an interdependent "ultipolarworld. !ation States ha'e %een losin their "onopoly on power and are %ein challened%y reional and lo%al oranisations= and non6o'ern"ental oranisations (!$Os) andcorporations. $lo%alisation has strenthened ties and connection in econo"y= politics=science and technoloy= culture and society around the world. It is the i"pact of

lo%alisation and le'erae of en'iron"ental !$Os that 15 countries thouh reluctantlysined the Hyoto Protocol= openhaen Accord and now the Eancun Aree"entsD oncli"ate chane.

A%o'e issues ha'e reflected upon a point that no country can independently address suchlo%al issues li7e cli"ate chane= terroris"= proliferation of weapons of "ass destruction=econo"ic crisis and a%o'e all the world peace and security. It has %een pro'ed thatunilateral and hee"onic efforts ha'e %een failed to chane the o%Mecti'e law of worldpolitics= rather= they ha'e aroused resistance across the world.

-ence it is %eco"in e'ident that the ae of EunipolarityD is EdissipatinD and the world is

E"o'in towardsD natural E"ultipolarityD. In other words= there e"ered "ultipowers orcentres power. -owe'er= "ultipolarity is not an i""ediate reality the rather it isde'elopin trend. As the e"erin powers are strenthenin and their inter6dependenceincreasin= world is %ein pushed towards "ultipolarity.

In the future "ultipolar world order= power would not rest with a few "aMor countries %utwith se'eral countries. 4ach ha'in its specific pro"inence will ha'e asserti'e say in theworld affairs. Besides the S= Capan= hina= 4 and India would ha'e econo"ic strenth.Iran= Saudi Ara%ia= Qene&uela= "e"%ers of the African nion and Bra&il would ha'ele'erae due to their 'ast enery resources. 0ussia would ha'e %oth ad'antaes. So"ecountries would ha'e i"portance due to their eostrateic location li7e Pa7istan= entralAsian States= 7raine= and ur7ey as these countries are located on the enery routesthrouh which enery resources will %e routed to rest of the world. Besides= theinternational oranisations li7e !O= orld Ban7= I


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:A "ultipolar world is characterised with coe@istence of "ultiple forces and "ultipleentities.; o %e precise= collecti'e security= "utual cooperation and inter6dependencewould %e the ear"ar7 of "ultipolar world.

o achie'e this purpose= all the e@istin and e"erin powers need to de'elop consensus

on so"e prere>uisites. he international relations are re>uired to %e de"ocratised. And toachie'e the oals= ! is a %est foru". Firstly its charterDs %asic principles of e>uality ofstates= "aMority as core of de"ocratic syste" and "echanis" of institutions shall %efollowed in true spirit in dealin with all international issues. Secondly= !Ds authority"ust %e safeuarded and enhanced to play its role to %alance the power of 'arious forcesand to find Must and rational solution to international conflicts li7e Palestine= Hash"ir=Ira>= nuclear proliferation and hu"anitarian crises. It shall facilitate dialoue ande@chane of 'iews %etween different ci'ilisations and cultures of all reliion= reion andcountries.

As the chronicles of international politics ha'e pro'ed that hee"ony and i"perialis"

are the %iest threat to world peace and are the root causes of conflicts and wars= the"ultipolar world of Einter6dependenceD and Ecoe@istenceD is a %id to create a har"oniousworld of econo"ic sta%ility= social Mustice= collecti'e security and co""on de'elop"ent.In this way= hu"an will see the world to e"%ar7 on the path of peace6the ulti"ate oal.$lo%al war"in

By Irshad Ali Sodhar (FSP)

Outline

1. Introduction2. hat is lo%al war"in*3. $reen house effect. 4'idences of lo%al war"in/cli"ate chanea) e"perature=%) Precipitation=c) 0ise in sea le'el.

#. auses of lo%al war"in6e"issions. Sources of e"issions. ho are responsi%le for reen house e"issions*5. Possi%le i"pacts of lo%al war"in,a)


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8. npredicta%le surprises19. hreshold le'el11. Strateies to "itiate lo%al war"in,a) ransfor"in to renewa%le sources of enery=

%) 4nery conser'ation and efficiency=c) Indi'idual efforts.

12. onclusion

$lo%al war"in is si"ply defined as an increase in the a'erae lo%al te"peratures.houh= it is an en'iron"ental pro%le"= it has serious i"plications on the lo%alecono"ics= eopolitics= society= hu"anity and all li'in %eins. :$lo%al war"in is oneof the "ost contro'ersial science issues of the 21st century= challenin the 'ery structureof our lo%al society;= says


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acti'ity.; says Gr. errence


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countries= particularly de'eloped countries ha'e to share responsi%ility to cut thee"issions for the purpose of hu"anity otherwise we are oin to suffer the possi%lei"plications.

