Date post: | 13-Jan-2016 |
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CTD and rosette
CLOSING REMARKSThink about huge range of options, e.g. for measuring temperature:
microcat
XBT: expendable profiling temperature sensor, profile depth normally 800m
Interdisciplinary sensors:For autonomous moored applications, sensors for manyvariables are available now
14C Primary Production Measurements(C. Taylor)
Optical (Dickey) andO2 sensors (Wanninkhof)
CO2 sensor (M. DeGrandpre)
Where should we go
Minituarize sensors:
• Biogeochemical sensors that are small, low-power, “dry” (optical, acoustic, chips)
• meteorological sensors that can be submerged
Micro-humidity sensor (JPL)Optical O2 sensor
MEMS chip
Where should we go
3rd generation autonomous vehicles (symbiosis of glider, float, AUV) :
• ability to travel long distances to mission area and back to shore base (propelled or glider mode)
• choice of going into float mode, glider mode (sections) or mooring mode
• long endurance (thermal or solar power)
• option to receive sound signals for tracking (Rafos), e.g. under ice, and tomography
• flexible choice of sensors
• ability to collect ml water samples and bring home for analysis
Autonomous surface craft are also receiving more attention now:
Where should we go
Multidisciplinary moorings for - high-frequency observations - strong current regimes - process studies - heavy/large sensors - reference sites - sound sources
• long-life, advanced telemetry
• small, cheap, expendable ?
• deployable from VOS or autonomous craft ?
• docking of gliders for calibration and to return samples
• self-calibrating sensors
Sampling characteristics of the platforms
Research vessels - can take samples - very sparse sampling ($25000/day) - handle/deploy heavy equipment - expensive (too much for operational
- reach remote areas (use like VOS) obs, but needed for servicing)
Platform strengths weaknesses
VOS - high resolution along repeat tracks - tracks not always where wanted (free) - for surface reading many variables - tracks may change, they don‘t stop
- no subsurface except T (800m)
Surface drifters - global coverage - sparse spatial sampling ($2000 ?) - rapid sampling in time - only surface obs
- low-cost, robust technology - limited variables (T, air p, S)Floats - global coverage - coarse x,y,t resolution ($15000+5000) - vertical profiling to mid-depth - limited weight/power for sensors
- “cheap“ so large numbers feasible - avoid or quickly leave certain regionsMoorings - high time resolution, surface to bottom - no x,y resolution ($250000) - many variables possible - expensive, incl. ships needed
- can monitor adverse/difficult locations - large technical effort/few groups - re-calibrations, so can be reference
Gliders - good sampling along tracks - very slow (20-25cm/s) ($70000) - free choice of track, can be steered - limited depth range and variables
- small sensor suite feasible
Integrals - integrate over long distances - expensive - good time resolution - limited variables and places possible
Coastal radars - good x,y,t resolution - limited coverage - land based - only surface, only currents and waves
moorings
gliders
satellites
floats
VOS
radars
mooring networks