$lo%al war"in is oin to di'est co""unities that are already the "ost "arinalised in

world. hese are the co""unities that are least responsi%le for the industrial andhistorical e"issions that created the pro%le". -owe'er= future cli"ate chane will ha'ei"pacts on all parts of hu"an society= includin coastal reions= stor"s and floods= healthand water resources= ariculture and %iodi'ersity. So"e of the i"pacts are discussedseparately.

One the coast line reions are "ost 'ulnera%le. As the !Ds panel on cli"ate hasreported that sea le'el could rise %y 29655 c" in ne@t 199 years= this is a serious pro%le"for coastal areas which will %e "ore prone to stor"s and floods. In response= the %ierand de'eloped countries would ha'e to %uild hiher walls on the coasts %ut still they willha'e to lose so"e aricultural land. -owe'er= the s"all island countries li7e


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Fifth the "ost worryin concern of cli"ate chane is the effect it will ha'e onariculture. he world is already facin food crisis. Accordin to != "ore than 599"illion o to sleep hunry e'ery niht. Increase in te"perature would ha'e two effects,first= in hiher latitudes it will increase food production due %y "oderatin te"peratures

and increased O2 it second= it will reduce the crop yield in the low latitudes due tohiher te"peratures and destruction of aricultural land %y salinity. $enerally= there will%e a drop in food production in %oth the de'eloped and less de'eloped countries.

he a%o'e i"pacts assu"e that there is a linear relationship %etween the increase inte"peratures and its i"plications. -owe'er= there is increasin concern a"on thescientists that cli"ate chane "ay occur a%ruptly and e@plode surprises for hu"anity6%eyond its control. It is o%ser'ed that en'iron"ent is chanin at a faster rate thane@pected. A report %y a S !ational Acade"y of Science (!AS) says= :A'aila%lee'idence suests that a%rupt cli"ate chanes are not only possi%le %ut li7ely in thefuture= potentially with lare i"pacts on ecosyste" and societies;.

uences of inaction= the world needs to act to chec7 thelo%al war"in. As the lo%al war"in is caused %y anthropoenic e"issions= the "ostloical approach to this pro%le" would %e to cut e"issions sinificantly. his= howe'er=has a "aMor i"plication for the world econo"y6 the enery of which is "ainly %ased onfossil fuel %urnin. Se'eral efforts ha'e %een spearheaded in the past %ut consensus hasnot %een reached due to contentious position of so"e "ost industrialised countries.

Fro" the Hyoto Protocol 188 throuh openhaen= 2998 to ancun onference 2919=the world leaders ha'e %een una%le to aree on su%stantial cuts in e"issions and ade>uatefundin for adoption. houh= there has %een so"e proress in foundation wor7 alonwith co""it"ents fro" the world leaders to tac7le this daner to planet earth= there is alon way to o for effecti'e action.

Bein the de'eloped countries these are well e>uipped= technoloically= to cut thee"ission %y transfor"in their econo"ies fro" fossil fuel6%ased enery to renewa%leresource enery. he solar enery a'aila%le is the "ost a%undant for" of enery a'aila%leto hu"ans. ind enery is another plenty source of enery. !uclear source is also a non6pollutant source of enery. he de'eloped countries should not only e@plode this source%ut they should also support/help the underde'eloped countries to enerate electricityfro" this source. e need to understand that we ha'e to switch o'er to these sources of


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enery as the fossil fuels are %ound to %e finished %y the increasin le'els ofconsu"ption so why late= why not now*

Further"ore= the effort at the international le'el is not the only way to control lo%alwar"in all the people can play their indi'idual role as well. After all are the end users

of all that is produced in the industries and enery sector. Indi'iduals can help reduce thereen house e"issions %y "any ways li7e, dri'in less= sharin a car with a friend orcolleaue to office= eatin local= i"pro'in 'ehiclesD fuel efficiency= consu"in less=usin less electricity (and sa'in "oney)= enery efficiency at wor7 and ho"e and %yreducin waste products. hese acts would ser'e the purpose of e"ission reduction intwo ways, One the less6 consu"ption would result less production and su%se>uently less%urnin of fuels. wo it will enerate a "oral pressure on the industries and o'ern"entsto realise the dile""a and aree to the e"ission reduction policy.

here is a feasi%le counter %alance to reduce O2 fro" at"osphere %y rowin forests onland and 'eetation in sea %ut it will not do "uch. lti"ately= a co"%ination of i"pro'ed

enery efficiency and alternati'e enery resources is the way to "itiate lo%al war"in.houh it will cost us %ut Ethe earlier effecti'e action is ta7en= the less costly it will %e;=says Sir !icholas Stern= the hief 4cono"ist at orld Ban7. e need to act now= weneed to act %efore itDs too late= as the "aMor threat fro" lo%al war"in is itsunpredicta%ility.

he lo%al war"in has %eco"e the real test of the foundations of our "odern society=ci'ilisation and de"ocracy. Its anthropoenic causes are a"ply pro'ed. Its i"plicationsha'e started hittin hu"anity= which are too har"ful to %e inored. he solutions are athand. herefore= the world leaders ha'e responsi%ility to respond to it effecti'ely for thecause of hu"anity 6 our future eneration. :li"ate chane= and what we do a%out it= willdefine us= our era= and ulti"ately the lo%al leacy we lea'e for future enerations;= saysBan Hi


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%) 0esource nationalis" ? tihter supplyc) Political uncertaintyd) Kac7 of di'ersity

. I"pact of crises

a) 4cono"y%) Politicsc) Ge'elop"ent

5. 4n'iron"ental concerns8. ay out, 0enewa%le enery19. onclusion


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per cent of the worldDs total enery supply. heir respecti'e share is oil 3 per cent coal2# per cent and as 23 per cent (total 5# per cent).

On the other hand the renewa%le resources of enery hydro= solar= wind= nuclear=eother"al= %ioas and wa'e constitute only 1# per cent of lo%al share of enery supply.

hese are also clean sources of enery. Gespite their enor"ous %enefits= the renewa%lesources of enery ha'e not %een e@ploited sufficiently due to "any reasons. he reasons"ay include technoloical %arriers= initial cost and political co"pulsions. Both the leastde'eloped and de'elopin countries "ainly face technoloical %ac7wardness and%arriers= while the de'eloped countries ha'e %een too slow and reluctant to transfer theirtechnoloy due to the hiher cost and political reasons.

he world distri%ution of enery consu"ption re'eals that the "ost de'eloped countriesare the hihest consu"ers of fossil fuels. he S= which is the "ost ad'anced countrytechnoloically and richest econo"ically= consu"es 2# per cent of the total world eneryoutput while its population "a7es only fi'e per cent of the world. his "a7es A"erica

the hihest per capita enery consu"in nation. Second co"es Capan= which consu"essi@ per cent. he estern 4uropean countries which are also technoloically ad'ancedconsu"e 1# per cent of the world enery. hina= a rowin econo"y= consu"es nine percent of the world enery resources. -owe'er= the rest of the world consu"es only # percent of enery production.

his consu"ption is in sharp contrast to the production in respect of reional distri%ution.As the S has only 2. per cent of world oil reser'es and 3.# per cent of as reser'es=Capan i"ports # per cent of its enery needs= hina i"ports "ore than #9 per cent of itsenery needs. he larest fossil fuel reser'es are located in


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wo= the supply of oil and as are "ainly dependent upon the capacity to pu"p fro" thereser'es. houh= the Oranisation of Oil 4@plorin ountries (OP4) %oosted thesupply durin the pea7 crisis in 2995 %ut that was not enouh to "eet the de"and of the"ar7et. Another factor deter"inin the oil supplies is the 'olatile price "echanis". Asthe speculations cause increase in the prices= the oil producin countries et hiher

profits. his trend has led to new political concept? 0esource nationalis". heinternational fir"s ha'e found the"sel'es faced with touher ter"s and shut out oflo%eDs "ost pro"isin oil %asins.

hird= the supply of hydrocar%ons is also affected %y the political condition in theresource countries. nfortunately= the political conditions in all the oil producin reionsare 'olatile. It was painfully felt %y the western world when Ara% leaders cla"ped an oile"%aro on the S in retaliation to ashintonDs support of Israel in the 183 uently= the Swent to war with Ira> in 1881$ulf war. A"erica is aain there for the sa"e purpose.

Si"ilarly hinaDs forein policy towards "any reions of the world particularly Africa=the


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enery is taped at a larer scale= it will e'entually %eco"e societyDs pri"ary enerycarrier in the 21st century.

he "edia and industry clai" that renewa%le eneries are not yet econo"icallyco"petiti'e fossil fuels. Perhaps not %ut i'en the health and en'iron"ental costs= and

li"it of fossil fuels= the price of renewa%le enery is only 'ia%le option. -owe'er= norenewa%le enery for" will sinle handedly replace oil= %ut toether they will %eco"e a'ery i"portant part of the enery "i@ of the future.

As the de"and of enery is set to row rapidly durin ne@t 29 years the supply of eneryis oin to decline= which could i'e rise to co"petition and conflict coupled withecono"ic insta%ility.


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13. onclusion

Pa7istan is one of the "ost disaster prone countries in the world. $enerally di'ided intonatural and "an6"ade= all disasters are "anaed %y a syste"atic process of disaster

"anae"ent that ai"s at "ini"isin the da"ae and restoration of people to theirnor"al state. Pa7istan is well fa"iliar with disasters which ha'e caused a hea'y toll inter"s of "en and "aterial.

-owe'er= due to its inade>uate preparedness to "anae disasters= it has failed toeffecti'ely cope with the". houh= after earth>ua7e6299#= a syste"atic effort waseared up to de'elop a 'ia%le structure of disaster "anae"ent e'ol'in intoesta%lish"ent of !Gua7es and 'olcanoes are a fewe@a"ples of natural disasters and wars and nuclear accidents fall in the cateory of the"an6"ade disasters. All these cala"ities and catastrophes incur hea'y toll on "an and hisha%itat. -owe'er= the disasters can %e "itiated and losses can %e "ini"ised withefficient preparedness and "anae"ent.

Gisaster "anae"ent is the "echanis" of coordinatin and utilisin a'aila%le resourcesto deal e"erencies effecti'ely= there%y sa'in li'es= a'oidin inMuries and "ini"isinlosses. his also deals with strateic and oranisational "anae"ent processes used toprotect 'ital assets fro" ha&ard ris7s in such e"erencies.

As "entioned earlier= disaster "anae"ent is a syste"atic process= consistin ostensi%lyof four "ain phases, response= reco'ery= relief and reha%ilitation. -owe'er= it re"ainsinco"plete without "itiation and preparedness= which are %asically pre6disaster"anae"ent phases. All these phases are crucially i"portant in "anain disasters.


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Preparedness= the second phase of disaster "anae"ent= is defined %y $lo%alGe'elop"ent 0esearch enter as Xa set of steps that enhance the a%ility of co""unitiesand o'ern"ent to respond to a disaster.X he steps included in this phase are the"aintenance of resource in'entory= stoc7pilin= loistic plannin= e'acuation plannin=co""unication plannin= and needs assess"ent. he 7ey to effecti'e disaster

"anae"ent is readiness to pro'ide a rapid e"erency response. It entails e'eryone to %eprepared to respond to e@tre"e situations.

0esponse= the ne@t phase of disaster "anae"ent= includes the action of respondin to ane"erency. It ai"s to pro'ide i""ediate e"erency support to a co""unity to "aintainhealth= safety and "orale until a per"anent solution can %e put in place. he stepsin'ol'ed in response phase are situation analysis= crisis "aps= infor"ationco""unication= e'acuation and shelters= dispatchin of resources and early da"aeassess"ent. Besides= trained and e>uipped personnel are re>uired to deal with ane"erin crisis.

0eco'ery= finally= is the process of returnin to nor"al. 0eco'ery phase "ay %e short6ter" as well as lon6ter"= and it %eins after the disaster co""ences. 0eco6'ery phase iso'erlapped %y reconstruction= reha%ilitation spatial plannin= infrastructure %uildin=housin= li'elihood= social security= transport= clean drin7in water= co""unication andariculture.

Pre'iously= Pa7istan has fallen 'icti" to disasters "any a ti"e. he earth>ua7e6299#=-un&a landslides and Floods 2919 are so"e of the incidents. he a'aila%le data sueststhat Pa7istan suffered hea'ily at the hands of these disasters owin to the lac7 of efficientdisaster "anae"ent.

0ecently= the spate of floods that %ean late in Culy of 2919 dealt a serious %low toPa7istan. he floods with such a "anitude had ne'er %een witnessed in the history ofPa7istan. orrential "onsoon rains in Hhy%er6Pa7htun7hwa= Sindh= Balochistan andPunMa% were pri"arily responsi%le for the floods. he hea'y rains also affected Indusri'er %asin. Al"ost one/fifth of Pa7istan su%"ered in water.


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he !ational Gisaster uirin any o'ern"entdepart"ent or aency to "a7e a'aila%le needed resources and personnel.

Gespite esta%lish"ent of this oranisation assined with apparently "ultifarious tas7s=disasters in Pa7istan are hardly "anaed effecti'ely. Its preparedness and response durinrecent floods were found inade>uate. :For 19 days= the floodin was only in thispro'ince. But we didnYt hear fro" the !G


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thousands of prenant wo"en. hus= these 'icti"s need "edical attention on warfootins to sa'e in'alua%le hu"an li'es. he authorities were not prepared to deal withsuch situation. 4'en thouh= the floods were "o'in radually ahead= they could not ta7eprecautionary "easures in the prone areas.

here has %een a hue loss to infrastructure. Accordin to Ball State ni'ersity enteresti"ate= around 381 7" hihway and a%out # 7" railway trac7 has %een da"aed.heir repair costs are e@pected to %e at least R1#5 "illion and R131 "illion= respecti'ely.On the other hand= pu%lic da"ae accountin to al"ost R1 %illion resulted in response tofloods. he sorry state of affairs was re'ealed when authorities were una%le to ratherincapa%le of restorin the cut off routes and %reaches in ri'er %an7s.0esultantly= country recei'ed a serious econo"ic Molt. In this reard= International Ka%ourOranisation (IKO) said that al"ost #.3 "illion people %eca"e Mo%less. herefore=Xproducti'e and la%our intensi'e Mo% creation prora""es are urently needed to lift"illions of people out of po'erty that has %een ara'ated %y flood da"ae.XFurther"ore $GP would decline fro" o'erall per cent to 62 to 6# per cent. rop losses

ha'e stu%%orn i"pact on te@tile industry, the larest "anufacturin industry of Pa7istan.

Besides= the i"plications include rowth in "ilitancy and cri"e. YAs soon as Pa7istanAr"y di'erted fro" fihtin "ilitant insurents in the north6west to help in relief efforts=ali%an "ilitants were i'en a reprie'e to reroupY= o%ser'ed the Associated Press. O'erand a%o'e= the Mo%less= desperate and deMected younsters fro" the affected areas are aneasy prey to "ilitant recruit"ent and cri"inal acti'ities. It "ay ara'ate the securitysituation i'en the inefficiency of the o'ern"ent to address the pro%le"s of the 'icti"s.

If o%ser'ed politically= pu%lic "ay percei'e the o'ern"ent inefficient thus i'in rise toan episode of political unrest. !ot only people= the outside donors ha'e also %eco"es7eptic.


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Gisasters often co"e without early warnins= recent floods in Pa7istan= howe'er= too7 aradual course. But lac7 of sound disaster "anae"ent and unpreparedness policies andtheir i"ple"entation has resulted in ra'e da"aes to Pa7istan in all the pre'iousdisasters. herefore= the onus lies upon the $o'ern"ent of Pa7istan to re'isit its policiesand strenthen institutions to not only tac7le such situations %ut "a7in the" to our %est

use. It is hih ti"e that the o'ern"ent as well as e'ery citi&en of Pa7istan plays its ownrespecti'e role to %rin a%out a positi'e chane.Status of o"en in Isla"

By Gr. !aMa"6us6Sahar Butt (FSP)

here is a lot of tal7 a%out wo"enDs rihts in Pa7istan and other uite effecti'e and the entire west and a s"allsection of fe"ales in our society ha'e "isinterpreted Isla" as %ein the cause of theirtrou%les instead of the Aryan culture that we ha'e inherited.

Fa"ily= society and ulti"ately the whole "an7ind are treated %y Isla" on an ethical%asis. Gifferentiation in ender is neither a credit nor a draw%ac7 to anyone. herefore=when we tal7 a%out status of wo"an in Isla" we should not thin7 that Isla" has nospecific uidelines= li"itations= responsi%ilities and o%liations for "en. hat "a7es one'alua%le and respecta%le in the eyes of Allah= the reator of "an7ind and the uni'erse= isneither oneYs prosperity= position= intellience= physical strenth nor %eauty= %ut only oneAllah6consciousness and awareness (ta>wa).

Isla" was re'ealed at a ti"e when people denied the hu"anity of the wo"an so"e weres7eptical a%out it and still others ad"itted it= yet considered the wo"an a thin createdfor the hu"%le ser'ice of the "an.

ith the ad'ent of Isla"= circu"stances i"pro'ed for the wo"an. he wo"anYs dinityand hu"anity were ac7nowleded for the first ti"e. Isla" confir"ed wo"anDs capacityto carry out AllahYs co""ands= her responsi%ilities and o%ser'ation of the co""ands thatlead to hea'en.

Isla" considers wo"an as a worthy hu"an %ein= with an e>ual share in hu"anity to thatof the "an. Both are two %ranches of a sinle tree and two children fro" the sa"e father=Ada"= and "other= 4'e. heir sinle oriin= their eneral hu"an traits= theirresponsi%ility for the o%ser'ation of reliious duties with the conse>uent reward orpunish"ent= and the unity of their destiny all %ear witness to their e>uality fro" theIsla"ic point of 'iew.

he status of wo"en in Isla" is so"ethin uni>ue that has no parallel in any otherreliion. In the "idst of the dar7ness that enulfed the world= the di'ine re'elation


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echoed in the wide desert of Ara%ia with a fresh= no%le= and uni'ersal "essae tohu"anity,XO uality= Isla"re>uires 7ind and Must treat"ent to her. he sayins of -oly Prophet ual in all respects with"an %efore $od in ter"s of her rihts and responsi%ilities. he -oly uran states,X4'ery soul will %e (held) in plede for its deedsX(uran ,35)

In ter"s of reliious o%liations= such as offerin daily prayers= fastin and pilri"ae=wo"an is no different fro" "an. In so"e cases indeed= wo"an has certain ad'antaeso'er "an. For e@a"ple wo"en can and did o into the "os>ue durin the days of the-oly Prophet (SA) and thereafter attend the Friday prayers is optional for the" while itis "andatory for "en.

his is clearly a tender touch of the Isla"ic teachins %ecause of the fact that a wo"an"ay %e nursin her %a%y and thus "ay %e una%le to offer prayers in "os>ue. hey alsota7e into account the physioloical and psycholoical chanes associated with her naturalfe"ale functions.

he riht of fe"ales to see7 7nowlede is not different fro" that of "ales. hen Isla"enMoins the see7in of 7nowlede upon


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XSee7in 7nowlede is "andatory for e'ery


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opinion freely %ut also arued and participated in serious discussions with the -olyProphet (SA) hi"self as well as with other ually essential for the sur'i'al of hu"anity= Isla" has i'en her a share in inheritance.

Before Isla"= she was not only depri'ed of that share %ut was considered as inheritedproperty to "an.

Out of the transfera%le property= Isla" has "ade her an heir= ac7nowledin the inherenthu"an >ualities in wo"an. hether she is a wife= "other= a sister or dauhter= sherecei'es a certain share fro" the deceased 7inYs property= a share which depends on herderee of relationship to the deceased and the nu"%er of heirs. his share is hers= and noone can ta7e it away or disinherit her.

o"an enMoys certain pri'ilees which "an do not ha'e. She is e@e"pted fro" allfinancial lia%ilities. As a "other= she enMoys "ore reconition and hiher honour in the

eyes of $od. he -oly Prophet (SA) ac7nowleded this honour when he declared thatParadise lies under the feet of "others.

She is entitled to three6fourths of the sonYs lo'e and 7indness with one6fourth left for theirfather. As a wife she is entitled to de"and of her prospecti'e hus%and a suita%le dowrythat will %e hers. She is entitled to co"plete pro'ision and total "aintenance %y thehus%and. She does not ha'e to wor7 or share with her hus%and the fa"ily e@penses. Sheis free to retain= after "arriae= whate'er she possessed %efore it= and the hus%and has noriht whatsoe'er to any of her %elonins.

As a dauhter or sister she is entitled to security and pro'ision %y the father and %rotherrespecti'ely. hat is her pri'ilee. If she wishes to wor7 or %e self6supportin and sharefa"ily responsi%ilities= she is >uite free to do so= pro'ided her interity and honour aresafeuarded.

By now it is clear that the status of wo"an in Isla" is unprecedentedly hih andrealistically suita%le to her nature. -er rihts and duties are e>ual to those of "an %ut notnecessarily or a%solutely identical with the". If she is depri'ed of one thin in so"easpect= she is fully co"pensated for it with "ore thins in "any other aspects.

he fact that she %elons to the fe"ale se@ has no %earin on her status or personality=and it is no %asis for Mustification of preMudice or inMustice aainst her.

It is also worthwhile to state that the status which wo"en reached today in the west wasnot achie'ed due to the 7indness of "en or natural proress. It was rather achie'edthrouh her lon strule and sacrifices and only when society needed her contri%utionand wor7= "ore especially durin the wo orld ars and due to the escalation oftechnoloical chane.


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In the case of Isla" such co"passionate and dinified status was decreed= neither %ecauseit reflects the en'iron"ent of the se'enth century= nor under the threat or pressure ofwo"en and their oranisations= %ut rather its intrinsic truthfulness of Isla".ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Pa7istan 0ich in !atural 0esourcesBut Poor in their


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c) Flawed policies=d) Bureaucratic %ottlenec7s and corruption=e) orsened Kaw and order situation=

6 I"plications of "is"anae"ent of natural resources

6 ay forward56 onclusion

Pa7istan is one of the richest countries in the world in ter"s of natural resources %ut alsoone of the poorest a"on the" in their "anae"ent. he country is a%undant in the 'italresources includin that of enery= ariculture= "inerals= population= and eoraphy= %utunli7e the de'eloped countries= these ha'e not %een properly e@ploited due to poor"anae"ent. his dis"ayed situation is caused due to se'eral= %oth chronic and acute=flaws which ha'e led to poor o'ernance of country since its inception e@cept so"e %riefspells of econo"ic prosperity. Pre'alent political ri'alry and insta%ility= worsenin law

and order and ra"pant corruption ha'e cataly&ed the situation to resource de'elop"enti"passe. ontrary to econo"ic potential of its natural resources= Pa7istan is a dependinon forein aid and de%t= it is facin deficit in trade= acute enery crisis to run industry=and water stress for ariculture= to na"e a few challenes.

-owe'er= the dauntin challenes and the "ountin pu%lic pressure caused due toawareness of ci'il society are increasinly influencin the political decision "a7in.4'entually= there is sin of hope for de'isin effecti'e stratey to e@ploit the naturalresource wealth of the country for its self sufficiency and 'ia%le econo"ic de'elop"ent.It is suffice to say that the proper e@ploitation of this wealth would lead to the prosperityof this nation.

Before discussin what natural resources Pa7istan possesses= it is i"portant to understandwhat constitutes natural resources. hese occur naturally within en'iron"entscharacterised %y a"ounts of %iodi'ersity and eodi'ersity e@istent in 'arious ecosyste"s.So"e resources li7e water and ariculture are essential for sur'i'al of inha%itants whileothers li7e enery and "inerals are secondary in nature %ut essential for econo"icde'elop"ent. -owe'er= efficient "anae"ent of these resources is 'ital to achie'eprosperity of nation. !atural resource "anae"ent is a discipline with a particular focuson how "anae"ent affects the >uality of life for %oth present and future enerations. Itis interrelated with the concept of sustaina%le de'elop"ent. Pa7istan is %lessed with hue>uantity of resources %ut las in "anae"ent.

Bein situated at one of the %est eoraphic and eostrateic locations on the "ap ofworld= Pa7istan is affluent in the natural resources. It has enor"ous enery surplusresource potential of %oth renewa%le and nonrenewa%le= which is reater than that of oilrich countries of $ulf. A"on the worldYs 299 plus countries it has the second larest salt"ines= second larest coal reser'es= fifth larest copper and old reser'es= se'enth larestwheat and rice production capacity. It is the si@th "ost populous country in the worldha'in lare share of youn population. -ad these resources %een properly "anaed= this


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country would ha'e %een one of the richest econo"ies of world. he detailed account ofthe natural wealth of Pa7istan shows how such reat potential has %een untapped due to"is"anae"ent.

here are plenty of nonrenewa%le enery resources li7e oil= as and coal in Pa7istan. It

has "ore than 3.2 "illion %arrels of oil= accordin to IA orld Fact Boo7= and 31.3trillion cu%ic feet of pro'en as reser'es. he current oil production is #=88 %arrels perday while as production is %illion cu%ic feet per day. houh it is not enouh to "eetthe needs= it can sa'e considera%le outflow of currency. uantu" of a'aila%le wateris lost in seepae as the canals ha'e not %een ce"ented. Out of "illion acres culti'a%learea= only ##.# "illion acres ha'e %een plouhed. he country is %lessed with fourseasons and 'ariety of crops %ut due to lac7 of research the producti'ity re"ains low.

In addition= %ein an aricultural country it possesses tre"endous scope of ani"alhus%andry. Pa7istanYs %reeds of cow li7e Sahiwal cow are the %est %reeds of world. Gue


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care to this area can lead to %ul7 of e@ports in dairy products. On other hand= fishinindustry has an i"portant role to play in national econo"y of Pa7istan. he coast line of51 7" pro'ides a"ple opportunity to enhance this industry= %ut poor perfor"ance andpoor presentation of our cause in O ha'e put this industry at the 'ere of destruction.

he "inerals are also 'ital natural resources a'aila%le in reat >uantity. Pa7istan has fifthlarest copper and old reser'es in the world. he 0i7o de> proMect= copper and oldreser'oir= ha'e %een esti"ated to %e worth of 29 %illion dollars= which is ten ti"es theall financial aid recei'ed fro" SA in last si@ty year. But instead of e@ploitin ownresources for econo"ic independence= country has %een dependent on forein aid. -owrich Pa7istan is= and how poor Pa7istanis are[ here are other partially untappedresources of roc7 salts= $ypsu"= li"e stone= iron= "ar%le= and silica sand in lare>uantities. hese resources ha'e not %een e@ploited due to corruption and %ottlenec7s inpolitical and %ureaucratic culture.

he "ost i"portant of the natural resources in this lo%ali&ed world is hu"an resource.

Pa7istan is the si@th "ost populous country in the world ha'in lare share of YyounpopulationY i.e. 3 percent %elow ae of 2# years= accordin to nited !ationsGe'elop"ent Prora""e. But the failed policies ha'e caused "ountin une"ploy"entof 1# percent. he resource which could %e used to enhance the econo"ic acti'ity is leftto no use which is addin to the increase in po'erty. he lac7 of opportunities leadin tothe %rain drain of talented "inds has further worsened the situation.

he a%o'e analysis re'eals that Pa7istan is not poor= %ut poorly "anaed country. hefactors which ha'e caused the poor "anae"ent of natural resources include politicalinsta%ility= political indecision "a7in / di'erence= lac7 of 'ision and plannin= flawedpolicies= %ureaucratic %ottlenec7s and corruption= lac7 of hu"an resource de'elop"ent=worsened law and order situation. hese factors ha'e led not only to the poor"anae"ent of natural resources %ut also to the poor o'ernance of country.

he political insta%ility has %een the "ain cause of such "ayhe". Since theindependence= no political roup in Pa7istan has %een i'en enouh ti"e to %e "ature.he "ilitary interference in politics and ri'alry a"on political sta7eholders are the 7eyfeatures of %rief history of this country. his inconsistency has 7ept the e@ploitation ofnatural wealth unattended. he di'erence of opinion on construction of water resourceshas depri'ed the country of storin the surplus water for ariculture and electricityeneration. -owe'er= this could %e o'erco"e %y 'ision and plannin= which is a scarceco""odity here. Instead of contro'ersial %i da"s se'eral s"all reser'oirs could %econstructed= had a pra"atic approach pre'ailed a"on the decision "a7in "achinery.

oupled with this= the flawed policies of successi'e o'ern"ents ha'e causedtre"endous pro%le"s despite a'aila%ility of ade>uate resources. he enery sector is a'i'id e@a"ple of such poor "anae"ent. he "aMor chun7 of the electricity is producedthrouh ther"al eneration for which al"ost 59 percent of oil is i"ported. hereas thesecond larest treasure of coal in the world is left une@plored as it contri%utes only 2percent of electricity eneration. ountries li7e S= hina and India enerate electricity


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%y al"ost 9 percent fro" coal due to its lower cost. his shows how other countries ta7ecost of electricity eneration into serious consideration.

-owe'er= it would %e unfair to put all the %urden of poor resource "anae"ent on thepolitical factors. he %ureaucratic %ottlenec7s and corruption ha'e %een e>ually

responsi%le for this undesira%le scenario. Se'eral hydro power proMects= har coal proMect=and oil e@ploration proMects are in doldru"s due to %ureaucratic %ottlenec7s. here is noheadway in solar and wind enery proMects planned %y Alternati'e 4nery Ge'elop"entBoard. Si"ilarly= corruption has also %een e@tre"ely detri"ental. he standstill in the0i7o de> proMect is an e@a"ple of this case. Pa7istan is ran7ed at 3 in orruptionPerception Inde@ 2919 %y ransparency International= which is a discourain factor forforein direct in'est"ent.

In addition= the worsened law and order situation has caused se'ere %low to the econo"yin eneral and natural resource "anae"ent in particular. he 'olatile situation inBalochistan is har"ful to the e@ploitation of resources. he $awadar port= despite %ein

located at crucial location= has not %een "ade fully functional. Other proMects of "inerale@ploration are also affected. he terroris" in the northern areas has %een har"ful for thepotential touris" industry.

hese factors of poor "anae"ent ha'e placed Pa7istan in an undesira%le situationdo"estically and internationally. he socio6econo"ic situation re"ains loo"y as the$GP rowth rate is one of the lowest in South Asia at 2.2 percent= trade deficit isesti"ated a%out R1 %illion= inflation rate continues to %e in dou%le diits at 1# percent=population %elow po'erty line is alar"inly around 3# percent= and une"ploy"ent is at1# percent.

Also= it does not enMoy a fa'ora%le position a"on the co"ity of nations. It is ran7ed123rd out of 138 countries in $lo%al o"petiti'e Inde@ it is at 13th a"on 182 in-u"an de'elop"ent Inde@ %y !GP and it occupies the critical position of 12th inFailed States Inde@ 2911 issued %y Forein Policy


38/38

hese ad'erse i"plications= of the e@tre"ely poor "anae"ent of resources= on theecono"y and society in the country= warrant a serious approach and co"prehensi'estratey to re'erse the trend. he pra"atic approach and policy direction can help thecountry to %e a%le to rely on its own resources instead of dependency.

Pa7istani leadership "ust focus on e@ploration of natural resources and their scientific"anae"ent. Properly "anaed natural resources can %eco"e instru"ental in nationalinco"e and its rowth. 4@tensi'e eoloical sur'ey is re>uired to disco'er the resourcepotential= plannin and 'ision is needed to e@plore the pro'ed %ut untapped resources andeffecti'e stratey is essential to fully e@ploit the resources under use.

In order to ta7e "a@i"u" %enefits fro" natural resources there is the need of technicaleducation of people in'ol'ed in resource e@ploitation and "anae"ent. he technicaleducation ensures that there is "ini"u" wastae of the resources. -ence= such educationshould %e "ade co"pulsory for the people in concerned areas of acti'ity.

On the other hand= the politicians= policy "a7ers and all the sta7e holders "ust adopt arational approach not to politici&e natural resources. It should %e prioriti&ed as the 'italnational interest and dealt with as such. he contro'ersies on the "anae"ent of waterand "ineral resources "ust %e resol'ed pra"atically for %est interest of the nation.

Kast %ut not the least= worsened law and order situation in Pa7istan= which has led to thelac7 of in'est"ent= "ust %e chec7ed. he pri'ate fir"s enaed in resource e@ploration"ust %e protected %y the state. 4nsurin the security= would attract in'est"ent in therespecti'e areas which would su%se>uently uarantee the inflow of capital in the nationalecono"y and the resource potential could %e fully e@ploited.

It needs not to %e e"phasised that Pa7istan is not poor %ut poor "anae"ent of its naturalresources has "ade it so. he enor"ous natural resources of all 7inds li7e enery="inerals= ariculture= and hu"an could ha'e "ade this country a wealthy econo"y.Instead= there %een %lea7 picture of econo"y and undesira%le i"ae outside due to thechronic flaws in 'ision and policies. hus= the dauntin challene of poor "anae"ent ofnatural resources direly needs to %e addressed not only to o'erco"e the perils caused dueto it %ut also to achie'e econo"ic self sufficiency and prosperity of the nation. Bysurpassin this challene= Pa7istan is destined to ha'e e"inence place in the world as asta%le= rowin and prosperous nation.

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